Ubungxowankulu e-USA 1900-1940
Indlela uqoqosho olukhulu lobungxowankulu emhlabeni olwakhula ngamandla ngeminyaka yee-1920, lwawa ngo-1929, laza lwakhiwa kwakhona yiNew Deal (isicwangciso esitsha soqoqosho).
Speaker notes
Yakha le yunithi njengophononongo lobungxowankulu njengenkqubo yoqoqosho: indlela oluvelisa ngayo ukukhula okukhawulezayo, isizathu sokuba lunokuwa, nendlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo. Imixholo emibini yile: (1) ukukhula kwemarike ekhululekileyo yeminyaka yee-1920 kunye nobuthathaka bayo, kunye (2) nokuwa kwe-1929 kunye nempendulo yeNew Deal kaRoosevelt. Bonisa kwangaphambili ukuba le mbali yayinxulumene noMzantsi Afrika ngegolide norhwebo lwehlabathi.
Buyintoni ubungxowankulu?
Yinkqubo yoqoqosho eyakhelwe kubunini babucala, inzuzo nokhuphiswano lwemarike.
Phantsi kobungxowankulu (capitalism), amashishini nempahla ziphethwe ngabantu babucala, hayi ngurhulumente. Abanini batyala imali (inkunzi / capital) ukwenza iimpahla okanye iinkonzo, bazithengise ngenzuzo (profit), baze babuyisele imali ukuze bakhule. Amaxabiso amiselwa yimbonelelo nemfuno (supply and demand) kwimarike enokhuphiswano.
- Laissez-faire (inkululeko yemarike): inkolelo yokuba urhulumente kufuneka angenelele kancinci kangangoko kuqoqosho.
- Imarike ekhululekileyo (free market): abathengi nabathengisi benza izigqibo zabo phantsi kolawulo oluncinci.
- Izabelo nemarike yezabelo (shares and the stock market): abantu bathenga iziqwenga ezincinci zenkampani, benethemba lokuba ixabiso layo liya kunyuka.
Speaker notes
Chaza amagama ngokuchanekileyo kuba yonke le yunithi iwasebenzisa rhoqo. Thelekisa kancinci ubungxowankulu nobukomanisi (bunini bukarhulumente, ucwangciso oluphakathi) abafunda ngabo kwisihloko saseRashiya. Gxininisa ukuba ngeminyaka yee-1920 e-USA umgaqo-nkqubo owawulawula yayilaissez-faire: oorhulumente beRiphabhlikhi babekholelwa ukuba imarike iya kuzilawula ngokwayo - into eyathi yaphikiswa liXinzelelo eLikhulu (Depression) kamva.
Ukunyuka kobungxowankulu bemizi-mveliso
Ngo-1900 i-USA yayisele iphuma phambili njengoqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso oluhamba phambili emhlabeni.
Ubutyebi bendalo, inani labantu elikhulayo elazaliswa kukufuduka, kunye netekhnoloji entsha kwenza i-USA yaba yinkunzi enkulu yemizi-mveliso. Amashishini amakhulu namamonopoli anamandla - kwintsimbi, kwioyile nakoololiwe - alawula amashishini apheleleyo aza enza inani elincinci labanini lityebe kakhulu.
- Imveliso yobuninzi (mass production): umgca wokuhlanganisa ohambayo kaHenry Ford (ukususela ngo-1913) wenza iimpahla zibe tshiphu kwaye zenziwe ngokukhawuleza.
- Imoto yeModel T kaFord yenza ukuqhuba kufikeleleke kwiintsapho eziqhelekileyo.
- Imivuzo ephezulu kwezinye iifektri, njengomvuzo we-$5 ngosuku kaFord, wanceda abasebenzi babe ngabathengi nabo.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukubaluleka kwemveliso yobuninzi: umgca wokuhlanganisa wahlula umsebenzi waba yimisebenzi elula ephindaphindwayo, yathoba iindleko kakhulu. Oku kwathoba amaxabiso, kwanyusa imveliso kwaye, kwimeko kaFord, kwahlawula imivuzo ephezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze abasebenzi bathenge iimpahla abazenzayo - isangqa esilungileyo sokuthenga esisembindini wobutyebi beminyaka yee-1920. Qaphela icala eliphikisayo: amamonopoli ahlanganisa ubutyebi namandla.
Ukukhula koqoqosho ngeminyaka yee-1920
Emva keMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala i-USA yonwabela ishumi leminyaka lokukhula okukhawulezayo nokunyuka kokuchitha imali kwabathengi.
Iminyaka yee-1920 yaziwa ngokuba yiRoaring Twenties (Amashumi Amabini Agqugqisayo). Iifektri zaphuma iimoto, iirediyo, iifowuni, iifriji nezinye iimpahla zabathengi. Intengiso kunye nesikweletu (credit) esilula (ukuthenga ngesikweletu / hire purchase, okanye 'thenga ngoku, uhlawule kamva') kwakhuthaza abantu ukuba bachithe imali, ngelixa iifilimu, i-jazz kunye neefashoni ezintsha zatshintsha inkcubeko yemihla ngemihla.
- Ubunini beemoto banyuka kakhulu, bunyusa intsimbi, irabha, iglasi, ioyile nokwakhiwa kweendlela.
- Iimpahla zombane kunye nentengiso yobuninzi zenza uluntu lwanamhlanje lwabathengi.
- Oorhulumente beRiphabhlikhi bagcina irhafu iphantsi, banciphisa ulawulo baza banyusa iirhafu kwiimpahla ezingeniswayo.
Speaker notes
Yenza ukukhula kuphile ngeenkcukacha zemihla ngemihla, kodwa gcina umsonto wohlalutyo: impumelelo yayixhomekeke kwintengo yobuninzi eyayityhutyhwa sisikweletu. Buza abafundi ukuba kunokwenzeka ntoni ukuba abantu babeboleka kakhulu ukuze bathenge iimpahla. Qaphela ukuba ukukhula kwakukho ngokwenene kodwa kwakwakhelwe kwiziseko ezithambekayo - into ephuhliswa ziisleti ezilandelayo. Iirhafu eziphezulu (umzekelo, iFordney-McCumber, 1922) zakhusela imizi-mveliso yase-US kodwa zonzakalisa urhwebo lwehlabathi.
Kutheni uqoqosho lwakhula?
Amandla amaninzi adibana ukuqhuba ukukhula kweminyaka yee-1920.
Imveliso yobuninzi
Imigca yokuhlanganisa yathoba iindleko yaza yazalisa imarike ngeempahla ezitshiphu, ezifunekayo.
Isikweletu esilula
Ukuthenga ngesikweletu kwavumela abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba bathenge iimpahla ezidulu ngokuhlawula ngamacandelo.
Ukuzithemba nomgaqo-nkqubo
Iirhafu eziphantsi, ulawulo oluncinci namaxabiso ezabelo anyukayo akhuthaza ukuchitha imali notyalo-mali.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ezi khadi zintathu njengesakhelo sohlalutyo endaweni yoluhlu lokufunda ngentloko. Cofela abafundi ukuba babone unxulumano: imveliso yobuninzi ifuna intengo yobuninzi; intengo yobuninzi yayixhaswe sisikweletu nokuzithemba. Xa ukuzithemba kwawa ngo-1929, nganye kwezi zinto zilulutho yayinokuguquka ibe bubuthathaka. Oku kwakha unobangela weXinzelelo eLikhulu (Depression).
Uqikelelo (speculation) kwimarike yezabelo
Amaxabiso ezabelo anyukayo alinga izigidi ukuba zibheje ngezabelo - rhoqo ngemali eboleklolweyo.
Njengoko amaxabiso ezabelo ayeqhubeka enyuka, abantu abaqhelekileyo bakhawuleza ukutyala imali, benethemba lokuthengisa kamva ngenzuzo - inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba luqikelelo (speculation). Abaninzi bathenga izabelo 'ngemargin', behlawula inxalenye encinci yexabiso baze babeboleke inxalenye eseleyo. Oku kwasebenza ngelixa amaxabiso enyuka, kodwa kwakuthetha ukuba imarike yayakhelwe kwintaba yamatyala.
- Amaxabiso ezabelo anyuka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunexabiso lokwenene leenkampani.
- Ukuthenga nge-margin kwakuthetha ukuba ukuhla kwexabiso okuncinci kwakunokutshabalalisa umtyali-mali.
- Ngo-1929 imarike yayisele ishushu ngokuyingozi - iqamza loqikelelo (speculative bubble).
Speaker notes
Chaza ngokucacileyo ingcamango yeqamza (bubble): amaxabiso azahlula kwiingeniso zokwenene zeenkampani kuba wonke umntu wayecinga ukuba aya kuqhubeka enyuka. Ukuthenga nge-margin kwakhulisa zombini iinzuzo neelahleko. Obu bubuthathaka obudumileyo bobungxowankulu obungalawulwanga kwaye ngunobangela ophambili wokuwa. Buza: kwenzeka ntoni kubathengi bemargin ukuba amaxabiso awa ngequbuliso?
Abaphumeleleyo nabaphulukene noqoqosho
Ukukhula kweminyaka yee-1920 kwafihla ukungalingani okunzulu nobuthathaka phantsi komphezulu.
Speaker notes
Le sleti yongeza inkcazelo ebalulekileyo: iRoaring Twenties ayigqugqiselanga wonke umntu. Imveliso egqithisileyo kwezolimo yatyhala amaxabiso amafama ehla ishumi lonke leminyaka, ishiya amafama esematyaleni ngaphambi koko konke ngo-1929. Ubutyebi babelwana ngokungalingani kakhulu, ngoko imfuno yeempahla yayixhomekeke kwiqela elincinci nakwisikweletu. Obu buthathaka bulwakhiwo bunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ukuwa kwemarike yezabelo kwakunokutyhala uqoqosho lonke kuXinzelelo eLikhulu (Depression).
Ukusuka ekukhuleni ukuya ekuweni, 1913-1938
- 1913 UFord wazisa umgca wokuhlanganisa ohambayo
- 1920s Ukukhula kwabathengi kweRoaring Twenties
- 1929 Ukuwa kweWall Street (Wall Street Crash) (ngo-Okthobha)
- 1930-32 IXinzelelo eLikhulu (Great Depression) lizika; intswela-ngqesho yobuninzi
- 1932 UFranklin D. Roosevelt onyulwa njengomongameli
- 1933 INew Deal iyaqala - 'iiNtsuku Zokuqala Ezilikhulu'
- 1935 INew Deal Yesibini: iSocial Security, iWagner Act
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ulandelelwano lweminyaka ukuqinisa umlaza webali phambi kweesleti ezineenkcukacha zokuwa nokubuyiselwa: ukukhula okude, ukuwa okuquburekayo, iXinzelelo elizikayo, emva koko utshintsho lwezopolitiko (uRoosevelt) olwazisa ungenelelo lukarhulumente. Buza abafundi baqaphele indlela ukuzithemba okwaguquka ngayo ngokukhawuleza kwaba yingxaki - malunga neshumi leminyaka lokukhula lwatshatyalaliswa ngeeveki.
Ukuwa kweWall Street (Wall Street Crash)
Ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthobha 1929 amaxabiso ezabelo awa, atshabalalisa ubutyebi phantse ngobusuku obunye.
Ukuzithemba kwakrazuka, abatyali-mali bakhawuleza ukuthengisa phambi kokuba amaxabiso ehle ngakumbi. Nge-Black Thursday (24 Okthobha 1929) ngokukodwa nge-Black Tuesday (29 Okthobha 1929), izigidi zezabelo zalahlwa aza amaxabiso awa. Abathengi bemargin abazange bakwazi ukubuyisela amatyala abo, kwaye iibhanki ezaziboleke le mali zaqala ukuwa.
- Ixabiso lezabelo lahla kakhulu kangangokuba ezininzi zaphantse zangabinaxabiso.
- Ukuthengisa ngoloyiko kwazityebisa njengoko wonke umntu wayezama ukuphuma ngaxeshanye.
- Ukuwa kwatshabalalisa imali egciniweyo, isikweletu nokuzithemba kulo lonke uqoqosho.
Speaker notes
Yenza kucace ukuba ukuwa kwakunobangela oquburekayo, hayi unobangela kuphela weXinzelelo (Depression). Kwatyhila kwaza kwakhulisa ubuthathaka obungaphantsi: imveliso egqithisileyo, ubutyebi obungalinganiyo, uqikelelo olungaqondiyo neebhanki ezithathekayo. Chaza umbuthelela wedomino - izabelo ezisihlayo zonakalisa abathengi bemargin, abangazange bakwazi ukubuyisela iibhanki, ezaza zawa, zatshabalalisa abagcini-mali abaqhelekileyo abangenanto yakwenza nemarike yezabelo.
IXinzelelo eLikhulu (The Great Depression)
Ukuwa kwaphenduka ingxaki yoqoqosho enzulu kunazo zonke kwimbali yale mihla.
Njengoko iibhanki zisiwa nokuzithemba kunyamalala, ukuchitha imali komka. Iifektri zanciphisa imveliso zaza zagxotha abasebenzi; abantu abangaphangeliyo abazange bakwazi ukuthenga iimpahla, ngoko ezinye iifektri ezingakumbi zavala - isangqa esisihlayo. Ngo-1933 malunga nomsebenzi omnye kubane baseMerika wayengaphangeli, kwaye iindawo zamatyotyombe ezazibizwa ngokuba ziiHoovervilles zavela kwizixeko ezininzi.
- Amawaka eebhanki zawa, zatshabalalisa imali egciniweyo yeentsapho.
- Amaxabiso amafama ahla kangangokuba izityalo zashiywa zibola ngelixa abantu belamba.
- Iirhafu eziphezulu zase-US kunye norhwebo olusihlayo lwasasaza iXinzelelo (Depression) kwihlabathi liphela.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ubungakanani babantu bengxaki nengcamango yesangqa esisihlayo (deflationary spiral): intswela-ngqesho yanciphisa imfuno, eyathi yanciphisa imveliso, eyathi yanyusa intswela-ngqesho. Chaza ukuba kutheni yaba yehlabathi liphela - i-USA yayisembindini worhwebo nezimali zehlabathi, kwaye iirhafu eziphezulu kunye nokuwa kokuboleka kwase-US kwaqhwaya olunye uqoqosho. Lo ngumzekelo obalulekileyo 'wengxaki yobungxowankulu' (crisis of capitalism). Qaphela amanani angoqikelelo kwaye ayahluka ngokweemvelaphi. [SME] Nceda uqinisekise amanani entswela-ngqesho nokuwa kweebhanki afunwa yiCAPS.
INew Deal: 'iiR eziNtathu' (Three Rs)
URoosevelt walahla ilaissez-faire waza wasebenzisa amandla karhulumente ukulwa neXinzelelo (Depression).
Uncedo (Relief)
Uncedo olungxamisekileyo lwabahluphekayo nabangaphangeliyo - ukutya, iinkampu zomsebenzi nemisebenzi yoluntu.
Ukubuyisela (Recovery)
Qalisa kwakhona imizi-mveliso nezolimo ngokuchitha imali, ngamatyala nangenkxaso yamaxabiso.
Uhlaziyo (Reform)
Tshintsha imithetho - lawula iibhanki nemarike yezabelo ukuze oku kungaphindi kwenzeke.
Speaker notes
Chaza ingcamango enkulu: uRoosevelt (owanyulwa ngo-1932, wangeniswa ngoMatshi 1933) waphula nelaissez-faire waza waphikisa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka angenelele ngokusebenzayo ukuze asindise ubungxowankulu. Iincoko zakhe zerediyo ezibizwa 'fireside chats' zakha kwakhona ukuzithemba. 'IiR eziNtathu' - Uncedo, Ukubuyisela, Uhlaziyo - zinika abafundi isakhelo esicacileyo sokuvavanya iNew Deal kwisleti elandelayo.
'Ii-arhente zoonobumba' (alphabet agencies) - kunye neengxoxo
Iliza lee-arhente ezintsha zikarhulumente zabeka iNew Deal ekusebenzeni - kodwa yahlula uluvo.
Kwiintsuku 'Zokuqala Ezilikhulu' nasemva koko, uRoosevelt wadala ii-arhente ezaziwa ngoonobumba bazo: i-CCC (imisebenzi yolondolozo lwendalo), i-TVA (amadama nombane), i-AAA (uncedo lwamafama) kunye ne-WPA (imisebenzi yoluntu). I-Social Security Act (1935) yazisa iipenshini nenkxaso yentswela-ngqesho.
The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Franklin D. Roosevelt, inaugural address, 1933
- Abagxeki abasekunene bathi yanika urhulumente amandla amaninzi kakhulu kwaye yabiza kakhulu.
- Abagxeki abasekhohlo bathi yenza okuncinci kakhulu kubantu abahluphekileyo kunene.
- Uninzi lwababhali-mbali luyavuma ukuba ukubuyiselwa okupheleleyo kweza kuphela ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini, kodwa iNew Deal yasindisa ubungxowankulu yaza yenza kwakhona umbutho karhulumente.
Speaker notes
Khuthaza uvavanyo olulinganayo - isakhono esiphambili se-FET. INew Deal yanciphisa ukubandezeleka, yadala imisebenzi kwaye yabuyisela ukholo kwinkqubo, kwaye uhlaziyo lwayo lweebhanki nemarike yezabelo (njenge-inshurensi yediphozithi yebhanki nolawulo lwemarike) lwahlala amashumi eminyaka. Kodwa intswela-ngqesho yahlala iphezulu de kwafika ukuchitha imali ngexesha lemfazwe, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachitha ezinye izinyathelo (i-NRA ngo-1935, i-AAA ngo-1936). Yakha ingxoxo ephambili: ngaba iNew Deal yaya kude kakhulu, okanye ayizange iye kwaneleyo?
Indlela iXinzelelo (Depression) elafika ngayo eMzantsi Afrika
Njengelizwe elirhwebayo, elivelisa igolide, uMzantsi Afrika awuzange ukwazi ukubaleka kwingxaki yehlabathi.
Urhwebo lwehlabathi olusihlayo namaxabiso asihlayo zawubetha kanzima uMzantsi Afrika, kwaye imbalela enzima yandisa iintlungu zamafama. Urhulumente ekuqaleni wahlala kumgangatho wegolide (gold standard), owawugcina imali idulu kwaza kwakubi ukuhla, de wawushiya umgangatho wegolide ekupheleni kuka-1932. Ixabiso legolide landa emva koko, laphakamisa iimigodi laza lanceda uqoqosho lubuyele endaweni.
- Amafama amhlophe namnyama ngokufanayo atyhalwa aphuma emhlabeni, andisa ukufudukela ezidolophini.
- Ukushiya umgangatho wegolide kwavuselela ishishini elibalulekileyo lokumbiwa kwegolide.
- Ingxaki yanceda ukutyhala uHertzog noSmuts kurhulumente we-1934 owaziwa 'ngoKudibana' (Fusion).
Speaker notes
Dibanisa esi sihloko sembali yehlabathi nelizwe labafundi. IXinzelelo (Depression) ngumzekelo owomeleleyo woxhomekekano loqoqosho lwehlabathi. Gcina umgangatho ufanelekile: izimvo eziphambili zezokuba uMzantsi Afrika wabandezeleka ngenxa yorhwebo olusihlayo nembalela, nokuba ukushiya umgangatho wegolide ngasekupheleni kuka-1932 kwanyusa ixabiso legolide kwaza kwanceda ukubuyiselwa, okwathi kwangenela kwezopolitiko zorhulumente woKudibana (Fusion) we-1934. [SME] Nceda uqinisekise ukuba zingaphi iinkcukacha zoqoqosho nezopolitiko zoMzantsi Afrika ezilindelwe sisihloko seCAPS apha.
Esikufundileyo - nemibuzo yophindo-phindo
Ubungxowankulu bwaqhuba ukukhula okumangalisayo, bwavelisa ukuwa okutshabalalisayo, baza bavuselelwa ngungenelelo lukarhulumente.
Ukukhula kwemarike ekhululekileyo kwe-USA kweminyaka yee-1920 kwaxhomekeka kwimveliso yobuninzi, isikweletu nokuzithemba, kodwa nakukungalingani noqikelelo olungaqondiyo. Ukuwa kwe-1929 kwaqubula iXinzelelo eLikhulu (Great Depression), kwaye iNew Deal kaRoosevelt yatshintsha i-laissez-faire epheleleyo ngorhulumente osebenzayo - ityheba kwindlela oorhulumente banamhlanje abalawula ngayo uqoqosho lwabo.
Q. Chaza indlela imveliso yobuninzi nesikweletu esilula ezanceda ngayo ukubangela zombini ukukhula nokuwa kweminyaka yee-1920. (6 marks)
Q. Kutheni ukuwa kweWall Street ngo-1929 kwakhokelela kwiXinzelelo eLikhulu (Great Depression)? Bhekisa kokungenani kwizizathu ezithathu. (8 marks)
Q. 'INew Deal yasindisa ubungxowankulu baseMerika.' Ngaba uyavuma? Nika izizathu zokuvuma nezokungavumi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela kumbuzo omkhulu weyunithi: zeziphi izinto ezilulutho nobuthathaka bobungxowankulu njengenkqubo yoqoqosho? Le mibuzo mithathu ifanisa iindlela zeCAPS ezisekelwe kwimithombo nezokubhala okwandisiweyo, ngokwabelwa kwamanqaku okunyuka ngobunzima. Khuthaza ingxoxo elinganayo, esekelwe kubungqina kumbuzo wokugqibela ofana nesincoko. Esi sihloko sikhokelela kwakhona 'kwingxaki yobungxowankulu' (crisis of capitalism) eyondla ukunyuka kwefascism neNazism.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Capitalism in the USA 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation