Ubungxiwankulu e-USA 1900-1940
Indlela umnotho omkhulu kunayo yonke wobungxiwankulu emhlabeni owakhula ngamandla ngeminyaka yawo-1920, wawohloka ngo-1929, wabe usuvuselelwa kabusha yi-New Deal.
Speaker notes
Yethula le yunithi njengocwaningo lobungxiwankulu njengohlelo lwezomnotho: indlela oveza ngayo ukukhula okusheshayo, ukuthi kungani lungawohloka, nokuthi ohulumeni basabela kanjani. Izintambo ezimbili yilezi: (1) ukukhula kwemakethe ekhululekile ngeminyaka yawo-1920 kanye nobuthakathaka bayo, kanye (2) nokuwohloka kwango-1929 nempendulo ye-New Deal ka-Roosevelt. Bonisa kusengaphambili ukuthi lo mlando waxhumana neNingizimu Afrika ngegolide nokuhwebelana komhlaba.
Buyini ubungxiwankulu?
Uhlelo lwezomnotho olwakhelwe ebunikazini bomuntu siqu, enzuzweni nasekuncintisaneni kwemakethe.
Ngaphansi kobungxiwankulu (capitalism), amabhizinisi nempahla kungokomuntu siqu, hhayi okombuso. Abanikazi batshala imali (i-capital) ukukhiqiza izimpahla noma amasevisi, bakuthengise ukuze bazuze inzuzo (profit), bese betshala kabusha ukuze bakhule. Amanani abekwa ukunikezela nesidingo (supply and demand) emakethe yokuncintisana.
- Laissez-faire (ukungagxambukeli komhulumeni): inkolelo yokuthi uhulumeni kufanele agxambukele kancane kakhulu emnothweni.
- Imakethe ekhululekile (free market): abathengi nabathengisi benza izinqumo zabo ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo elinganiselwe.
- Amasheya nemakethe yamasheya (stock market): abantu bathenga izingxenyana ezincane zenkampani, benethemba lokuthi inani layo lizokhuphuka.
Speaker notes
Chaza amagama ngokunembayo ngoba yonke le yunithi iwasebenzisa ngokungapheli. Qhathanisa kafushane ubungxiwankulu nobukhomanisi (ubunikazi bombuso, ukuhlelwa okumaphakathi) abafundi abahlangana nabo esihlokweni saseRussia. Gcizelela ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-1920 e-USA inqubomgomo eyayibusa yaba yi-laissez-faire: ohulumeni bamaRiphabhulikhi babekholwa ukuthi imakethe izozilawula yona uqobo - umbono i-Depression eyoguqusa kamuva.
Ukuvela kobungxiwankulu bezimboni
Kwathi kufika u-1900 i-USA yayisiphenduke umnotho wezimboni ohamba phambili emhlabeni.
Izinsiza zemvelo eziningi, inani labantu elikhulayo elifuywe ngokuthuthela kwabokufika, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha kwenza i-USA yaba yisilokazana sezimboni. Amabhizinisi amakhulu anamandla (big businesses) nezinkampani ezizivimbelayo (monopolies) - kwezinsimbi, kuwoyela nasezitimeleni - alawula izimboni zonke futhi enza inani elincane labanikazi laceba kakhulu.
- Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi (mass production): umugqa wokuhlanganisa ohambayo kaHenry Ford (kusukela ngo-1913) wenza izimpahla zaba shibhe futhi zakhiqizwa ngokushesha.
- Imoto ye-Model T kaFord yenza ukushayela kwafinyeleleka emindenini evamile.
- Amaholo aphakeme ezinye izimboni, njengosuku luka-$5 lukaFord, asiza izisebenzi ukuba nazo zibe ngabathengi.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukubaluleka kokukhiqizwa ngobuningi: umugqa wokuhlanganisa wahlukanisa umsebenzi waba yimisebenzi elula ephindaphindwayo, wanciphisa izindleko kakhulu. Lokhu kwehlisa amanani, kwaphakamisa okukhiqizwayo, futhi kumkhondo kaFord, kwakhokha amaholo aphakeme ngokwanele ukuze izisebenzi zithenge imikhiqizo eziyenzayo - umjikelezo omuhle wokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla oyisisekelo senhlalakahle yeminyaka yawo-1920. Qaphela olunye uhlangothi: izinkampani ezizivimbelayo zagxilisa ingcebo namandla.
Ukukhula komnotho ngeminyaka yawo-1920
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala i-USA yajabulela ishumi leminyaka lokukhula okusheshayo nokusetshenziswa kwemali okukhulayo kwabathengi.
Iminyaka yawo-1920 yaziwa ngokuthi iRoaring Twenties. Izimboni zakhipha izimoto, imisakazo, izingcingo, ama-friji nezinye izimpahla zabathengi. Ukukhangisa nesikweletu esilula (hire purchase, noma 'thenga manje, ukhokhe kamuva') kwakhuthaza abantu ukuba basebenzise imali, kanti amabhayisikobho, ijazz nezitayela ezintsha zaguqula isiko lansuku zonke.
- Ubunikazi bezimoto bakhuphuka kakhulu, kuphakamisa insimbi, irabha, ingilazi, uwoyela nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo.
- Izimpahla zikagesi nokukhangiswa okukhulu kwadala umphakathi wesimanje wabathengi.
- Ohulumeni bamaRiphabhulikhi bagcina intela iphansi, banciphisa imithethonqubo, futhi baphakamisa amanani entela ezimpahla ezingeniswa ezweni (tariffs).
Speaker notes
Yenza ukukhula kuphile ngemininingwane yansuku zonke, kodwa gcina intambo yokuhlaziya: inhlalakahle yayisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezimpahla ngobuningi okuqhutshwa yisikweletu. Buza abafundi ukuthi kungahamba kanjani kabi uma abantu bakweleta kakhulu ukuze bathenge izimpahla. Qaphela ukuthi ukukhula kwakuqinisile kodwa kwakhelwe ezisekelweni ezinye ezibuthakathaka - iphuzu ama-slide alandelayo aliqhubayo. Amanani entela aphezulu (isb. iFordney-McCumber, 1922) avikela imboni yase-US kodwa alimaza ukuhwebelana komhlaba.
Kungani umnotho wakhula?
Amandla amaningana ahlangana ukushayela ukukhula kweminyaka yawo-1920.
Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi
Imigqa yokuhlanganisa yanciphisa izindleko futhi yagcwalisa imakethe ngezimpahla ezishibhile nezifiselekayo.
Isikweletu esilula
I-hire purchase yavumela abantu abavamile ukuthenga izimpahla ezibizayo ngokukhokha ngezigaba.
Ukuzethemba nenqubomgomo
Intela ephansi, imithethonqubo emincane namanani amasheya akhuphukayo kwakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali notshalozimali.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa la makhadi amathathu njengohlaka lokuhlaziya kunohlu lokukhunjulwa. Sunduza abafundi ukuba babone izixhumanisi: ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kudinga ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi; ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi kwasekelwa yisikweletu nokuzethemba. Lapho ukuzethemba kuwohloka ngo-1929, ngamunye wala mandla wawungaphenduka ubuthakathaka. Lokhu kubeka phambili izimbangela ze-Depression.
Ukuqagela emakethe yamasheya
Amanani amasheya akhuphukayo aholela izigidi ukuba zigembule ngamasheya - ngokuvamile ngemali ebolekiwe.
Njengoba amanani amasheya aqhubeka ekhuphuka, abantu abavamile bagijimela ukutshala imali, benethemba lokuwathengisa kamuva ngenzuzo - umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi ukuqagela (speculation). Abaningi bathenga amasheya 'nge-margin', bekhokha ingxenye encane yenani baboleke okunye. Lokhu kwasebenza ngenkathi amanani ekhuphuka, kodwa kwakusho ukuthi imakethe yakhelwe entabeni yezikweletu.
- Amanani amasheya akhuphuka ngokushesha okukhulu kunenani langempela lezinkampani.
- Ukuthenga nge-margin kwakusho ukuthi ukwehla okuncane kwenani kungamqeda umtshalizimali.
- Kwathi kufika u-1929 imakethe yayisishise ngokuyingozi - ibhamuza lokuqagela (speculative bubble).
Speaker notes
Chaza umqondo webhamuza ngokucacile: amanani ahlukana nezinzuzo zangempela zezinkampani ngoba wonke umuntu wayecabanga ukuthi azoqhubeka ekhuphuka. Ukuthenga nge-margin kwandisa kokubili inzuzo nokulahlekelwa. Lena inkinga eyisiko lobungxiwankulu obungalawulwa, futhi iyimbangela eyinhloko yokuwohloka. Buza: kwenzekani kubathengi be-margin uma amanani ewa ngokuzumayo?
Abanqobi nabalahlekelwa ekukhuleni
Ukukhula kweminyaka yawo-1920 kwafihla ukungalingani okujulile nobuthakathaka ngaphansi kobuso.
Speaker notes
Leli slide lengeza umnaka obalulekile: iRoaring Twenties ayibhongelanga wonke umuntu. Ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezolimo kwacindezela amanani asepulazini phansi ishumi lonke leminyaka, kwashiya abalimi bekweleta kudala ngaphambi kuka-1929. Ingcebo yayabelwana ngokungalingani kakhulu, ngakho isidingo sezimpahla sasincike eqenjini elimbalwa nasesikweletwini. Lobu buthakathaka bezakhiwo busiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuwohloka kwemakethe yamasheya kwakungawisela wonke umnotho ekudangaleni.
Kusukela ekukhuleni kuya ekuwohlokeni, 1913-1938
- 1913 UFord wethula umugqa wokuhlanganisa ohambayo
- 1920s Ukukhula kwabathengi kweRoaring Twenties
- 1929 IWall Street Crash (Okthoba)
- 1930-32 IGreat Depression iyajula; ukungasebenzi okukhulu
- 1932 UFranklin D. Roosevelt ukhethwa njengomongameli
- 1933 I-New Deal iyaqala - 'iZinsuku Eziyikhulu Zokuqala'
- 1935 I-New Deal Yesibili: iSocial Security, iWagner Act
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ithayimlayini ukuqinisa umumo wendaba ngaphambi kwama-slide anemininingwane okuwohloka nokululama: ukukhula okude, ukuwohloka okuzumayo, ukudangala okujulayo, bese kuba noshintsho lwezepolitiki (uRoosevelt) olwaletha ukugxambukela kukahulumeni. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukuthi ukuzethemba kwaphenduka kanjani ngokushesha kwaba yinhlekelele - cishe ishumi leminyaka lokukhula lachithwa emavikini.
IWall Street Crash
Ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 1929 amanani amasheya awohloka, aqeda ingcebo cishe ngobusuku obubodwa.
Ukuzethemba kwafeceka futhi abatshalizimali bagijimela ukuthengisa ngaphambi kokuthi amanani ehle nakakhulu. NgoLwesine oMnyama (Black Thursday, 24 October 1929) ikakhulukazi ngoLwesibili oMnyama (Black Tuesday, 29 October 1929), izigidi zamasheya zalahlwa futhi amanani awohloka. Abathengi be-margin abakwazanga ukukhokha izikweletu zabo, kanti amabhange ayeboleke leyo mali aqala ukuwa.
- Inani lamasheya lehla kakhulu kangangokuba amaningi aphenduka cishe angasenanani.
- Ukuthengisa ngokwesaba kwazondla kona ngokwako njengoba wonke umuntu ezama ukuphuma ngasikhathi sinye.
- Ukuwohloka kwabhubhisa imali eyongiwe, isikweletu nokuzethemba kuwo wonke umnotho.
Speaker notes
Yenza kucace ukuthi ukuwohloka kwakuyisisusa, hhayi imbangela eyodwa, ye-Depression. Kwaveza futhi kwakhulisa ubuthakathaka obungaphansi: ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile, ingcebo engalingani, ukuqagela okungenangqondo namabhange abuthakathaka. Chaza umphumela wamadomino - amasheya awayo aqeda abathengi be-margin, abangakwazanga ukukhokha amabhange, aphinde awa, kwaqeda abongi abavamile ababengahlangene nakancane nemakethe yamasheya.
IGreat Depression
Ukuwohloka kwaphenduka inkinga yezomnotho ejule kunazo zonke emlandweni wesimanje.
Njengoba amabhange awa nokuzethemba kunyamalala, ukusetshenziswa kwemali koma. Izimboni zanciphisa ukukhiqiza zaxosha izisebenzi; abantu abangasebenzi babengeke bathenge izimpahla, ngakho izimboni eziningi zavalwa - umgudlu owehla phansi. Kwathi kufika u-1933 cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabane basebenzi baseMelika wayengasebenzi, kanti imijondolo eyayaziwa ngokuthi 'ama-Hoovervilles' yavela emadolobheni amaningi.
- Izinkulungwane zamabhange zawa, zaqeda imali eyongiwe yemindeni.
- Amanani asepulazini ehla kakhulu kangangokuba izitshalo zashiywa zibola kanti abantu belambile.
- Amanani entela aphezulu ase-US nokwehla kokuhwebelana kwasakaza i-Depression emhlabeni wonke.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ubukhulu bobuntu benkinga nomqondo womgudlu wokwehla kwamanani (deflationary spiral): ukungasebenzi kwanciphisa isidingo, okwanciphisa ukukhiqiza, okwaphakamisa ukungasebenzi. Chaza ukuthi kungani kwaba komhlaba wonke - i-USA yayisemgqeni wokuhwebelana nezezimali zomhlaba, kanti amanani entela aphezulu kanye nokuwa kokubolekisa kwase-US kwaklinya eminye iminotho. Lesi yisibonelo esibalulekile 'senkinga yobungxiwankulu' (crisis of capitalism). Qaphela ukuthi izibalo cishe ziyahluka ngokomthombo. [SME] Sicela uqinisekise izibalo zokungasebenzi nokuwa kwamabhange ezikhethwayo ze-CAPS.
I-New Deal: 'ama-R Amathathu'
URoosevelt walahla i-laissez-faire wasebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukulwa ne-Depression.
Usizo (Relief)
Usizo oluphuthumayo lwabampofu nabangasebenzi - ukudla, amakamu emisebenzi nemisebenzi yomphakathi.
Ukululama (Recovery)
Qalisa kabusha imboni nezolimo ngokusebenzisa imali, izimali-mboleko nokusekelwa kwamanani.
Uguquko (Reform)
Shintsha imithetho - lawula amabhange nemakethe yamasheya ukuze lokhu kungaphinde kwenzeke.
Speaker notes
Chaza umbono omkhulu: uRoosevelt (owakhethwa ngo-1932, wagcotshwa ngoMashi 1933) waphula i-laissez-faire waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kufanele agxambukele ngokusebenza ukusindisa ubungxiwankulu. Izinkulumo zakhe zomsakazo 'zeziko' (fireside chats) zavuselela ukuzethemba. Ama-R Amathathu - Usizo, Ukululama, Uguquko - anika abafundi uhlaka olucacile lokuhlola i-New Deal e-slide elilandelayo.
'Ama-alphabet agencies' - kanye nezimpikiswano
Igagasi lezikhungo ezintsha zikahulumeni lasebenzisa i-New Deal - kodwa lahlukanisa imibono.
'Ezinsukwini Eziyikhulu Zokuqala' nangemuva kwazo, uRoosevelt wadala izikhungo ezaziwa ngezinhlamvu zazo zokuqala: i-CCC (imisebenzi yokongiwa kwemvelo), i-TVA (amadamu nogesi), i-AAA (usizo kubalimi) ne-WPA (imisebenzi yomphakathi). I-Social Security Act (1935) yethula impesheni nosizo lokungasebenzi.
The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Franklin D. Roosevelt, inaugural address, 1933
- Abagxeki abangakwesokudla bathi kwanika uhulumeni amandla amaningi kakhulu futhi kwabiza kakhulu.
- Abagxeki abangakwesokunxele bathi kwenza okuncane kakhulu kwabampofu kunabo bonke.
- Iningi lezazi-mlando liyavuma ukuthi ukululama okugcwele kwafika kuphela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kodwa i-New Deal yasindisa ubungxiwankulu futhi yakha kabusha umbuso.
Speaker notes
Khuthaza ukuhlola okulinganiselayo - ikhono elibalulekile le-FET. I-New Deal yanciphisa ukuhlupheka, yadala imisebenzi futhi yabuyisela ukholo ohlelweni, kanti izinguquko zayo zamabhange nemakethe yamasheya (njengomshwalense wemali efakiwe emabhange nokulawulwa kwemakethe) zahlala amashumi eminyaka. Kodwa ukungasebenzi kwahlala kuphakeme kwaze kwaba yizindleko zempi, kanti iNkantolo Ephakeme yachitha ezinye izinyathelo (i-NRA ngo-1935, i-AAA ngo-1936). Beka impikiswano ebalulekile: ingabe i-New Deal yaya kude kakhulu, noma yenza okungenele?
Indlela i-Depression eyafinyelela ngayo eNingizimu Afrika
Njengezwe elihwebayo, elikhiqiza igolide, iNingizimu Afrika ayikwazanga ukubalekela inkinga yomhlaba.
Ukwehla kokuhwebelana komhlaba namanani kwayishaya kakhulu iNingizimu Afrika, kanti isomiso esibi sajulisa ubuhlungu kubalimi. Uhulumeni ekuqaleni wahlala kwizinga legolide (gold standard), okwagcina imali ibiza kanti kwenza umnotho waba mubi, kwaze kwaba yilapho ushiya izinga legolide ekupheleni kuka-1932. Inani legolide labe selikhuphuka, laphakamisa izimayini futhi lasiza umnotho ukuba ululame.
- Abalimi abamhlophe nabamnyama ngokufanayo baxoshwa emhlabathini, kwasheshisa ukudlulela emadolobheni.
- Ukushiya izinga legolide kwavuselela imboni yezimayini yegolide ebalulekile.
- Inkinga yasiza ukusunduza uHertzog noSmuts ukuba babe kuhulumeni we-'Fusion' ka-1934.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa lesi sihloko somlando womhlaba nezwe labafundi. I-Depression iyisibonelo esiqinile sokuncikana kwezomnotho komhlaba wonke. Gcina izinga lifanele: imiqondo ebalulekile ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika yahlupheka ngokwehla kokuhwebelana nesomiso, nokuthi ukushiya izinga legolide ngasekupheleni kuka-1932 kwaphakamisa inani legolide kwasiza ekululameni, okwafeyeka epolitikini kahulumeni we-Fusion ka-1934. [SME] Sicela uqinisekise ukuthi imininingwane emingakanani yezomnotho neyezepolitiki yaseNingizimu Afrika elindelwa yisihloko se-CAPS lapha.
Esikufundile - nemibuzo yokubuyekeza
Ubungxiwankulu bashayela ukukhula okumangalisayo, badala ukuwohloka okucekelayo phansi, futhi bakhiwa kabusha ngokugxambukela kombuso.
Ukukhula kwemakethe ekhululekile kwe-USA ngeminyaka yawo-1920 kwasekelwa ekukhiqizweni ngobuningi, esikweletwini nasekuzethembeni, kodwa futhi ekungalinganini nasekuqageleni okungenangqondo. Ukuwohloka kuka-1929 kwasusa i-Great Depression, kanti i-New Deal kaRoosevelt yathatha isikhundla se-laissez-faire emsulwa ngohulumeni osebenzayo - iphuzu eliphendukayo endleleni imibuso yesimanje ephatha ngayo umnotho wayo.
Q. Chaza ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi nesikweletu esilula kwasiza kanjani ukuletha kokubili ukukhula nokuwohloka kweminyaka yawo-1920. (6 marks)
Q. Kungani iWall Street Crash ka-1929 yaholela ku-Great Depression? Bhekisela okungenani ezimbangelweni ezintathu. (8 marks)
Q. 'I-New Deal yasindisa ubungxiwankulu baseMelika.' Ingabe uyavuma? Nikeza izizathu ezivumelanayo neziphikisayo. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela embuzweni omkhulu weyunithi: ayini amandla nobuthakathaka bobungxiwankulu njengohlelo lwezomnotho? Imibuzo emithathu ilingisa izitayela ze-CAPS ezisuselwa emithonjeni nezokubhala okwandisiwe, ngokwabiwa kwamamaki okukhuphukayo ngobunzima. Khuthaza impikiswano elinganiselayo, esekelwe ubufakazi kumbuzo wokugcina osimo se-eseyi. Lesi sihloko futhi sixhumana ngaphambili 'nenkinga yobungxiwankulu' eyondla ukuvela kobufashi nobuNazi.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Capitalism in the USA 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation