Abalimi Bokuthoma eSewula ye-Afrika
Eminyakeni ephuma ku-1 700 ukuya ku-2 000 eyadlulako, imindeni yabalimi yahlala enarheni, yafuya iinkomo begodu yasebenza ngensimbi.
Speaker notes
Amukela abafundi. Hlathulula bona kade phambi kwamadorobha namadorobha amakhulu, abalimi bokuthoma bafika bazokuhlala eSewula ye-Afrika. Kesi isifundo sithola bona bebangobani, batjalani, kubayini iinkomo bezimqoka kangaka, nokobana benza njani amathulusi ngensimbi. Umbuzo osheshako wokuthoma: ucabanga bona ipulazi belibukeka njani eminyakeni eyi-2 000 eyadlulako?
Abalimi bokuthoma bebakhuluma isiBantu
Bafudukela eSewula ye-Afrika hlangana neminyaka ema-2 000 nema-1 700 eyadlulako.
Abalimi bokuthoma bebakhuluma iinlimi zesiBantu. Lo mndeni weenlimi lapho isiZulu, isiXhosa, Setswana neSesotho ezakhula khona. Abalimi bafudukela ngokuya eSewula benza inarha le ibe likhaya labo.
- Bebahlala emiphakathini eyayikhokhelwa yinkosi - akukafuzi sibabize 'ngeentjhaba'.
- Imiphakathi yabo beyingakhula, itjhuguluke begodu ifuduke ngokukhamba kwesikhathi.
- Bebabalimi abahlakaniphileko, abakhi nabasebenzi beensimbi.
Speaker notes
Fundisa igama elithi abakhulumi besiBantu ngokulula: litjho abantu abebakhuluma iinlimi ezihlobeneko, abokhokho beenlimi ezinengi zeSewula Afrika namhlanjesi. Iphuzu eliqakathekileko nelithintekako elivela ku-CAPS ne-SAHO: balekela igama elithi 'itjhaba'. Litjho ngokungakalungi bona abantu abakhenge batjhuguluke. Kunalokho sebenzisa 'umphakathi' namkha 'ubukhosi'. Gandelela bona bebabantu abanamakghono, abasunguli.
Kubayini sisibiza bona siSikhathi seenSimbi (Iron Age)
Sisikhathi lapho abantu benza khona amathulusi neensetjenziswa zabo zokulwa ngensimbi.
Abalando babiza lokhu bona siSikhathi seenSimbi (Iron Age) ngombana abantu bafunda ukwenza izinto ngensimbi. Kodwana abalimi benza okungaphezu kokusebenza insimbi - batjala izitjalo, bafuya iimfuyo begodu bakha imizana. Yeke sibabiza godu bona ngabalimi.
- Sifunda ngabo kubavukuzi bomlando (archaeologists) abemba imizana emidala.
- Bathola iincezu zeembiza, amathulusi weensimbi, ubuhlalu neemphawu zemizi.
- Iimphawu lezi zisitjela bona abantu bebaphila njani kade, ngitjho nangaphandle kweencwadi.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona 'iSikhathi seenSimbi' kulibizo elisizako kwaphela - abantu bebabalimi kokuthoma. Yethula i-archaeology ezingeni leBanga 5: izazi zesayensi zemba ngekelemu begodu zifunde izinto abantu abazitjhiya emuva. Buza abafundi bona muphi umkhondo abangawuqala ukuveza bona umuzi bewukhona esimini.
Ukuhlala enarheni
Abalimi bekufuze bahlale endaweni yinye isikhathi eside ukuze batjale bavune.
Ukwenza amasimu, abalimi bagamula imithi notjani obude bakutjhisa. Umlotha wenza ihlabathi linonile lokutjala. Lokhu kubizwa bona ukugamula nokutjhisa (slash and burn). Bahlala iminyaka, kodwana kwesinye isikhathi bebafuduka nayana inarha isele idliwe ngokweqileko (overgrazed) - nayana iimfuyo ezinengi khulu bezidle utjani bawuqeda.
- Bavula inarha bona batjale izitjalo bakhe amakhaya.
- Bakha imizi namaboda ukuvikela iinkomo zabo.
- Nayana ihlabathi namkha idlelo liphela, bafuna inarha etja.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula ukugamula nokutjhisa ngendlela elula begodu utjho bona abalimi, ngokungafani nabazingeli-babutheleli, bekufuze bahlale endaweni yinye ukuze batjale ukudla. Yethula 'ukudliwa ngokweqileko' ngehlathululo yesihlathululi-magama: nayana kuneemfuyo ezinengi khulu, utjani awunaso isikhathi sokukhula godu. Yihlanganise nokutlhogomela inarha namhlanjesi - ithuba lengcoco emfitjhani ngeenkambiso.
Ukuhlangana namaKhoikhoi namaSan
Abalimi bokuthoma abakhenge bafike enarheni engenamuntu - abazingeli-babutheleli nabelusi bebasele bakhona.
Abalimi babelana ngenarha nabazingeli-babutheleli bamaSan nabelusi bamaKhoikhoi. Basizana begodu batjhintjhana ngeempahla (bartered) - batjhintjhisana ngeempahla ngaphandle kwemali. Ngesikhathi esibudisi sesomiso, ukwabelana lokhu kwabaphilisa boke.
- Abalimi baletha amathulusi weensimbi neendlela ezitja zokutjala ukudla.
- AmaKhoikhoi namaSan babelana ngelwazi lezitjalo nemithi.
- Imisindo yokuqoqotha (click sounds) eenlimini zesiNguni namhlanjesi ivela eenlimini zesiKhoisan.
Speaker notes
Lo mqondo omqoka we-CAPS: abalimi bafika enarheni lapho amaSan namaKhoikhoi bekasele ahlala khona, begodu amaqembu la bekasebenzisana kanengi. Fundisa 'ukutjhintjhana' esihlathululi-magameni: ukutjhintjhisana ngeempahla namkha ngosizo ngaphandle kwemali. Iqiniso lemisindo yokuqoqotha lisibonelo esihle, esikhumbulekako sokwabelana ngamasiko elisabumba iinlimi namhlanjesi. Kuphathe ngehlonipho - le bekumlando omkhulu wokuhlangana nokutjhintjhana, ingasi wepi kwaphela.
Ukuhlala emizini emihlaliweko
Abalimi bakha amakhaya angatjhugulukiko bahlala ndawonye emizini yemindeni.
Bekutlhogeka izandla ezinengi emasimini, yeke imindeni beyihlala eduze ndawonye emzini (homestead). Izindlu zabo bezivamise ukuba zirholombo, zenziwe ngeenthini zodaka neempahla zotjani, namkha imizi enerholombo eyalukwe ngotjani. Ngaphakathi kwamaboda bekunemizi, iinqoloni zokudla nendawo ephephileko yeenkomo.
- Isiqhema semizi besingakha ubukhosi (chiefdom) obukhokhelwa yinkosi.
- Inkosi beyitlhogomela ukurhweba yabelana ngeempahla ngokulinganako.
- Umphakathi woke bewusebenza ndawonye ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula umuzi: imizi erholombo ejikeleze isibaya seenkomo esiphakathi - ihlelo abavukuzi bomlando abasalithola namhlanjesi. Yethula 'ubukhosi' 'nenkosi' esihlathululi-magameni, ukhumbuza abafundi bona inkosi beyabelana ngeempahla ihlele ukurhweba, nokobana ubukhosi bebungakhula, bunciphe, butjhuguluke. Buza bona kubayini ukuhlala eduze ndawonye bekusiza imindeni yabalimi.
Umsebenzi wamadoda, abafazi nabantwana
Emphakathini wabalimi woke umuntu bekanomsebenzi ekufuze awenze.
Amadoda nabesana
Belusa bavikela iinkomo, bazingela iinlwane zeganga basebenza insimbi.
Abafazi namantombazana
Batlhogomela izitjalo, bahlakula amasimu, bapheka, bahlwengisa balande amanzi.
Abantwana
Bebangayi esikolweni - bafunda amakghono wabo ngokusiza abadala.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona imisebenzi beyahlukaniswa hlangana namadoda, abafazi nabantwana, nokobana abantwana bebazikhakhazisa ngokusiza kusukela basesebancani. Khuluma ngobunono bona njengabatjha abasakhulako badlula ngesiko lokwaluka - umgidi wokwamukelwa ekuphileni kobudala. Yenza lokhu kufitjhane begodu ngehlonipho, ngombana lisiko elifihlekileko nelicwengileko. Khuthaza abafundi bona bamadanise iindima lezi nemisebenzi yasekhaya emindenini namhlanjesi.
Izitjalo abazitjalako
Abalimi bokuthoma batjala amabele bafuya iimfuyo ngenca yokudla.
Izitjalo zabo ezimbili eziqakathekileko bekuma amabele (sorghum) ne-unyawoti (millet). Amabele la bekagayelwa abe fulawa wokwenza ipapa namkha utjwala. Beba balimi bokuziphilisa (subsistence farmers) - batjala okwaneleko imindeni yabo kwaphela. Nayana isivuno besihle khulu, batjhintjhana ngeensalela namanye amaqembu.
- Amabele bekabulungwa eembizeni zotjani namkha emigodini eyembiwe phasi.
- Bafuya godu iinkukhu, izimvu neembuzi ngenca yamaqanda, ubisi nenyama.
- Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, ngemva kweemnyaka yee-1500, umumbu newiliji kwangezelelwa emasimini wabo.
Speaker notes
Fundisa izitjalo ezimbili eziqakathekileko, amabele nonyawoti, negama lesihlathululi-magama elithi 'umlimi wokuziphilisa': umuntu otjala okwaneleko umndeni wakhe kwaphela. Ukuhlanganisa okuhle nokuphila kwamalanga woke: ipapa abantu abanengi beSewula Afrika abayidlako namhlanjesi ivela esikweni lokulima elidala. Tjheja bona umumbu newiliji kwafika ngemva, ngemva kokuhlangana namaYurophu ngeemnyaka yee-1500, yeke akusiyingcenye yamasimu wokuthoma.
Kubayini iinkomo bezimqoka kangaka
Iinkomo bezisiphawu somnotho begodu bezisetjenziswa eenkambisweni eziqakathekileko khulu.
Iinkomo beziletha inyama, ubisi nesikhumba, kodwana bezitjho okungaphezu khulu kokudla. Ukuba neenkomo ezinengi bekutjengisa bona umuntu unothile begodu uqakathekile. Iinkomo bezinikelwa emitjhadweni nemingcwabeni begodu zisetjenziswe eenkambisweni ezimbili ezikhethekileko.
- Mafisa: umuntu onothileko bekaboleka iinkomo, okwakha ihlonipho nobungani.
- Lobola (umlobolo): iinkomo bezinikelwa emndenini womakoti ukuhlonipha umtjhado.
- Ilobola isesekungcweniso ehlonitjhwako eSewula Afrika namhlanjesi.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona iinkomo bezililiba lomnotho nehlonipho, ingasi ukudla kwaphela. Fundisa umafisa (ukuboleka iinkomo ukwakha ubudlelwano obuhle) nelobola (umlobolo onikelwa emndenini womakoti) ezingeni elithambileko leBanga 5. Gandelela bona ilobola isikungcweniso esiphilako esisahlonitjhwa namhlanjesi - ihlanganisa umlando nemindeni nemiphakathi yabafundi.
Ukwenza amathulusi ngensimbi
Abalimi bokuthoma bemba insimbi ematjeni bayibumba yaba mathulusi asizako.
I-ore yeensimbi (iron ore) itholakala ematjeni. Abalimi bayimba, bese bayifudumeza eziko elitjhisako (furnace) bekube kulapho iphenduka insimbi encibilikileko enjengamanzi. Lokhu kubizwa bona ukuncibilikisa (smelting). Amadoda anamakghono abumba insimbi yaba ziphaphu zemikhonto, amageja, amazembe namahamela, benza umhlobiso ngensimbi nangethusi.
- Amageja namazembe weensimbi kwenza kwaba lula khulu ukuvula inarha nokulima.
- Babumba godu iimbiza zebumba ezihle - njenge Lydenburg Heads edumileko.
- I-Lydenburg Heads elikhomba yenziwa hlangana no-500 CE, eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-1 500 eyadlulako.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula ukuncibilikisa ngokulula: ukufudumeza ilitje bekube kulapho insimbi incibilika iphuma, bese uyibethela yaba mathulusi. Tjheja bona amathulusi weensimbi enza ukulima kwaba lula - ukutjhugululo lwetheknoloji langempela. Yethula i-Lydenburg Heads njengomnotho wobukghwari beSikhathi seenSimbi obutholakala eSewula Afrika. Nayana isikhathi sivuma, khuluma bona abafazi ngokwesiko bebagcinwa kude neziko, isikungcweniso saleso sikhathi - kutjho ngokungathathi ihlangothi njengeqiniso lomlando.
Ukurhweba eduze nakude
Abalimi bokuthoma barhweba kilo loke i-Afrika ngitjho nakunarha ezikude.
Abalimi barhweba ngokulandela amanetiweke wokurhweba (trading networks) - iindlela abantu abakhamba ngazo ukutjhintjhisana ngeempahla. Abarhwebi bafinyelela ekumbeni yepumalanga ye-Afrika ngelwandle. Ama-Afrika anikela igolide, izinyo lendlovu neensimbi amukela ubuhlalu bengilazi, amagobolondo, kwathi ngemva, ukudla okutja njengamabhanana namakhukhunathi.
- Bebangasebenzisi iimali zeensimbi - ubuhlalu, insimbi, igolide, iwaya lethusi netswayi bekusetjenziswa njengemali.
- Abavukuzi bomlando bathola amagobolondo welwandle nobuhlalu kude ngaphakathi enarheni, okuveza bona ukurhweba bekubanzi.
- Ukurhweba kwasiza eminye imizi, njenge Mapungubwe, ukukhula ibe nomnotho namandla.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula amanetiweke wokurhweba njengeendlela zokukhamba zokutjhintjhisana ngeempahla. Veza bona i-Afrika beyihlanganiswe nephasi elibanzi kade ngokurhweba kwe-Indian Ocean (ilwandle le-India). Fundisa bona ubuhlalu netswayi bekusebenza njengemali yakade. I-Mapungubwe isibonelo esihle sangempela seBanga 5 somuzi wokurhweba onothileko - begodu ihlanganisa phambili nesihloko seembuso zeBanga 6. [SME] Qinisekisa amalanga wokuthoma athembekileko wokurhweba kwe-Indian Ocean elwandle phambi kwekhiqizo.
Umugca wesikhathi wabalimi bokuthoma
- ~2 000-1 700 years ago Abalimi abakhuluma isiBantu bahlala eSewula ye-Afrika
- ~500 CE I-Lydenburg Heads iyenziwa
- From ~1000 CE I-Mapungubwe iba nomnotho ngokurhweba
- 1500s AmaYurophu ayafika; umumbu newiliji kungezelelwa emasimini
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umugca wesikhathi ukusiza abafundi balandelanise umlando. Abafundi beBanga 5 basakha umqondo weenkhathi ezide, yeke madanisa 'iminyaka eyadlulako' neminyaka yabo namkha yobabomkhulu. Tjheja bona abalimi bebalapha iminyaka engaphezu kweenkulungwana phambi kokobana amaYurophu afike ngeemnyaka yee-1500. [SME] Qinisekisa amezwi welanga lokuthoma le-Mapungubwe ebangeni leli.
Esikufundileko - nesikhathi sakho
Abalimi bokuthoma batjala izitjalo, baligugu iinkomo zabo benza amathulusi weensimbi, ngesikhathi babelana ngenarha nabantu bangaphambili.
Abalimi bokuthoma bebabantu abakhuluma isiBantu abahlala enarheni eminyakeni ephuma ku-1 700 ukuya ku-2 000 eyadlulako. Batjala amabele nonyawoti, bafuya iinkomo njengesiphawu somnotho, basebenza ngensimbi, begodu barhweba kilo loke i-Afrika. Bahlala ebukhosini obumiyo babelana ngenarha namaSan namaKhoikhoi.
Q. Qamba izitjalo ezimbili abalimi bokuthoma abazitjalako nesifuyo sinye abasifuyileko. (3 marks)
Q. Hlathulula amabanga amabili wokobana kubayini iinkomo bezimqoka kangaka kubalimi bokuthoma. (4 marks)
Q. Hlathulula bona abalimi bokuthoma benza njani amathulusi ngensimbi. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Buyekeza imicabango emihlanu emikhulu: bona abalimi bebangobani, izitjalo zabo, iinkomo zabo, ukusebenza kwabo iinsimbi nokurhweba kwabo. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi otloliweko namkha ingcoco yeklasi; amanani wamamaki alandela isitayela se-CAPS. Khumbuza abafundi bona isihloko lesi siholela eBangeni 6, lapho bafunda khona ngeembuso ze-Mapungubwe, Thulamela ne-Great Zimbabwe ezakhula emiphakathini le yabalimi.
- Grade
- Grade 5
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The first farmers in Southern Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation