Abalimi Bokuqala eNingizimu Afrika
Cishe eminyakeni engu-1 700 kuya ku-2 000 edlule, imindeni yabalimi yazinza emhlabeni, yafuya izinkomo, yasebenza nangensimbi.
Speaker notes
Amukela abafundi. Chaza ukuthi kudala kakhulu ngaphambi kwamadolobha, abalimi bokuqala bafika bazohlala eNingizimu Afrika. Kulesi sifundo sithola ukuthi babengobani, batshalani, kungani izinkomo zazibaluleke kangaka, nokuthi babewenza kanjani amathuluzi ngensimbi. Umbuzo osheshayo wokuqala: ucabanga ukuthi ipulazi lalibukeka kanjani eminyakeni engu-2 000 edlule?
Abalimi bokuqala babengabakhuluma izilimi zeBantu
Bangena eNingizimu Afrika phakathi kweminyaka engaba ngu-2 000 no-1 700 edlule.
Abalimi bokuqala babekhuluma izilimi zeBantu. Lolu wuhlobo lwezilimi okwavela kulo isiZulu, isiXhosa, Setswana neSesotho. Abalimi bahamba kancane beya eningizimu kuleli lizwe balenza laba yikhaya labo.
- Babehlala emiphakathini eholwa yinkosi - akufanele sibabize ngokuthi 'izizwe zabantukazana' (tribes).
- Imiphakathi yabo yayingakhula, ishintshe futhi ithuthe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Babengabalimi abahlakaniphile, abakhi nabakhandi bensimbi.
Speaker notes
Fundisa igama elithi abakhuluma izilimi zeBantu ngendlela elula: lisho abantu ababekhuluma izilimi ezihlobene, okhokho bezilimi eziningi zaseNingizimu Afrika namuhla. Iphuzu elibalulekile futhi elizwelayo elivela kuCAPS naseSAHO: gwema igama elithi 'isizwe sabantukazana' (tribe). Lisikisela ngokungeqiniso ukuthi abantu abazange bashintshe. Sebenzisa elithi 'umphakathi' noma 'ubukhosi' esikhundleni salo. Gcizelela ukuthi laba babengabantu abanamakhono, abasunguli bezinto ezintsha.
Kungani sisibiza ngeNkathi Yensimbi
Yisikhathi lapho abantu benza khona amathuluzi nezikhali zabo ngensimbi.
Izazi-mlando zibiza lesi sikhathi ngokuthi iNkathi Yensimbi (Iron Age) ngoba abantu bafunda ukwenza izinto ngensimbi. Kodwa abalimi benza okungaphezu kokusebenza insimbi - batshala izitshalo, bafuya izilwane, bakha nemizi. Ngakho-ke sibabiza nangokuthi abalimi.
- Sifunda ngabo kuzazi zemivubukulo (archaeologists) ezimba imizi emidala.
- Zithola izicucu zezimbiza, amathuluzi ensimbi, ubuhlalu nezimpawu zamaqhugwane.
- Lezi zinkomba zisitshela ukuthi abantu babephila kanjani kudala, ngisho ngaphandle kwezincwadi.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi 'iNkathi Yensimbi' iwuphawu nje olusizayo - abantu babengabalimi kuqala. Ethula umkhakha wemivubukulo (archaeology) ezingeni leBanga 5: izazi zimba ngokucophelela zifunde izinto abantu abazishiya emuva. Buza abafundi ukuthi babengabheka luphi uphawu ukuze bakhombise ukuthi umuzi wake wema ensimini.
Ukuzinza emhlabeni
Abalimi kwakumele bahlale endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside ukuze batshale futhi bavune.
Ukwenza amasimu, abalimi babegawula izihlahla notshani obude bakushise. Umlotha wawenza inhlabathi ivunde ukuze kutshalwe. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukugawula nokushisa (slash and burn). Babehlala iminyaka, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi bathuthe uma umhlaba usudliwe ngokweqile - lapho izilwane eziningi zaziqedile utshani.
- Babevula umhlaba ukuze batshale izitshalo bakhe namakhaya.
- Babakha amaqhugwane nezibiya ukuze bavikele izinkomo zabo.
- Uma inhlabathi noma idlelo seliphela, babefuna umhlaba omusha.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukugawula nokushisa ngendlela elula futhi uphawule ukuthi abalimi, ngokungafani nabazingeli-baqoqi, kwakumele bahlale endaweni eyodwa ukuze bakhulise ukudla. Ethula elithi 'ukudliswa ngokweqile' ngencazelo yesichazamazwi: uma izilwane ziningi kakhulu, utshani abunaso isikhathi sokukhula futhi. Xhumanisa nokunakekela umhlaba namuhla - ithuba lengxoxo emfushane yamagugu.
Ukuhlangana namaKhoikhoi namaSan
Abalimi bokuqala abazange bafike emhlabeni ongenamuntu - abazingeli-baqoqi nabelusi babevele bekhona.
Abalimi babelana ngomhlaba nabazingeli-baqoqi bakwaSan nabelusi bakwaKhoikhoi. Babesizana futhi bekwenana (ukwenana, barter) - beshintshelana ngempahla ngaphandle kwemali. Ezikhathini ezinzima zesomiso, lokhu kwabelana kwakugcina wonke umuntu ephila.
- Abalimi baletha amathuluzi ensimbi nezindlela ezintsha zokukhulisa ukudla.
- AmaKhoikhoi namaSan abelana ngolwazi lwezitshalo nemithi.
- Imisindo yokungqongqoza esezilimini zesiNguni namuhla yavela ezilimini zesiKhoisan.
Speaker notes
Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile leCAPS: abalimi bafika emhlabeni lapho amaSan namaKhoikhoi ayevele ehlala khona, futhi la maqembu ayevame ukubambisana. Fundisa elithi 'ukwenana' (barter) esichazamazwini: ukushintshelana ngempahla noma usizo ngaphandle kwemali. Iqiniso lemisindo yokungqongqoza liyisibonelo esimnandi, esikhumbulekayo sokwabelana ngamasiko okusabumba izilimi namuhla. Kuphathe ngenhlonipho - lena kwakuyindaba yokusebenzisana nokushintshelana ikakhulukazi, hhayi eyokungqubuzana kuphela.
Ukuhlala emizini ezinzile
Abalimi bakha amakhaya ahlala njalo baphila ndawonye emizini yemindeni.
Kwakudingeka izandla eziningi ensimini, ngakho imindeni yayihlala eduze ndawonye emzini (homestead). Izindlu zabo zazivame ukuba yindilinga, zenziwe ngezitini zodaka zinezimpahla zotshani, noma amaqhugwane ayindilinga alukwe ngotshani. Ngaphakathi kwezibiya kwakunamaqhugwane, izinqolobane zokudla nendawo ephephile yezinkomo.
- Iqoqo lemizi lalingakha ubukhosi obuholwa yinkosi.
- Inkosi yayibheka ukuhweba futhi yaba ngempahla ngokulinganayo.
- Umphakathi wonke wawusebenza ndawonye ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Speaker notes
Chaza umuzi: amaqhugwane ayindilinga azungeze isibaya esimaphakathi sezinkomo - uhlelo izazi zemivubukulo ezisalithola nanamuhla. Ethula elithi 'ubukhosi' nelithi 'inkosi' esichazamazwini, ukhumbuza abafundi ukuthi inkosi yayaba ngempahla futhi yahlela ukuhweba, nokuthi ubukhosi babungakhula, buncipha, bushintshe. Buza ukuthi kungani ukuhlala eduze kwakusiza imindeni yabalimi.
Umsebenzi wamadoda, abesifazane nezingane
Emphakathini wabalimi wonke umuntu wayenomsebenzi okwakumele awenze.
Amadoda nabafana
Babelusa bavikele izinkomo, bazingele izilwane zasendle basebenze nensimbi.
Abesifazane namantombazane
Banakekela izitshalo, bahlakule amasimu, bapheke, bahlanze futhi bakhe amanzi.
Izingane
Zazingayi esikoleni - zazifunda amakhono azo ngokusiza abadala.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi imisebenzi yayehlukaniswe phakathi kwamadoda, abesifazane nezingane, nokuthi izingane zaziziqhenya ngokusiza kusukela zisencane. Sho ngobumnene ukuthi njengoba beba yintsha, abasha babedlula ekwalukeni - umcimbi wokwamukelwa empilweni yobudala. Kugcine kufushane futhi kunenhlonipho, njengoba kuyisiko eliyimfihlo neling'cwele. Khuthaza abafundi ukuthi baqhathanise le misebenzi nemisebenzi yasekhaya emindenini namuhla.
Izitshalo abazikhulisa
Abalimi bokuqala bakhulisa okusanhlamvu futhi bafuya izilwane ukuze bathole ukudla.
Izitshalo zabo ezimbili eziyinhloko kwakunguamabele (sorghum) nonyawoti (millet). Lokhu okusanhlamvu kwakugaywa kwenziwe ufulawa wokwenza iphalishi noma utshwala. Babengabalimi bokuziphilisa (subsistence farmers) - bakhulisa okwanele imindeni yabo nje. Uma isivuno sisihle kakhulu, babe kwenana okuseleyo namanye amaqembu.
- Okusanhlamvu kwakugcinwa emabhasikidini noma emigodini eyembiwe emhlabathini.
- Babefuya nezinkukhu, izimvu nezimbuzi ukuze bathole amaqanda, ubisi nenyama.
- Kamuva, ngemva kwawo-1500, ummbila nokolweni kwengezwa emasimini abo.
Speaker notes
Fundisa izitshalo ezimbili eziyinhloko, amabele nonyawoti, kanye negama lesichazamazwi elithi 'umlimi wokuziphilisa': umuntu okhulisa okwanele umndeni wakhe kuphela. Ukuxhumana okuhle nempilo yansuku zonke: iphalishi eliliwa abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika namuhla livela kulesi siko sokulima esidala. Phawula ukuthi ummbila nokolweni kwafika kamuva, ngemva kokuhlangana namaYurophu ngeminyaka yawo-1500, ngakho akuyona ingxenye yamapulazi okuqala.
Kungani izinkomo zazibaluleke kangaka
Izinkomo zazi wuphawu lwengcebo futhi zazisetshenziswa emasikweni abaluleke kunawo wonke.
Izinkomo zazinikeza inyama, ubisi nesikhumba, kodwa zazisho okungaphezu kokudla. Ukuba nezinkomo eziningi kwakukhombisa ukuthi umuntu ucebile futhi ubalulekile. Izinkomo zazinikezwa emishadweni nasemingcwabeni futhi zazisetshenziswa emasikweni amabili akhethekile.
- Mafisa: umuntu ocebile wayeboleka izinkomo, okwakha inhlonipho nobungane.
- Lobola (impahla yomlobokazi): izinkomo zazinikezwa umndeni womakoti ukuhlonipha umshado.
- Ilobolo lisenesiko elihlonishwayo eNingizimu Afrika namuhla.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi izinkomo zazi yinhliziyo yengcebo nenhlonipho, hhayi ukudla nje kuphela. Fundisa u-mafisa (ukuboleka izinkomo ukwakha ubudlelwano obuhle) nelobolo (impahla yomlobokazi enikezwa umndeni womakoti) ngezinga elimnene leBanga 5. Gcizelela ukuthi ilobolo liyisiko eliphilayo elisahlonishwa nanamuhla - lixhumanisa umlando nemindeni nemiphakathi yabafundi.
Ukwenza amathuluzi ngensimbi
Abalimi bokuqala bembula insimbi ematsheni bayibumba yaba amathuluzi asizayo.
Insimbi engahluziwe (iron ore) itholakala ematsheni. Abalimi bayimba, base beyishisa esithandweni (furnace) esishisa kakhulu size iguqulwe yaba insimbi encibilikile. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuncibilikisa insimbi (smelting). Amadoda anamakhono ayibumba insimbi yaba izihloko zemikhonto, amageja, amazembe nezando, futhi enze ubucwebe ngensimbi nangethusi.
- Amageja namazembe ensimbi enza kwaba lula kakhulu ukuvula umhlaba nokulima.
- Babumba nezimbiza zebumba ezinhle - njengeLydenburg Heads edumile.
- Ama-Lydenburg Heads ayisikhombisa enziwa cishe ngo-500 CE, eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-1 500 edlule.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuncibilikisa insimbi ngendlela elula: ukushisa itshe size insimbi incibilike iphume, bese uyayikhanda ibe amathuluzi. Phawula ukuthi amathuluzi ensimbi enza ukulima kwaba lula - ukwanda kwezobuchwepheshe kwangempela. Ethula ama-Lydenburg Heads njengegugu lobuciko beNkathi Yensimbi elatholakala eNingizimu Afrika. Uma isikhathi sivuma, sho ukuthi abesifazane babevame ukugcinwa kude nesithando, isiko lalezo zikhathi - kusho ngokulinganayo njengeqiniso lomlando.
Ukuhweba eduze nakude
Abalimi bokuqala babehweba kulo lonke i-Afrika ngisho namazwe akude.
Abalimi babehweba ngezindlela zamanethiwekhi okuhweba (trading networks) - imizila abantu ababehamba kuyo ukushintshelana ngempahla. Abahwebi bafinyelela ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika ngolwandle. Ama-Afrika anikela ngegolide, uphondo lwendlovu nensimbi athola ubuhlalu bengilazi, izimbaza, futhi kamuva ukudla okusha njengamabhanana namakhokhonathi.
- Babengasebenzisi izinhlamvu zemali - ubuhlalu, insimbi, igolide, ucingo lwethusi nosawoti kwakusetshenziswa njengemali.
- Izazi zemivubukulo zathola izimbaza zaselwandle nobuhlalu kude ngaphakathi ezweni, okufakazela ukuthi ukuhweba kwakubanzi.
- Ukuhweba kwasiza eminye imizi, njengeMapungubwe, ukuthi ikhule ibe necebo namandla.
Speaker notes
Chaza amanethiwekhi okuhweba njengemizila yokuhamba yokushintshelana ngempahla. Gqamisa ukuthi i-Afrika yayixhume nomhlaba wonke kudala ngokuhweba kwoLwandlekazi iNdiya. Fundisa ukuthi ubuhlalu nosawoti kwakusebenza njengemali yokuqala. IMapungubwe iyisibonelo esihle sangempela seBanga 5 somuzi ohwebayo ocebile - futhi lixhumanisa nesihloko samabanga ombuso eBanga 6. [SME] Qinisekisa izinsuku ezithembekile zokuqala zokuhweba koLwandlekazi iNdiya ezingeni leBanga 5 ngaphambi kokukhiqiza.
Uhla lwesikhathi lwabalimi bokuqala
- ~2 000-1 700 years ago Abalimi abakhuluma izilimi zeBantu bazinza eNingizimu Afrika
- ~500 CE Kwenziwa ama-Lydenburg Heads
- From ~1000 CE IMapungubwe ikhula ibe necebo ngokuhweba
- 1500s AmaYurophu ayafika; ummbila nokolweni kwengezwa emasimini
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa uhla lwesikhathi ukusiza abafundi ukuba bahlele indaba ngokulandelana. Abafundi beBanga 5 basakha umqondo wezikhathi ezinde, ngakho qhathanisa 'iminyaka edlule' neminyaka yabo noma yomkhulu wabo. Phawula ukuthi abalimi babelapha isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kokufika kwamaYurophu ngeminyaka yawo-1500. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama esikhathi sokuqala kweMapungubwe kuleli banga.
Esikufundile - manje kuyisikhathi sakho
Abalimi bokuqala bakhulisa izitshalo, bazazisa izinkomo zabo benza namathuluzi ensimbi, bonke lokho bekwenza babelana ngomhlaba nabantu bakuqala.
Abalimi bokuqala babengabantu abakhuluma izilimi zeBantu abazinza emhlabeni cishe eminyakeni engu-1 700 kuya ku-2 000 edlule. Bakhulisa amabele nonyawoti, bafuya izinkomo njengophawu lwengcebo, basebenza ngensimbi, futhi bahweba kulo lonke i-Afrika. Babehlala ebukhosini obuzinzile futhi babelana ngomhlaba namaSan namaKhoikhoi.
Q. Bala izitshalo ezimbili abalimi bokuqala abazikhulisa nesilwane esisodwa abasifuyayo. (3 marks)
Q. Chaza izizathu ezimbili zokuthi kungani izinkomo zazibaluleke kangaka kubalimi bokuqala. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza ukuthi abalimi bokuqala babewenza kanjani amathuluzi ngensimbi. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Buyekeza imicabango emihlanu emikhulu: ukuthi abalimi babengobani, izitshalo zabo, izinkomo zabo, ukusebenza kwabo ngensimbi nokuhweba kwabo. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhalwayo noma ingxoxo yeklasi; amamaki alandela isitayela seCAPS. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lesi sihloko siholela eBanga 6, lapho befunda khona ngemibuso yaseMapungubwe, iThulamela neGreat Zimbabwe eyakhula kule miphakathi yabalimi.
- Grade
- Grade 5
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The first farmers in Southern Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation