IKapitalizimu e-USA 1900-1940
Indlela umnotho omkhulu wekapitalizimu wephasi owakhula ngamandla ngeminyaka yee-1920s, wawohloka ngo-1929, wabuye wakhiwa kabutjha yiNew Deal.
Speaker notes
Yethula isahluko njengesifundo esitjhejwako sekapitalizimu njengehlelo lomnotho: indlela eveza ukukhula okurhabako, kubayini ingawohloka, nendlela abarhulumende abasabela ngayo. Iintambo eembili zithi (1) ukukhula kwemakethe ekhululekileko yeminyaka yee-1920s neenzobelezo zayo, (2) ukuwohloka kwango-1929 nesabelo seNew Deal kaRoosevelt. Yembula bona umlando lo bewuhlobene neSewula Afrika ngegolide nangokurhweba kwephasi.
Yini ikapitalizimu?
Ihlelo lomnotho elakhiwe ngokuba nefuyo yangasese, ipumelelo nokuphalisana kwemakethe.
Ngaphasi kwekapitalizimu, amabhizinisi nefuyo kubulungwa babantu bangasese, ingasi murhulumende. Abanikazi batjala imali (ikhephithali) bona benze iimphahla namkha iinsetjenziswa, bazithengise ngenzuzo (ipumelelo), begodu batjale godu ukwenzela bona bakhule. Amanani abekwa kukudingeka nokutholakala kwemphahla emakethe ephalisanako.
- I-laissez-faire (ukungangeneleli): ikholelo yokobana urhulumende akufuze angenelele emnothweni.
- Imakethe ekhululekileko: abathengi nabathengisi benza iinqunto zabo ngaphandle komthetho omninengi.
- Amasheya nemakethe yamasheya: abantu bathenga iincenyana ezincani zekhamphani, banethemba lokobana ivele iyakhula.
Speaker notes
Chaza amabizo ngokunembileko ngombana isahluko soke sisebenzisa wona njalo. Vezelela umahluko phakathi kwekapitalizimu nekhomunizimu (ukubulungwa mrhulumende, ihlelo eliyingaphakathi) abafundi abazokuhlangana nayo esihlokweni seRashiya. Gandelela bona ngeminyaka yee-1920s e-USA umgomo obungamele bewuyi-laissez-faire: aborhulumende beRiphabligi bebakholelwa bona imakethe izozilawula ngokwayo - umbono i-Depression eyawugwaya ngokukhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukukhula kwekapitalizimu yemakghwa
Ngo-1900 i-USA yaba mnotho wemakghwa odumileko ephasini.
Iimtlhako yemvelo enonileko, isibalo sabantu esikhulako esondliwa ku-immigration, netheknoloji etjha kwenza i-USA yaba yisikghula semakghwa. Amabhizinisi amakhulu (big businesses) nemonopoli - kwenkulungwana, ipetroli neendlela zesitimela - bebalawula amabubulo woke begodu benza inengi elincani labanikazi banjinga khulu.
- Ukwenza iimphahla ngobunengi: umudwa okhambako wokuhlanganisa kaHenry Ford (ukusukela ngo-1913) wenza iimphahla zabatjhipha begodu zakhiqizwa msinya.
- Ikoloyi kaFord i-Model T yenza ukukhwela imitjhini kufinyeleleke emindenini evamileko.
- Amarhola aphakemeko kwezinye iinkghwari, njengelanga likaFord le-$5, kwasiza abasebenzi bona nabo babe bathengi.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuqakatheka kokwenza iimphahla ngobunengi: umudwa wokuhlanganisa wahlukanisa umsebenzi waba yimisebenzana elula ephindaphindwako, kwehlisa iindleko khulu. Lokhu kwehlisa amanani, kwakhulisa umkhiqizo, begodu ku-Ford, kwabhadela amarhola aphakemeko okwenza abasebenzi bakwazi ukuthenga iimphahla abazenzako - ijikelezo elihle lokuthenga elisenhloko yokunjinga kweminyaka yee-1920s. Tjheja ihlangothi elilinye: imonopoli yahlanganisa ubunjinga namandla.
Ukukhula komnotho kweminyaka yee-1920s
Ngemva kwePi yePhasi yokuThoma i-USA yathabela isikhathi seminyaka elitjhumi sokukhula okurhabako nokutjala imali okukhuphukako kwabathengi.
Iminyaka yee-1920s yaziwa ngokobana ma-Roaring Twenties. Iimfeketri zathulula iinkoloyi, amarediyo, iimtjhini yamandwebo, ii-fridge nezinye iimphahla zabathengi. I-Advertising nesikweledu esilula (ihire purchase, namkha 'thenga nje, ubhadele ngokukhamba kwesikhathi') kwakhuthaza abantu bona bathenge, ngesikhathi iinema, ijazz neenfetjheni ezitjha kwatjhentjha isiko lomango.
- Ukuba nekoloyi kwakhula khulu, kwakhulisa insimbi, irabha, iglazi, ipetroli nokwakhiwa kweendlela.
- Iimphahla zegezi ne-advertising ehlangeneko kwadala umphakathi wabathengi wamva.
- Aborhulumende beRiphabligi bagcina imithelo iphasi, banciphisa umthetho begodu bakhuphula imithelo yeempahla ezingenako (tariffs).
Speaker notes
Yenza ukukhula lokhu kuphile ngeemininingwana yomango, kodwana gcina intambo yokuhlaziya: ukunjinga bekusekelwe kuthengeni okuhlangeneko okususwa sikweledu. Buza abafundi bona yini engonakala nengabe abantu bebeboleka khulu ukuthenga iimphahla. Tjheja bona ukukhula bekukhona kodwana kwakhelwe eenzobelezweni ezithileko - iphuzu iisilayidi ezilandelako ezizolikhulisa. Imithelo ephakemeko yeempahla ezingenako (isb. i-Fordney-McCumber, 1922) yavikela imakghwa ye-US kodwana yalimaza ukurhweba kwephasi.
Kubayini umnotho wakhula?
Amandla amanengi ahlangana bona atjhukumise ukukhula kweminyaka yee-1920s.
Ukwenza ngobunengi
Imidwa yokuhlanganisa yehlisa iindleko yathulula emakethe iimphahla ezitjhipha, ezifiswako.
Isikweledu esilula
I-hire purchase yavumela abantu abavamileko bona bathenge iimphahla ezidurako ngokubhadela ngeengcenye.
Ithemba nomgomo
Imithelo ephasi, umthetho omncani nokukhuphuka kwamanani wamasheya kwakhuthaza ukuthenga nokutjala imali.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa amakarada la amathathu njengesakhelo sokuhlaziya kunokobana kube yihlelo lokufunda ngehloko. Sunduzela abafundi bona babone iinhlobano: ukwenza ngobunengi kutlhoga ukuthenga okuhlangeneko; ukuthenga okuhlangeneko bekusekelwe sikweledu nethemba. Nakuwohloka ithemba ngo-1929, ngayinye yamandla la ingaba yizobelezo. Lokhu kubeka phambili iimbangela ze-Depression.
Ukuqagela emakethe yamasheya
Amanani wamasheya akhuphukako alinga iingidi bona zibhejele emasheyeni - kanengi ngemali ebolekiweko.
Njengombana amanani wamasheya bekaragela phambili nokukhuphuka, abantu abavamileko barhaba ukutjala imali, banethemba lokuthengisa ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ngenzuzo - umkghwa obizwa ngokobana kukuqagela (speculation). Abanengi bathenga amasheya 'nge-margin', babhadela incenyana encani yentengo baboleka esele. Lokhu bekusebenza nakukhuphuka amanani, kodwana bekutjho bona imakethe yakhelwe entabeni yesikweledu.
- Amanani wamasheya akhuphuka msinya khulu kuneentengo zangempela zamakhamphani.
- Ukuthenga nge-margin bekutjho bona ukwehla okuncani kwentengo kungamqeda umtjali-mali.
- Ngo-1929 imakethe yaba etjhisako ngendlela eyingozi - iqumbi lokuqagela (speculative bubble).
Speaker notes
Chaza umkghwa wequmbi ngokukhanyako: amanani ehlukana neenzuzo zangempela zamakhamphani ngombana woke umuntu bekacabanga bona azoragela phambili nokukhuphuka. Ukuthenga nge-margin kwandisa kokubili ukuzuza nokulahlekelwa. Lokhu kuyizobelezo yakade yekapitalizimu engalawulwako begodu kuyimbangela eyihloko yokuwohloka. Buza: kwenzekani kwabathengi be-margin nakwehla masinyana amanani?
Abaphumeleleko nabalahlekelweko yokukhula
Ukukhula kweminyaka yee-1920s kwafihla ukungalingani okukhulu neenzobelezo ngaphasi kobuso.
Speaker notes
Isilayidi le yongeza umehluko oqakathekileko: ii-'Roaring Twenties' azange zibhodle emntwini woke. Ukukhiqiza okungapheliko kwezokulima kwagandelela amanani wamaplasi phasi isikhathi soke, kwatjhiya abalimi besikweledwini phambi kuka-1929. Ubunjinga baba ngokungalingani khulu, ngalokho ukudingeka kweempahla bekuthembele eqenjini elincani nesikweledu. Le izobelezo yesakhiwo isiza ukuchaza bona kubayini ukuwohloka kwamasheya kungagirizela umnotho woke ku-Depression.
Ukusuka ekukhuleni ukuya ekuwohlokeni, 1913-1938
- 1913 UFord wethula umudwa okhambako wokuhlanganisa
- 1920s Ukukhula kwabathengi kwe-Roaring Twenties
- 1929 Ukuwohloka kwe-Wall Street (uMfumfu)
- 1930-32 I-Great Depression iyajula; ukungasebenzi okukhulu
- 1932 UFranklin D. Roosevelt ukhethwa njengomongameli
- 1933 INew Deal iyathoma - 'iMalanga Alikhulu wokuThoma'
- 1935 INew Deal yesibili: iSocial Security, iWagner Act
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ilayini yesikhathi bona uhlanganise umumo wendaba phambi kweensilayidi ezineminingwana zokuwohloka nokululama: ukukhula okude, ukuwohloka okumasinyana, i-depression ejulako, bese kutjhentjho lezepolitiki (uRoosevelt) elaletha ukungenelela kwakarhulumende. Buza abafundi bona batjheje bona ithemba latjhentjhela msinya njani ku-crisis - hlangana neminyaka elitjhumi yokukhula yaphelela emavekeni ambalwa.
Ukuwohloka kwe-Wall Street
Ngasekupheleni kukaMfumfu 1929 amanani wamasheya awohloka, aqeda umnotho phakathi kobusuku obunye.
Ithemba lawohloka batjali-mali barhaba ukuthengisa phambi kokobana amanani ehla ngokungeziweko. Nge-Black Thursday (24 Mfumfu 1929) khulukhulu nge-Black Tuesday (29 Mfumfu 1929), iingidi zamasheya zathululwa besele amanani awohloka. Abathengi be-margin abazange bakwazi ukubhadela imali abayibolekileko, begodu amabhange abewaboleke imali athoma ukuwa.
- Ivelo yamasheya yawohloka khulu bekwanengi asele angasilitho.
- Ukuthengisa ngokusaba kwazitjhaya kwabo njengombana woke umuntu alinga ukuphuma ngesikhathi sinye.
- Ukuwohloka kwatjhabalalisa iimali ebekagcinelwe, isikweledu nethemba emnothweni woke.
Speaker notes
Yenza kucaciseke bona ukuwohloka bekuyisitjhukumiso, ingasi imbangela yodwa ye-Depression. Kwaveza kwakhulisa iinzobelezo ezingaphasi: ukukhiqiza okungapheliko, ubunjinga obungalinganiko, ukuqagela okunganakekeliko namabhange abuthakathaka. Chaza umphumela we-domino - amasheya awohlokako aqeda abathengi be-margin, abangazange bakwazi ukubhadela amabhange, ngemva kwalokho awohloka, aqeda abagcini-mali abavamileko abanganasibopho nemakethe yamasheya.
I-Great Depression
Ukuwohloka kwagirizela ku-crisis yomnotho ejule khulu emlandweni wamva.
Njengombana amabhange awohloka nethemba lanyamalala, ukuthenga koma. Iimfeketri zanciphisa umkhiqizo zaqothela abasebenzi; abantu abangasebenziko abazange bakwazi ukuthenga iimphahla, ngalokho iimfeketri ezinengi zavalwa - ijikelezo elehlako. Ngo-1933 mhlamunye umuntu munye kwabane basebenzi bamaMerika bekangasebenzi, begodu iindawo zamatjhantji ezabizwa ngokobana zii-'Hoovervilles' zavela emadorobheni amanengi.
- Iinkulungwana zamabhange zawohloka, zaqeda iimali yemindeni ebeyigcinelwe.
- Amanani wamaplasi ehla khulu bekwanengi iintjalo zatjhiywa zibola ngesikhathi abantu balamba.
- Imithelo ephakemeko ye-US nekurhweba okwehlako kwarhatjha i-Depression ephasini loke.
Speaker notes
Gandelela isilinganiso sabantu se-crisis nomkghwa we-deflationary spiral: ukungasebenzi kwanciphisa ukudingeka, okwanciphisa umkhiqizo, okwakhulisa ukungasebenzi. Chaza bona kubayini yaba yezephasi loke - i-USA beyisenhloko yokurhweba nezeemali zephasi, begodu imithelo ephakemeko kunye nokuwohloka kwe-US lending kwaqinisa eminye imnotho. Lo mzekelo oqakathekileko we-'crisis of capitalism'. Tjheja bona amanani aqaselwe begodu atjhentjha ngokweemthombo. [SME] Sibawa uqinisekise amanani wokungasebenzi nokuwohloka kwamabhange atjumbulukako we-CAPS.
INew Deal: 'ama-Three Rs'
URoosevelt walahla i-laissez-faire wasebenzisa amandla wakarhulumende bona alwe ne-Depression.
Isizo (Relief)
Isizo esiphuthumako kwabatlhagako nabangasebenziko - ukudla, iinkampi zomsebenzi nemisebenzi yomphakathi.
Ukululama (Recovery)
Vusa imakghwa nezokulima ngokusebenzisa ukusetjenziswa kwemali, iimboleko nokusekelwa kwamanani.
Ukubuyekeza (Reform)
Tjhentjha imithetho - lawula amabhange nemakethe yamasheya bona lokhu kungaphinde kwenzeke.
Speaker notes
Chaza umbono omkhulu: uRoosevelt (owakhethwa ngo-1932, wafungiswa ngoNtaka 1933) wehlukana ne-laissez-faire begodu waphikelela bona urhulumende kufuze angenelele ngokusebenza bona asindise ikapitalizimu. Iinkulumo zakhe zomrhabulo ('fireside chats') zavuselela ithemba. Ama-'Three Rs' - Relief, Recovery, Reform - anikela abafundi isakhelo esikhanyako sokuhlola i-New Deal esilayidini elilandelako.
Ama-'alphabet agencies' - neemphikiswano
Ilizi lama-ejensi amatjha wakarhulumende afaka i-New Deal emsebenzini - kodwana kwahlukanisa imibono.
Ku-'First Hundred Days' nangemva kwalokho, uRoosevelt wadala ama-ejensi aziwa ngamaletha wawo wokuthoma: i-CCC (imisebenzi yokulondeka kwemvelo), i-TVA (amadamu negezi), i-AAA (isizo sabalimi) ne-WPA (imisebenzi yomphakathi). I-Social Security Act (1935) yethula amapensheni nesekelo sokungasebenzi.
The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Franklin D. Roosevelt, inaugural address, 1933
- Abagxeki abangesokudla bathi kwanikela urhulumende amandla amanengi begodu kwadura khulu.
- Abagxeki abangesokhohlo bathi kwenza okuncani khulu kwabatlhago khulu.
- Inengi labalobi bomlando bayavumelana bona ukululama okupheleleko kweza kwaphela kunye nePi yePhasi yesiBili, kodwana i-New Deal yasindisa ikapitalizimu yabumba kabutjha umbuso.
Speaker notes
Khuthaza ukuhlola okulinganiseleko - ikghono eliyihloko le-FET. I-New Deal yanciphisa ubuhlungu, yadala imisebenzi begodu yabuyisa ikholo ehlelweni, begodu ukubuyekezwa kwamabhange nemakethe yamasheya (njenge-bank deposit insurance nokulawula imakethe) kwahlala iminyaka eminengi. Kodwana ukungasebenzi kwahlala kuphakeme bekwafika ukusetjenziswa kwemali yepi, begodu i-Supreme Court yaqeda ezinye izinyathelo (i-NRA ngo-1935, i-AAA ngo-1936). Beka umphikiswano oyihloko: i-New Deal yakhamba khulu, namkha ayikhambanga ngokwaneleko?
Indlela i-Depression eyafinyelela ngayo eSewula Afrika
Njengenarha erhwebako, ekhiqiza igolide, iSewula Afrika ayizange ikwazi ukubalekela i-crisis yephasi.
Ukwehla kokurhweba namanani wephasi kwagadanga iSewula Afrika kabuhlungu, begodu isomiso esimbi sajulisa ubuhlungu kubalimi. Urhulumende ekuthomeni wahlala ku-gold standard, okwagcina imali idurile begodu kwamburhisa i-slump, bekwafika lapha aphuma ku-gold standard ekupheleni kuka-1932. Intengo yegolide yakhuphuka, kwakhulisa iimayini begodu kwasiza umnotho bona ululame.
- Abalimi abamhlophe nabanzima ngokufanako baqothelwa emhlabathini, kwarhabisa ukurholela emadorobheni.
- Ukuphuma ku-gold standard kwavuselela imboni yeemayini yegolide eqakathekileko.
- I-crisis yasiza ukusunduzela uHertzog noSmuts kurhulumende we-'Fusion' ka-1934.
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa isihloko lesi somlando wephasi nenarha yabafundi. I-Depression mzekelo oqinileko wokuthembelana komnotho wephasi. Gcina izinga lifaneleke: imibono eyihloko kukobana iSewula Afrika yatlhaga ngokwehla kokurhweba nesomiso, nokobana ukulahla i-gold standard ekupheleni kuka-1932 kwakhuphula intengo yegolide kwasiza ukululama, okwafaka ezepolitiki zakarhulumende we-Fusion ka-1934. [SME] Sibawa uqinisekise bona iminingwana engangani yomnotho nezepolitiki zeSewula Afrika esihloko se-CAPS esilindele lapha.
Esikufundileko - nemibuzo yokubuyekeza
IKapitalizimu yatjhukumisa ukukhula okurarako, yaveza ukuwohloka okutjhabalalisako, begodu yabunjwa kabutjha kukungenelela kwakarhulumende.
Ukukhula kwemakethe ekhululekileko kwe-USA kweminyaka yee-1920s bekusekelwe ekwenzeni ngobunengi, isikweledu nethemba, kodwana godu nokungalingani nokuqagela okunganakekeliko. Ukuwohloka kwango-1929 kwatjhukumisa i-Great Depression, begodu i-New Deal kaRoosevelt yatjhentjha i-laissez-faire epheleleko yayenza urhulumende osebenzako - itjhugululo endleleni imibuso yamva elawula ngayo umnotho wayo.
Q. Chaza ukuthi ukwenza ngobunengi nesikweledu esilula kwasiza njani ukubanga kokubili ukukhula nokuwohloka kweminyaka yee-1920s. (6 marks)
Q. Kubayini ukuwohloka kwe-Wall Street kwango-1929 kwarholela ku-Great Depression? Sebenzisa okungenani iimbangela ezintathu. (8 marks)
Q. 'I-New Deal yasindisa ikapitalizimu yamaMerika.' Uyavumelana? Nikela iimbangela ezisekelako nezingasekeliko. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubuyela embuzweni omkhulu wesahluko: yini amandla neenzobelezo zekapitalizimu njengehlelo lomnotho? Imibuzo emithathu ilingisa iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe eemthonjeni nokutlola okwandisiweko, ngokwabelwa kwamamaki okukhuphukako ngobudisi. Khuthaza iimpikiswano elinganiseleko, esekelwe ebufakazini embuzweni wokugcina ohlobene ne-ese. Isihloko lesi sihlobana godu nangaphambili ne-'crisis of capitalism' eyondla ukukhula kwe-fascism ne-Nazism.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Capitalism in the USA 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation