Balimi Bekucala eNingizimu ne-Afrika
Cishe eminyakeni lengu-1 700 kuya ku-2 000 leyendlulako, imindeni yebalimi yakha kulelive, yafuya tinkomo yaphindze yasebenta ngensimbi.
Speaker notes
Yemukela bafundzi. Chaza kutsi ngaphambi kwekuba khona kwemadolobha nemadolobhakati, balimi bekucala befika kutawuhlala eNingizimu ne-Afrika. Kulesifundvo sitawutfola kutsi babengobani, batjala ini, kungani tinkomo betibaluleke kangaka, nekutsi batakhela njani tikhali ngensimbi. Umbuto losheshako wekucala: ucabanga kutsi lipulazi belibukeka njani eminyakeni lengu-2 000 leyendlulako?
Balimi bekucala bebakhuluma tilimi teBantu
Bangena eNingizimu ne-Afrika emkhatsini weminyaka lecishe ibe ngu-2 000 na-1 700 leyendlulako.
Balimi bekucala bebakhuluma tilimi teBantu. Lena ngumndeni wetilimi lokwakhula kuwo isiZulu, isiXhosa, Setswana neSesotho. Balimi bahamba kancane kancane baya eningizimu kulelive bavele balenta likhaya labo.
- Bebahlala emiphakatsini leyayiholwa yinkhosi - akufanele sibabite ngekutsi 'titsaba'.
- Imiphakatsi yabo beyingakhula, yiguquke iphindze isuke ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi.
- Bebangbalimi labahlakaniphile, bakhi netisebenti tensimbi.
Speaker notes
Fundzisa ligama lelitsi bakhulumi beBantu ngalula: lisho bantfu lebebakhuluma tilimi letihlobene, bokhokho betilimi letinyenti taseNingizimu Afrika lamuhla. Liphuzu lelibalulekile nalelibucayi lelivela ku-CAPS naku-SAHO: gwema ligama lelitsi 'tsaba'. Lisho ngendlela lengakalungi kutsi bantfu abazange baguquke. Sebentisa 'umphakatsi' nome 'bukhosi' esikhundleni sako. Gcizelela kutsi laba bebangbantfu labanelikhono, labasunguli.
Kungani sisibita ngeNkhatsi Yensimbi
Sikhatsi lapho bantfu bebenta khona tikhali tabo netikhali temphi ngensimbi.
Bochwepheshe bemlando babita lesikhatsi ngekutsi iNkhatsi Yensimbi ngobe bantfu bafundza kwenta tintfo ngensimbi. Kodvwa balimi benta lokunyenti kunekusebenta insimbi kuphela - batjala titjalo, bafuya tilwane baphindze bakha imiti. Ngako sibabita futsi ngekutsi balimi nome balimi labachwepheshe.
- Sifundza ngabo ku boarkiyoloji - bochwepheshe labembako imiti yekadeni.
- Batfola ticucu tetimbita, tikhali tensimbi, ubuhlalu netimphawu tetindlu.
- Lemikhondvo isitjela kutsi bantfu bebaphila njani endvulo, ngisho ngaphandle kwetincwadzi.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi 'iNkhatsi Yensimbi' ligama nje lelisitako - bantfu bebangbalimi kucala nakakhulu. Yetfula i-arkiyoloji ezingeni lebanga 5: bososayensi bemba ngekunakekela bafundze tintfo bantfu labatishiya emuva. Buta bafundzi kutsi ngumuphi umkhondvo labangawufuna kuze bafakazele kutsi umuti wake wema kulelisimu.
Kwakha kulelive
Balimi bekufanele bahlale endzaweni yinye isikhatsi lesidze kwanele kutjala nekuvuna.
Kuze bente emasimi, balimi bagawula tihlahla netjani lobudze babese bayakushisa. Umlotsa wawenta inhlabatsi ivunde kahle kutjala. Loku kubitwa ngekutsi kugawula nekushisa. Bebahlala iminyaka, kodvwa ngaletinye tikhatsi bebasuka nangabe live seli dliwe ngukudlula (overgrazed) - lapho tilwane letinyenti kakhulu betidle tjani wonkhe.
- Bavula umhlaba kuze batjale titjalo bakhe nemakhaya.
- Bakha tindlu netibaya kuze tinkomo tabo tiphephe.
- Nakuphela inhlabatsi lenhle nome lidlelo, bebafuna umhlaba lomusha.
Speaker notes
Chaza kugawula nekushisa ngendlela lelula uphindze ucaphule kutsi balimi, ngalokungafani nebatingeli-babutsi, bekufanele bahlale endzaweni yinye kuze bakhulise kudla. Yetfula 'kudliwa ngukudlula' ngencazelo yesichazamagama: nakunetilwane letinyenti kakhulu, tjani abunaso sikhatsi sekukhula futsi. Xhumanisa nekunakekela umhlaba lamuhla - litfuba lengcoco lemfisha ngemagugu.
Kuhlangana neKhoikhoi neSan
Balimi bekucala abazange bafike emhlabeni longenamuntfu - batingeli-babutsi nebelusi bebavele bakhona lapha kakadze.
Balimi babelana ngemhlaba nebatingeli-babutsi beSan kanye nebelusi beKhoikhoi. Basitana futsi baye bahwebelana (kushintjisana) - kushintjisana ngempahla ngaphandle kwemali. Etikhatsini letimatima tesomiso, lokwabelana kwagcina wonkhe umuntfu aphila.
- Balimi baletsa tikhali tensimbi netindlela letinsha tekukhulisa kudla.
- Khoikhoi neSan babelana ngelwati lwetitjalo nemitsi.
- Imisindvo yekungqongqotsa (click) etilwimini teNguni lamuhla yavela etilwimini teKhoisan.
Speaker notes
Lena ngumcabango lomkhulu we-CAPS: balimi bafika emhlabeni lapho beSan neKhoikhoi bebavele bahlala khona, futsi lamacembu bekuvame kubambisane. Fundzisa 'kuhwebelana' kusuka esichazamagameni: kushintjisana ngempahla nome ngelusito ngaphandle kwemali. Liciniso lemisindvo yekungqongqotsa liyisibonelo lesihle, lesikhumbulekako sekwabelana ngemasiko lokusabumba tilimi nalamuhla. Kuphatse ngenhlonipho - lena bekungayindzaba yekuhlangana nekushintjisana, hhayi kuphela imphi.
Kuphila emitini legxilile
Balimi bakha emakhaya lahlala njalo baphindze bahlale ndzawonye emitini yemindeni.
Betidzingeka tandla letinyenti emasimini, ngako imindeni beyihlala idvutane emutini. Tindlu tabo betivame kuba tiyindingilizi, tentiwe ngesitini semdaka tinetimphahla tetjani, nome tindlu letiyindingilizi letelukwe ngetjani. Ngekhatsi kwetibondza bekunetindlu, tindlu tekugcina kudla nendzawo lephephile yetinkomo.
- Licembu lemiti belingakha bukhosi lobuholwa yi nkhosi.
- Inkhosi beyinakekela kuhweba iphindze yabe impahla ngekulingana.
- Umphakatsi wonkhe wawusebenta ndzawonye ngesikhatsi sekuvuna.
Speaker notes
Chaza umuti: tindlu letiyindingilizi letakhe tatungeleta sibaya lesisemkhatsini setinkomo - luhlelo boarkiyoloji labasalutfola nalamuhla. Yetfula 'bukhosi' ne'nkhosi' kusuka esichazamagameni, ukhumbuta bafundzi kutsi inkhosi beyabelana ngempahla ihlele kuhweba, nekutsi bukhosi bebungakhula, buncipe buphindze buguquke. Buta kutsi kungani kuhlala udvutane bekusita imindeni yebalimi.
Umsebenti wemadvodza, bafati nebantfwana
Emphakatsini webalimi wonkhe umuntfu bekanemsebenti lokufanele awente.
Emadvodza nemajaha
Bebelusa baphindze bavikela tinkomo, batingela tilwane tesiganga baphindze basebenta insimbi.
Bafati nemantfombatana
Bebanakekela titjalo, bahlakula emasimi, bapheka, bahlanta baphindze bakha emanti.
Bantfwana
Bebangayi esikolweni - bebafundza emakhono abo ngekusita labadzala.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi imisebenti beyehlukaniswe emkhatsini wemadvodza, bafati nebantfwana, nekutsi bantfwana bebatigcabha ngekusita basesebancane. Bala ngekutfobeka kutsi nase bakhula, intsha beyingena emcimbini wekwemukelwa ebudzaleni (initiation). Kwente lokufisha nangenhlonipho, njengobe kulisiko leliyimfihlo naleliyingcwele. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi bacatsanise lemisebenti nemisebenti yasekhaya emindenini yalamuhla.
Titjalo lebebatitjala
Balimi bekucala bebatjala tinhlavu baphindze bafuya tilwane kuze badle.
Titjalo tabo letimbili letinkhulu bekungu mabele (sorghum) ne unyawoti (millet). Letinhlavu betigayelwa kube fulaha kwentiwe liphalishi nome utjwala. Bebangbalimi labatitjalela kudla kwabo (subsistence) - bebatjala lokwanele imindeni yabo kuphela. Nangabe kuvuneka kahle kakhulu, bebahwebelana ngalokusele nalamanye emacembu.
- Tinhlavu betigcinwa emabhasikidi nome emigodini lembiwe emhlabatsini.
- Bebafuya futsi tinkhukhu, timvu netimbuti ngenca yemacandza, lubisi nenyama.
- Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, ngemuva kwabo-1500, kwengetwa umbila nekolo emasimini abo.
Speaker notes
Fundzisa titjalo letimbili letibalulekile, mabele ne-millet, kanye netemu yesichazamagama 'umlimi lotitjalelako (subsistence farmer)': umuntfu lotjala lokwanele umndeni wakhe kuphela. Sixhumanisi lesihle sekuphila kwansuku tonkhe: liphalishi lelidliwa ngemaSewula-Afrika lamanyenti lamuhla livela kulesiko lelidze lekulima. Caphela kutsi umbila nekolo kweta ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, ngemuva kwekuhlangana nemaYurophu ngabo-1500, ngako akusiyo incenye yemasimu ekucala.
Kungani tinkomo betibaluleke kangaka
Tinkomo bekuluphawu lwebunjinga futsi betisetjentiswa emasikweni labaluleke kakhulu.
Tinkomo betiniketa inyama, lubisi nesikhumba, kodvwa betisho lokunyenti kunekudla nje. Kuba netinkomo letinyenti bekukhombisa kutsi umuntfu unjingile futsi ubalulekile. Tinkomo betiniketwa emishadweni nasemngcwabeni tiphindze tisetjentiswe emasikweni lamabili laketekile.
- Mafisa: umuntfu lonjingile bewaboleka tinkomo, lokwakha inhlonipho nebungani.
- Lobola (umabo wemakoti): tinkomo betiniketwa umndeni wamakoti kuze kuhlonishwe umshado.
- Lobola lisesekhona njengesiko lelihlonishwako eNingizimu Afrika nalamuhla.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi tinkomo bekuyinhlitiyo yebunjinga nenhlonipho, hhayi kudla nje kuphela. Fundzisa mafisa (kuboleka tinkomo kuze kwakhiwe buhlobo lobuhle) na-lobola (umabo loniketwa umndeni wamakoti) ngezinga lelithobekile lebanga 5. Gcizelela kutsi lobola lisiko lelisaphila lelisahlonishwa nalamuhla - kuxhumanisa umlando nemindeni nemiphakatsi yebafundzi.
Kwenta tikhali ngensimbi
Balimi bekucala bemba insimbi edvwaleni bayibumba yaba tikhali letisitako.
Indvwala yensimbi (iron ore) itfolakala emadvwaleni. Balimi bayimba, base bayifudvumeta e sitfweni lesishisako (furnace) ize iphenduke insimbi lengcwalile. Loku kubitwa ngekutsi kuncibilikisa (smelting). Emadvodza lanelikhono abumba lensimbi aba timo tetikhali, emakhuba, tembati netando, futsi enta bucwebe ngensimbi netfusi.
- Emakhuba netembati tensimbi kwenta kube melula kakhulu kuvula umhlaba nekulima.
- Baphindze babumba timbita tebumba letinhle - njenge Tinhloko taseLydenburg (Lydenburg Heads) letidumile.
- Letinhloko letisikhombisa taseLydenburg tentiwa cishe ngu-500 CE, eminyakeni lengetulu kwa-1 500 leyendlulako.
Speaker notes
Chaza kuncibilikisa ngalula: kufudvumeta lidvwala ize insimbi incibilike, bese kuyayishaywa ibe tikhali. Caphela kutsi tikhali tensimbi tenta kulima kube lula - lokwakuligcuma lelikhulu letobuchwepheshe. Yetfula Tinhloko taseLydenburg njengeligugu lebuciko beNkhatsi Yensimbi lelatfolakala eNingizimu Afrika. Nangabe sikhatsi sivuma, bala kutsi bafati bebahlala bekhweshiswa esitfweni lesishisako, lokwakusiko sangaleso sikhatsi - kusho ngekungakhetsi njengeliciniso lemlando.
Kuhweba edvute nakhashane
Balimi bekucala bebahweba kuyo yonkhe i-Afrika ngisho nemave lakhashane.
Balimi bebahweba ngekulandzela tinhlelo tekuhweba (trading networks) - tindlela bantfu lebebahamba ngato kushintjisana ngempahla. Bahwebi bebafinyelela egunjini lelisempumalanga le-Afrika ngelwandle. EmaAfrika bebaniketa igolide, indlovudlela (ivory) nensimbi bese batfola ubuhlalu bengilazi, tigobholondvo, kwatsi ngemuva, kudla lokunsha njengemabhanana nemakhukhunathi.
- Bebangatisebentisi timali tetsusi - ubuhlalu, insimbi, igolide, ucingo lwetfusi neluswayi kwakusetjentiswa njengemali.
- Boarkiyoloji batfola tigobholondvo telwandle nobuhlalu khashane ngekhatsi nelive, lokufakazela kutsi kuhweba bekubanti.
- Kuhweba kwasita letinye tindzawo tekuhlala, njenge Mapungubwe, kutsi tinjinge tibe nemandla.
Speaker notes
Chaza tinhlelo tekuhweba njengetindlela tekuhamba tekushintjisana ngempahla. Gcizelela kutsi i-Afrika beyixhunywe nemhlaba lobanti kadeni ngekuhweba kweLwandle iNdiya. Fundzisa kutsi ubuhlalu neluswayi kwasebenta njengemali yekucala. Mapungubwe siyisibonelo lesihle sangempela sebanga 5 sendzawo yekuhlala lenjingile - futsi iyaxhumanisa nesihloko sebukhosi sebanga 6. [SME] Cinisekisa emadeti ekucala latsembekile ekuhweba kweLwandle iNdiya elugwini ezingeni lebanga 5 ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
Umugca wesikhatsi webalimi bekucala
- ~2 000-1 700 years ago Balimi labakhuluma tilimi teBantu bakha eNingizimu ne-Afrika
- ~500 CE Kwentiwa Tinhloko taseLydenburg
- From ~1000 CE Mapungubwe ijinga ngekuhweba
- 1500s Kufika emaYurophu; kwengetwa umbila nekolo emasimini
Speaker notes
Sebentisa umugca wesikhatsi kuze usite bafundzi bahlele indzaba ngekulandzelana. Bafundzi bebanga 5 basasakha umcondvo wetikhatsi letidze, ngako catsanisa 'eminyakeni leyendlulako' neminyaka yabo nome yabomkhulu babo. Caphela kutsi balimi bebalapha iminyaka lengetulu kakhulu kwenkhulungwane ngaphambi kwekufika kwemaYurophu ngabo-1500. [SME] Cinisekisa emagama elidethi lekucala leMapungubwe lalelibanga.
Loko lesikufundzile - nesikhatsi sakho
Balimi bekucala bebatjala titjalo, bahlonipha tinkomo tabo baphindze benta tikhali tensimbi, konkhe loku bakwenta babelana ngemhlaba nebantfu labebavele bakhona.
Balimi bekucala bebangbantfu labakhuluma tilimi teBantu labakha kulelive cishe eminyakeni lengu-1 700 kuya ku-2 000 leyendlulako. Bebatjala mabele ne-millet, bafuya tinkomo njengeluphawu lwebunjinga, basebenta insimbi, baphindze bahweba kuyo yonkhe i-Afrika. Bebahlala ebukhosini lobugxilile futsi babelana ngemhlaba neSan neKhoikhoi.
Q. Bala titjalo letimbili lebebatitjala balimi bekucala nesilwane sinye lebebasifuya. (3 marks)
Q. Chaza tizatfu letimbili tekutsi kungani tinkomo betibaluleke kangaka kubalimi bekucala. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza kutsi balimi bekucala bebatenta njani tikhali ngensimbi. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Buyeketa imicabango lemikhulu lesihlanu: kutsi balimi bebangobani, titjalo tabo, tinkomo tabo, kusebenta kwabo kwensimbi nekuhweba kwabo. Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingcoco yeliklasi; emamaki alandzela sitayela se-CAPS. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi lesihloko sihola siye ebangeni 6, lapho bafundza khona ngebukhosi baseMapungubwe, Thulamela neGreat Zimbabwe lobakhula kulemiphakatsi yebalimi.
- Grade
- Grade 5
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The first farmers in Southern Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation