Bukhwezelane (Capitalism) e-USA 1900-1940
Kutsi umnotfo lomkhulu wetive wangaphandle wabukhwezelane wachubeka njani ngeminyaka yema-1920, wawa ngo-1929, futsi wakhiwa kabusha nge-New Deal.
Speaker notes
Vula lesifundvo njengesibonelo sekufundza sebukhwezelane njengehlelo lemnotfo: kutsi luveta njani kukhula lokusheshako, kutsi lungawa njani, nekutsi bohulumende baphendvula njani. Tintsambo letimbili nguleti (1) kukhula kwemakethe lekhululekile kwema-1920 nebutsakatsaka bako, kanye (2) kuwa kwango-1929 nekuphendvula kwe-New Deal ka-Roosevelt. Beka embili kutsi lomlandvo ubuye ubambisane neNingizimu Afrika ngegolide neluhwebo lwemhlaba.
Yini bukhwezelane?
Luhlelo lwemnotfo lolwakhelwe etikwekutsi umuntfu abe nekungeyakhe kwakhe, inzuzo kanye nekuncintisana kwemakethe.
Ngaphansi kwebukhwezelane (capitalism), emabhizinisi netimphahla tibanjwa ngebantfu ngekwabo, hhayi nguhulumende. Baniniyo bafaka imali (capital) kute bakhe timphahla nome tinsita, batidzayise kute batfole inzuzo (profit), bese bayaphindza bafaka imali kute bakhule. Emanani abekwa kuhawukelwa nekwendlaleka kwemphahla (supply and demand) emakethe lencintisanako.
- Laissez-faire: inkholelo yekutsi hulumende akufanele angenele emnotfweni ngendlela lencane.
- Imakethe lekhululekile (free market): labatsengako nalabatsengisako benta tincumo tabo ngaphandle kwemitsetfo leminingi.
- Emasheya nemakethe yemasheya (stock market): bantfu batsenga ticheshane letincane telinkampani, batsemba kutsi linani layo litakhula.
Speaker notes
Chaza emagama ngekunemba ngoba lesifundvo sonkhe sichubeka sisebentisa wona njalonjalo. Cabangisisa bukhwezelane ngekufisha nebukhomanisi (kubanjwa nguhulumende, kuhlelwa ngesikhungo lesisodvwa) lokuhlangana nabo bafundzi esifundveni seRussia. Gcizelela kutsi ngema-1920 e-USA inkambiso lebusako bekungu-laissez-faire: bohulumende bemaRiphabhulikhi bebakholelwa kutsi imakethe itatilawula yona ngekwayo - umcondvo lo-Depression bewutawuwuphikisa ngesikhatsi.
Kuphakama kwebukhwezelane bemafemu
Ngo-1900 i-USA seyibe ngumnotfo lohamba embili wemafemu emhlabeni.
Imicebo yemvelo lemikhulu, sibalo sebantfu lesikhulako lesondliwa kufika kwebantfu bangaphandle, kanye nebuchwepheshe lobusha kwenta i-USA yaba ligcokolo lemafemu. Emabhizinisi lamakhulu (big businesses) nema-monopoli lanemandla - kwensimbi, ka-oyili nasetimoteni - abusa tonkhe timboni futsi enta baniniyo labambalwa baceba ngalokwedlulele.
- Kukhicita ngebunyenti (mass production): uhla lwekwakha lolunyakatako lwaHenry Ford (kusukela nga-1913) lwenta timphahla tishibhe futsi tikhicitwe ngekushesha.
- Imoto ye-Model T ya-Ford yenta kuhamba ngemoto kwatfolakala nakumindeni lejwayelekile.
- Imiholo lemikhulu kuletinye timboni, njenge-Ford's $5 ngelilanga, yasita tisebenti taba bagcugcuteli baletsengako futsi.
Speaker notes
Chaza kubaluleka kwekukhicita ngebunyenti: uhla lwekwakha lwehlukanisa umsebenti waba timisebenti lelula letiphindzaphindzwako, kunciphisa tindleko kakhulu. Loku kwehlisa emanani, kwenyusa lokukhicitwako futsi, ngaka-Ford, kwakhokha imiholo lemikhulu ngalokwanele kutsi tisebenti titsenge timphahla letitikhicitako - umjikelo lomuhle wekutsenga losenhlitiyweni yebunotsi bema-1920. Beka embili nalokunye: ema-monopoli abutselela bunotsi nemandla endzaweni yinye.
Kukhula kwemnotfo ngema-1920
Ngemuva kweMphi Yekucala Yemhlaba i-USA yajabulela lishumi leminyaka lekukhula ngekushesha nekuchitsa imali kwabatsengi lokwenyukako.
Ema-1920 aatiwa nge-Roaring Twenties (Ema-20 Labhodlako). Emafemu akhicita timoto, emawayilense, emalukhalo, ema-firidji naletinye timphahla tabatsengi. Kukhangisa nekweboleka kwemali lokulula (icredithi, hire purchase, nome 'tsenga nyalo, ukhokhe emuva') kwagcugcutela bantfu kutsi bachitse imali, kantsi imabhayisikobho, ijazz netimfashini letinsha tashintja lifa lelilalako lelijwayelekile.
- Kubanjwa kwetimoto kwakhula, kwakhulisa insimbi, iribha, ingilazi, i-oyili nekwakha imigwaco.
- Timphahla tagesi nekukhangisa lokukhulu kwadala umphakatsi lomusha webatsengi.
- Bohulumende bemaRiphabhulikhi bagcina tintsela tiphansi, banciphisa imitsetfo futsi banyusa emathariff etimphahla tangaphandle.
Speaker notes
Yenta kukhula kuphile ngemininingwane yemihla ngemihla, kodvwa gcina intsambo yekuhlatiya: bunotsi bebusekelwe kutsengweni kwetimphahla ngebunyenti lokugcugcutelwa yicredithi. Buta bafundzi kutsi kungahamba kabi njani nangabe bantfu babeboleka kakhulu kute batsenge timphahla. Beka embili kutsi kukhula bekukhona kodvwa kwakhelwe etisekelweni letimbalwa letibutsakatsaka - liphuzu letinye tishibhi letitalandzela titalikhulisa. Emathariff laphakeme (isibonelo, Fordney-McCumber, 1922) avikela imboni ye-US kodvwa alimata luhwebo lwemhlaba.
Kungani umnotfo wakhula?
Emandla lambalwa ahlangana kute akhulise kukhula kwema-1920.
Kukhicita ngebunyenti
Tinhla tekwakha tanciphisa tindleko futsi tagcwalisa imakethe ngetimphahla letishibhile, letifiseka.
Icredithi lelula
I-hire purchase yenta bantfu labajwayelekile bakhona kutsenga timphahla letibitako ngekukhokha ngesigaba.
Kwetsemba nenkambiso
Tintsela letiphansi, imitsetfo lemincane nemanani emasheya lenyukako kwagcugcutela kuchitsa imali nekutjala imali.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lamakhadi lamatsatfu njengesakhelo sekuhlatiya kunekutsi kube luhla lokufanele lugcwaliswe. Gcugcutela bafundzi kutsi babone kuhlangana: kukhicita ngebunyenti kudzinga kutsengwa ngebunyenti; kutsengwa ngebunyenti kwakhutjwa yicredithi nekwetsemba. Ngesikhatsi kwetsemba kuwa ngo-1929, ngulelinye lelamandla lelalingaguculeka libe butsakatsaka. Loku kubeka sisekelo setimbangela te-Depression.
Kuqagela emakethe yemasheya
Kwenyuka kwemanani emasheya kwahenga tigidzi kutsi tibhejele emasheya - kanengi ngemali leyebolekiwe.
Njengoba emanani emasheya achubeka enyuka, bantfu labajwayelekile bagijima kutsi batjale imali, batsemba kutsi batawutidayisa ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi batfole inzuzo - lokusebenta lokubitwa ngekutsi kuqagela (speculation). Banyenti batsenga emasheya 'nge-margin', bakhokha incheshane yelinani bese bayaboleka lokusele. Loku bekusebenta ngesikhatsi emanani enyuka, kodvwa bekusho kutsi imakethe yakhelwe etikwentaba yetikweletu.
- Emanani emasheya enyuka ngekushesha kwendlula linani leliyicinisi lemankampani.
- Kutsenga nge-margin bekusho kutsi kwehla lokuncane kwelinani kungamsusa wonkhe umtjali-mali.
- Ngo-1929 imakethe seyicishile kwendlulele ngalokungakavikeleki - libhamuza lekuqagela (speculative bubble).
Speaker notes
Chaza umcondvo welibhamuza ngekucaca: emanani ehlukana nenzuzo leyicinisi yemankampani ngoba wonkhe wonkhe wabona kutsi atawuchubeka enyuka. Kutsenga nge-margin kwakhulisa kokubili inzuzo nekulahlekelwa. Lena bubutsakatsaka lobujwayelekile bebukhwezelane lobungakalawulwa futsi ngumbangela lomkhulu wekuwa. Buta: kwenteka njani kubatsengi be-margin nangabe emanani ehla ngekuphangisa?
Labaphumelelako nalabalahlekelwako ekukhuleni
Kukhula kwema-1920 kwafihla kungalingani lokujulile nebutsakatsaka ngaphansi.
Speaker notes
Lesishibhi sengeta umnininingwane lomcoka: 'Roaring Twenties' abewungabhodli kubo bonkhe. Kukhicitwa ngalokwedlulele kwetekulima kwehlisa emanani etitjalo lonkhe lelishumi leminyaka, kwashiya balimi banetikweletu ngaphambi kwango-1929. Bunotsi bebungabelwana kahle, ngako sidzingo setimphahla besisekelwe elicenjini lelincane nakucredithi. Lobu butsakatsaka bekwakheka lobusita kuchaza kutsi kungani kuwa kwemakethe yemasheya kwakhona kugcumeka umnotfo wonkhe uye e-depression.
Kusuka ekukhuleni kuya ekuweni, 1913-1938
- 1913 Ford wetfula uhla lwekwakha lolunyakatako
- 1920s Kukhula kwabatsengi kwe-Roaring Twenties
- 1929 Kuwa kwe-Wall Street (Okthoba)
- 1930-32 I-Great Depression iyajula; kungasebenti ngebunyenti
- 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt ukhetfwa njengemengameli
- 1933 I-New Deal iyacala - 'Emalanga Lekucala Lalikhulu'
- 1935 I-New Deal Yesibili: Social Security, Wagner Act
Speaker notes
Sebentisa uhlu lwetikhatsi kucinisa simo semlandvo ngaphambi kwetishibhi tekuwa nekululama letinemininingwane: kukhula lokudze, kuwa lokushesha, i-depression lejulako, bese kushintja kwetepolitiki (Roosevelt) lokwaletsa kungenela kwahulumende. Buta bafundzi kutsi babone kutsi kwetsemba kwaphenduka kanjani lubi ngekushesha - cishe lishumi leminyaka lekukhula kwaphelela emavikini.
Kuwa kwe-Wall Street
Ngasekupheleni kwaOkthoba 1929 emanani emasheya awa, asusa bunotsi cishe ngebusuku bunye.
Kwetsemba kwephuka futsi batjali-mali bagijima kutsi batsengise ngaphambi kwekutsi emanani ehle kakhulu. Nge-Black Thursday (24 Okthoba 1929) ikakhulukati nge-Black Tuesday (29 Okthoba 1929), tigidzi temasheya taphonswa phansi emanani awa. Batsengi be-margin abakhonanga kukhokha tikweletu tabo, futsi emabhange labebolekise imali acala kuwa.
- Linani lemasheya lehla kangangoba lamanyenti aphenduka acishe angasho lutfo.
- Kutsengisa kwetfusa kwatondla kona ngoba wonkhe wonkhe abetama kuphuma kanyekanye.
- Kuwa kwabhubhisa imali legciniwe, icredithi nekwetsemba emnotfweni wonkhe.
Speaker notes
Yenta kucace kutsi kuwa bekungumsusi, hhayi umbangela wodvwana, we-Depression. Kwaveta futsi kwakhulisa butsakatsaka lobungaphansi: kukhicita ngalokwedlulele, bunotsi lobungalingani, kuqagela lokungakhatsaleli nemabhange labutsakatsaka. Chaza umtselela wemadomino - emasheya lawako abhubhisa batsengi be-margin, labangakhonanga kukhokha emabhange, labase awa, asusa bantfu labajwayelekile labebagcina imali bebangenalutfo lolumayelana nemakethe yemasheya.
I-Great Depression
Kuwa kwaphenduka kwaba yinkinga yemnotfo lejulile kunato tonkhe emlandvweni wesimanje.
Njengoba emabhange awa nekwetsemba kwanyamalala, kuchitsa imali kwacima. Emafemu anciphisa kukhicita futsi axoswa tisebenti; bantfu labebangasebenti bebangakhoni kutsenga timphahla, ngako kwavaleka lamanye emafemu - umjikelo lowehlako. Ngo-1933 cishe kunye kubantfu labane bemaMelika labasebentako bekungasebenti, netindzawo temijondolo letatiwa nge-'Hoovervilles' tavela emadolobheni lamanyenti.
- Emabhange lati-tsavuni awa, asusa imali legciniwe yemindeni.
- Emanani etitjalo ehla kangangoba titjalo tashiywa tabola bantfu balamba.
- Emathariff laphakeme e-US nekwehla kweluhwebo kwasakateka i-Depression emhlabeni wonkhe.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ubukhulu bebuntfu benkinga nemcondvo wemjikelo we-deflationary: kungasebenti kwanciphisa sidzingo, lokwanciphisa kukhicita, lokwenyusa kungasebenti. Chaza kutsi kungani kwaba semhlabeni wonkhe - i-USA beyisemkhatsini weluhwebo netetimali temhlaba, futsi emathariff laphakeme nekuwa kwekwebolekisa kwe-US kwaminya leminye imnotfo. Lesi sibonelo lesisemcoka 'senkinga yebukhwezelane'. Beka embili kutsi tibalo ticishe futsi tehluka ngekwemtfombo. [SME] Sicela ucinisekise tibalo tekungasebenti nekuwa kwemabhange lokuncinywako kwe-CAPS.
I-New Deal: 'Ema-R Lamatsatfu' (Three Rs)
Roosevelt walahla i-laissez-faire futsi wasebentisa emandla ahulumende kulwa ne-Depression.
Relief (Kusita)
Lusito lwesiphutfumo kulabampofu nalabangasebenti - kudla, emakhempu emisebenti nemisebenti yemphakatsi.
Recovery (Kululama)
Kuvusa imboni nekulima ngekuchitsa imali, tikweletu nekwesekela emanani.
Reform (Kwenta Lushintjo)
Shintja imitsetfo - lawula emabhange nemakethe yemasheya kute lokungaphindzi kwenteke futsi.
Speaker notes
Chaza umcondvo lomkhulu: Roosevelt (wakhetfwa nga-1932, wangeniswa ngaMarch 1933) waphula ne-laissez-faire futsi waphikelela kutsi hulumende kufanele angenele ngekusebenta kute asindzise bukhwezelane. Tinkulumo takhe temsakato 'fireside chats' takha kabusha kwetsemba. 'Ema-R Lamatsatfu' - Relief, Recovery, Reform - nika bafundzi sakhelo lesicacile sekuhlola i-New Deal esishibhini lesilandzelako.
'Ema-alphabet agencies' - netimphikiswano
Ligagasi lema-ejensi lamasha ahulumende afaka i-New Deal ekusebentini - kodvwa kwehlukanisa umbono.
Ngesikhatsi 'seMalanga Lekucala Lalikhulu' nangemuva, Roosevelt wadala ema-ejensi latiwa ngetinhlamvu tekucala: i-CCC (imisebenti yekongiwa kwemvelo), i-TVA (emadamu nagesi), i-AAA (lusito kubalimi) ne-WPA (imisebenti yemphakatsi). I-Social Security Act (1935) yetfula tinsindza-mali (pensions) nelusito lwekungasebenti.
The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Franklin D. Roosevelt, inkhulumo yekungeniswa, 1933
- Bagxeki ngasesandleni sekudla batsi yanika hulumende emandla lamanyenti kakhulu futsi yabita kakhulu.
- Bagxeki ngasesandleni sancele batsi yenta lokuncane kakhulu kulabampofu kakhulu.
- Bomlando labanyenti bavumelana kutsi kululama ngalokuphelele kweta kuphela ngeMphi Yesibili Yemhlaba, kodvwa i-New Deal yasindzisa bukhwezelane futsi yakha kabusha umbuso.
Speaker notes
Gcugcutela kuhlola lokulinganako - likhono lesemcoka le-FET. I-New Deal yehlisa kuhlupheka, yadala imisebenti futsi yabuyisa kukholelwa ehlelweni, futsi tinguculo tayo tetebhange netemakethe yemasheya (njengekuvikela imali legciniwe emabhange nekulawula imakethe) tahlala emashumini eminyaka. Kodvwa kungasebenti kwahlala kuphakeme kwaze kwaba nge kuchitsa imali kwemphi, futsi iNkantolo Lephakeme yabhubhisa letinye tinyatselo (NRA nga-1935, AAA nga-1936). Beka ingcocwano lesemcoka: ingabe i-New Deal yaya kudze kakhulu, nome ayizange yenele?
Kutsi i-Depression yayifika njani eNingizimu Afrika
Njengelive lelihweba futsi lelikhicita igolide, iNingizimu Afrika ayizange ikhone kubalekela inkinga yemhlaba.
Kwehla kweluhwebo lwemhlaba nemanani kwashaya iNingizimu Afrika kabuhlungu, futsi sekhukhula lesikhulu sajulisa buhlungu kubalimi. Hulumende ekucaleni wahlala etikwegolide (gold standard), lokwenta imali ibite futsi kwenta kudzangala kube kubi, kwaze kwaze ngasekupheleni kwa-1932. Linani legolide lase liyenyuka, kwakhulisa timayini futsi kwasita umnotfo kutsi ululame.
- Balimi labamhlophe nalabamnyama ngokufananako baciteywa emhlabeni, kwasheshisa kufudzukela emadolobheni.
- Kushiya i-gold standard kwavusa imboni yekumba igolide lebeyisemcoka.
- Inkinga yasita kuciphusela Hertzog naSmuts kuhulumende we-'Fusion' wa-1934.
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa lesihloko semlandvo wemhlaba nelive lebafundzi. I-Depression sibonelo lesicinile sekuncikana kwemnotfo wemhlaba. Gcina ilizinga lifanele: imicondvo lesemcoka kutsi iNingizimu Afrika yahlupheka ngekwehla kweluhwebo nesekhukhula, nekutsi kushiya i-gold standard ngasekupheleni kwa-1932 kwenyusa linani legolide futsi kwasita kululama, lokwafaka etepolitiki tahulumende we-Fusion wa-1934. [SME] Sicela ucinisekise kutsi mangaki umnininingwane wetomnotfo netepolitiki teNingizimu Afrika lelilindzelwe yisihloko se-CAPS lapha.
Lesikufundzile - nemibuto yekubukeza
Bukhwezelane bwakhulisa kukhula lokumangalisako, bwaveta kuwa lokubhubhisako, futsi bwakhiwa kabusha kungenela kwahulumende.
Kukhula kwemakethe lekhululekile kwe-USA kwema-1920 kwasekelwa kukhiciteni ngebunyenti, icredithi nekwetsemba, kodvwa futsi nakungalingani nekuqagela lokungakhatsaleli. Kuwa kwa-1929 kwabangela i-Great Depression, futsi i-New Deal ka-Roosevelt yavala i-laissez-faire lecinisekile ngahulumende losebentako - liphuzu lekuphenduka kutsi imbuso yesimanje ilawula njani umnotfo wayo.
Q. Chaza kutsi kukhicita ngebunyenti ne-credithi lelula kwasita njani kubangela kokubili kukhula nekuwa kwema-1920. (6 marks)
Q. Kungani kuwa kwe-Wall Street kwa-1929 kwaholela e-Great Depression? Balula timbangela letingemcoka letimatsatfu. (8 marks)
Q. 'I-New Deal yasindzisa bukhwezelane bemaMelika.' Uyavumelana? Nika tizatfu tekuvuma naletekuphika. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngekubuyela embutweni lomkhulu wesifundvo: yini emandla nebutsakatsaka bebukhwezelane njengehlelo lemnotfo? Lemibuto lemitsatfu ibonisa tindlela te-CAPS letisekelwe emtfonjeni netekubhala lokwendlaliwe, ngekwabiwa kwemamaki lokwenyukako ngebunzima. Gcugcutela ingcocwano lelinganako, lesekelwe ebufakazini embutweni wekugcina lomayelana nesincoco. Lesihloko sibuye sixhume nangaphambili 'enkinga yebukhwezelane' leyondla kuphakama kwebufascist neBunazi.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Capitalism in the USA 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation