Ukuvukela Kombuso Ngokungenampi, ngeminyaka yawo-1970 no-1980
Indlela ukumelana ngaphakathi ezweni okwavuselela ngayo abaphikisi bobandlululo - kusukela ku-Black Consciousness naseSoweto kuya ku-UDF nasezimeni zaphuthuma (states of emergency).
Speaker notes
Yakha isakhelo sale yunithi. Ngeminyaka yawo-1960 ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC, iCala laseRivonia kanye nezigwebo ezinde zejele kwashiya ukumelana ngaphakathi ezweni kubuthakathaka. Lesi sifundo silandela ukuthi, kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960 kuqhubeke, kwavuka kanjani igagasi elisha lokumelana elakhiwe kabusha lisuka ngaphakathi ezweni: kuqala imibono (Black Consciousness), bese kulandela ukuvukela kwentsha (1976), abasebenzi abahlelekile (izinyunyana), ekugcineni umbuthano wesixuku (i-UDF) uHulumeni azama ukuwuqothula ngokubusa ngesimo esiphuthumayo. Cela abafundi ukuba baqhubeke bebuza: ubani ovukelayo, ngayiphi indlela, futhi uHulumeni usabela kanjani?
'Ishumi leminyaka elithule' nokuphela kwalo
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960 ubandlululo lwalubukeka luqinile - kodwa ukumelana kwakubuthana kabusha ngokuthule.
Ngemva kweSharpeville (1960) uHulumeni wavimbela i-ANC ne-PAC, wavalela ejele abaholi abanjengoNelson Mandela, futhi waqhuba izinhlangano zenkululeko ukuba ziye ekudingisweni nasekufihlakaleni. Umbhikisho wesixuku osobala ngaphakathi ezweni wacindezelwa, futhi iminyaka yawo-1960 kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi 'ishumi leminyaka elithule'.
- Imithetho ecindezelayo yavumela ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwecala kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezishoshovu.
- Umnotho wakhula, kodwa abantu abamnyama bahlala bengavunyelwa emandleni ezombusazwe.
- Ukumelana okusha kwakuzokhula kusuka kubafundi, abasebenzi kanye nemiphakathi kunezinhlangano ezazivinjelwe.
Speaker notes
Beka ukuqhubeka noshintsho. Abafundi sebehlangabezane neSharpeville nokuphenduka empini yezikhali kuyunithi yangaphambili. Gcizelela ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kweminyaka yawo-1970 kwakuyindaba yezinhlangano ezintsha ezazisebenza ngokusemthethweni noma ngokungaphelele emthethweni ngaphakathi eNingizimu Afrika, ngoba izinhlangano ezazivele zisungulwe zazivinjelwe. Lokhu kubeka isizathu sokuthi kungani i-Black Consciousness nezinyunyana ezizimele zaziqavile kangaka.
I-Black Consciousness noSteve Biko
'Isikhali esinamandla kunazo zonke esandleni somcindezeli yingqondo yocindezelwe.'
Bekhungathekile ngezombusazwe zabafundi eziholwa ngabamhlophe, abafundi abamnyama bazihlukanisa ukuze basungule i-South African Students' Organisation (SASO) ngo-1969, uSteve Biko engumongameli wayo wokuqala. Ifilosofi yabo, i-Black Consciousness (BC), yakhuthaza abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika ukuba benqabe umuzwa wokuzidelela, baziqhenye ngobunjalo babo, futhi bazikhulule engqondweni ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukuzikhulula ngezombusazwe.
- Igama elithi 'omnyama' lachazwa ngokwezombusazwe ukuze lifake abantu abangama-Afrika, abaKhaladi kanye namaNdiya ababecindezelwe ubandlululo.
- I-Black People's Convention (1972) yasakaza imibono ye-BC emiphakathini ngamaphrojekthi okuzisiza.
- I-BC yanika isizukulwane esisha ukuzethemba nolimi lokumelana.
Speaker notes
I-SASO yasungulwa ngo-1968 futhi yethulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1969 eTurfloop; gcina ugcizelela u-1969 njengonyaka wokwethulwa. Chaza i-BC njengokukhululeka kwengqondo: ukuziqhenya, ukuzimela nobunye phakathi kwabacindezelwe. Qaphela ukuchazwa kabusha ngokwezombusazwe kwegama elithi 'omnyama' ukuze kwakhiwe ubunjalo obubanzi. Dweba umehluko phakathi kwezinhlangano zangaphambili: i-BC yasebenza obala futhi ngokusemthethweni ekuqaleni, okuyingxenye yesizathu sokuthi yasakazeka ngokushesha kangaka emakhempasini, emitholampilo nasezinhlelweni zomphakathi.
Ukuvukela KwaseSoweto
Umbhikisho wabafundi ophikisana nesiBhunu ezikoleni waba ukuvukela kuzwelonke.
Ngo-1974 uHulumeni wayala ukuthi isiBhunu sisetshenziswe ngokulinganayo nesiNgisi njengolimi lokufundisa ezikoleni zabantu abamnyama. Abafundi, abaningi bethonywe yi-Black Consciousness, bakubona lokhu 'njengolimi lomcindezeli'. Ngomhla ka-16 Juni 1976 izinkulungwane zabafundi baseSoweto bamasha ngokuthula; amaphoyisa avula umlilo, futhi umbhikisho waqhuma waba ukuvukela okwasakazeka ezweni lonke.
- Izibalo ezisemthethweni zabeka isibalo sabashonile kwaba ngu-23 ngosuku lokuqala; izilinganiso zakamuva zingaphezulu kakhulu.
- Isithombe sikaHector Pieterson osefa senza izindaba emhlabeni wonke.
- Izinkulungwane zabantu abasha zabalekela ekudingisweni zajoyina izinhlangano zenkululeko.
Speaker notes
Phatha udlame ngokunesibopho: gxila enhlosweni yokuthula yabafundi kanye namandla angalingene asetshenziswa. Isibalo sabashonile siyaphikiswana - caphuna esisemthethweni esingu-23 sosuku lokuqala kuyilapho uqaphela izilinganiso eziphakeme zezazi-mlando, futhi ugweme inombolo eyodwa 'egcwele'. Gcizelela imiphumela: ukusolwa umhlaba wonke, ukwanda kwabatholakala be-ANC ne-PAC ekudingisweni, kanye nokufika kwentsha njengamandla aphambili emzabalazweni. Xhumanisa emuva neBantu Education kusukela kuyunithi yeBanga 9.
Ukushona kukaBiko nokuvinjelwa kuka-1977
UHulumeni wazama ukubulala umbono ngokuthulisa izinhlangano zawo.
USteve Biko wavalelwa futhi washonela esiteshini samaphoyisa ngomhla ka-12 Septhemba 1977 ngenxa yokulimala akuthola ngesikhathi sokuphenywa. Ukushona kwakhe kwabangela ukukhala umhlaba wonke. Ngomhla ka-19 Okthoba 1977 uHulumeni wavimbela cishe izinhlangano ezingu-18 ze-Black Consciousness nezihlobene nazo, kubandakanya i-SASO ne-Black People's Convention, futhi wavala amaphephandaba ayebike ngale nhlangano.
- UBiko waba uphawu lomhlaba wonke lokumelana nesihluku sobandlululo.
- Ukuvimbela izinhlangano akuzange kubhubhise imibono ezaziyisakazile.
- Izishoshovu eziningi zabuthana kabusha ngezinyunyana, amasonto nezinhlangano zomphakathi.
Speaker notes
Uphenyo lokushona kukaBiko alutholanga muntu onecala, okwaba yibona ubufakazi bokungabi nabulungiswa kobandlululo; ungakusho lokhu ugcina imininingwane ifanele iminyaka. Iphuzu eliqavile lokuhlaziya: ukucindezela kwakungavimbela izinhlangano kanye nokubulala abaholi, kodwa i-Black Consciousness yayivele ishintshe indlela isizukulwane esasicabanga ngayo, futhi labo bantu bawuthwala umzabalazo bawuyisa ezinhlanganweni ezintsha. Lokhu kubhula kahle uye ekukhuleni kwezinyunyana.
Amandla abasebenzi abahlelekile
Ukuteleka nezinyunyana kwaguqula amandla omnotho kwaba ingcindezi yezombusazwe.
Ukuteleka kwaseThekwini kuka-1973 - izinkulungwane zabasebenzi zibeka phansi amathuluzi - kwakhombisa amandla okwenza kanyekanye futhi kwavusa igagasi elisha lezinyunyana zabasebenzi abamnyama ezizimele. Lezi zakhula phakathi neshumi leminyaka, zakha i-Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU) ngo-1979 kanye, ngoDisemba 1985, i-Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) enkulu kakhulu.
- I-COSATU yethulwa ngomhla ka-1 Disemba 1985 nge-Elijah Barayi engumongameli noJay Naidoo engunobhala jikelele.
- Izinyunyana zaxhuma izidingo zeholo nempi ebanzi yokumelana nobandlululo.
- Ukuteleka nokuhlala ekhaya (stayaways) kwaba yizikhali ezinamandla ngeminyaka yawo-1980.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi kungani izinyunyana zaziqavile: ubandlululo lwalancika emsebenzini wabantu abamnyama, ngakho abasebenzi abahlelekile babengalimaza umnotho baphoqe izingxoxo. I-FOSATU (1979) yakha isiko elingelona elobuhlanga, elasesitezi somsebenzi; i-COSATU (1985) yahlanganisa amalungu amaningi kakhulu futhi yazihlanganisa obala nomzabalazo obanzi wenkululeko. Xhumanisa nenkathi ye-UDF: izinyunyana nezinhlangano zomphakathi zazizidla ndawonye ekuhlaleni ekhaya nasekugwemeni.
IPhalamende Elinezindlu Ezintathu (Tricameral Parliament)
'Uguquko' olwanika abanye ivoti kuyilapho lushiya iningi ngaphandle.
Ngo-1983 uHulumeni wethula umthethosisekelo omusha owadala i-Tricameral Parliament enezindlu ezintathu ezihlukene: enye yabamhlophe, enye yabaKhaladi, enye yamaNdiya - kodwa kungekho ukumelwa nhlobo kwabantu abamnyama abayiningi. Yayiklanyelwe ukwehlukanisa abacindezelwe nokunika ubandlululo ubuso obamukelekayo kakhudlwana.
- Amandla angempela ahlala ezandleni zabamhlophe ngohlelo olulinganiselwe ngokunganembi.
- Abantu abamnyama kwakumele basebenzise 'amalungelo' kuphela emaBantustan.
- Esikhundleni sokwehlukanisa abaphikisi, kwabahlanganisa embhikishweni.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisisusa esisemqoka sokusungulwa kwe-UDF. Yenza iphuzu lokuhlaziya ngokucacile: uhlelo lwe-Tricameral lwaluyisu lokugwazela nokwehlukanisa - thenga abaholi abaKhaladi namaNdiya, uhlukanise abantu abamnyama emaBantustan. Buza abafundi ukuthi kungani ukushiya iningi ngaphandle kwenza 'uguquko' luba yiphutha lezombusazwe. Kwanikeza umzabalazo isikhalo esisodwa esihlanganisayo.
I-United Democratic Front
'I-UDF iyahlanganisa, ubandlululo luyahlukanisa.'
Ngomhla ka-20 Agasti 1983 cishe abantu abangu-10,000 baqoqana e-Mitchells Plain, eKapa, ukuze bethule i-United Democratic Front (UDF). Bephendula isicelo sikaMfundisi Allan Boesak sokuphikisa umthethosisekelo we-Tricameral, izithunywa ezivela cishe ezinhlanganweni ezingu-565 ezihlanganyele - izinhlangano zomphakathi (civics), izinyunyana, amasonto, izinhlangano zabafundi nezabesifazane - zajoyina umfelandawonye owodwa obanzi.
- I-UDF yazibonakalisa obala nemibono yeFreedom Charter kanye ne-ANC eyayidingisiwe.
- Abaholi babefaka phakathi u-Albertina Sisulu, u-Archie Gumede kanye no-Popo Molefe.
- Yaxhumanisa ukugwema, ukuhlala ekhaya nemikhankaso yesixuku ezweni lonke.
Speaker notes
I-UDF iyingxenye ephambili yokumelana ngaphakathi ezweni ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Gcizelela isakhiwo sayo - umfelandawonye wamakhulu ezinhlangano ezizimele esikhundleni seqembu elilodwa - okwenza kwaba nzima ukuba uHulumeni ayivimbele. Yayingelona elobuhlanga futhi yadonsa kuFreedom Charter, empeleni yenza njengomngane wangaphakathi we-ANC eyayidingisiwe. Qaphela amagama abaholi ukwandisa isithombe ngaphezu kwabantu abanye noma ababili, kubandakanya abaholi besifazane abanjengo-Albertina Sisulu.
Ukumelana kombuso, 1969-1986
- 1969 I-SASO yethulwa; i-Black Consciousness iyasakazeka
- 1973 Ukuteleka kwaseThekwini kuvuselela izinyunyana
- 1976 Ukuvukela KwaseSoweto (16 Juni)
- 1977 UBiko ushonela esiteshini; izinhlangano ze-BC ziyavinjelwa
- 1983 Umthethosisekelo we-Tricameral; i-UDF iyethulwa
- 1985-86 I-COSATU yasungulwa; isimo saphuthuma sikazwelonke
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuqinisa ngaphambi kohlu lokugcina lokuhlaziya. Cela abafundi ukuba balandele iphethini: imibono (1969), abasebenzi (1973), intsha (1976), ukucindezela (1977), umbimbi wesixuku (1983), ukubhekana nokubusa ngesimo saphuthuma (1985-86). Veza ukuthi isigaba ngasinye sakhelwe kwesangaphambili - umzabalazo wakhula waba banzi futhi wahleleka kangcono ngisho naphansi kokucindezela okunzima.
Izimo zaphuthuma, 1985-1986
Njengoba amalokishi evukela, uHulumeni wabusa ngesimemezelo saphuthuma.
NgoJanuwari 1985 i-ANC eyayidingisiwe yacela abantu ukuba benze ubandlululo 'lungabuseki' (ungovernable). Amalokishi aqubuka ngokugwema irenti nokuthenga, ukugwema izikole, ukuhlala ekhaya kanye nokwakha amakomiti asezitaladini. UHulumeni waphendula ngokwenza isimo saphuthuma esiyingxenye ngomhla ka-21 Julayi 1985, kanye nesimo saphuthuma sikazwelonke ngomhla ka-12 Juni 1986.
- Izinkulungwane zavalelwa ngaphandle kwecala, kubandakanya izishoshovu eziningi ze-UDF.
- Ibutho lahlala emalokishini futhi abezindaba banqindwa kakhulu.
- Ukucindezela kwehlisa ukuvukela kodwa akukwazanga ukubuyisa ubufanele bobandlululo.
Speaker notes
Isicelo 'sokungabuseki' savela esitatimendeni sika-Oliver Tambo sikaJanuwari 1985. Chaza amasu okuvukela kwesixuku - ukugwema, ukuhlala ekhaya, izakhiwo zamalokishi ezinye - njengemizamo yokwenza ukuphathwa kobandlululo kudilike kusukela phansi. Bese uchaza izimo zaphuthuma njengomzamo kaHulumeni wokuqothula lokhu ngokuvalela, amasosha nokunqindwa kwabezindaba. Isifundo esiqavile sokuhlaziya: amandla ayengacindezela umbhikisho okwesikhashana kodwa enza inkinga yobufanele yaqhubeka, eyaqhubela uHulumeni ezingxoxweni ngo-1990.
Ukugwema, ukuhlala ekhaya nengcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe
Ukumelana kwahlanganisa ingcindezi evela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezwe.
Ukugwema irenti nokuthenga
Imiphakathi yenqaba ukuthenga ezitolo ezingezabamhlophe noma ukukhokha irenti, ilimaza umnotho nezakhiwo zobandlululo zendawo.
Ukuhlala ekhaya nokugwema izikole
Abasebenzi nabafundi bahoxisa umsebenzi wabo nokuya esikoleni, bekhombisa ukwenqatshwa kwesixuku kobandlululo.
Ingcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe
Izijeziso, ukuhoxisa utshalomali kanye nokugwema kwezemidlalo namasiko kwahlukanisa iNingizimu Afrika phesheya.
Speaker notes
Khombisa ukuthi ingcindezi yangaphakathi neyangaphandle zaqinisana kanjani. Ukugwema irenti nokuthenga kwaguqula izinqumo zomnotho zansuku zonke zaba yizikhali zezombusazwe futhi zazixhumene eduze ne-UDF nezinyunyana. Izijeziso zamazwe ngamazwe nokugwema kwezemidlalo (isibonelo ukukhishwa emaGeimu e-Olimpiki nokuhlukaniswa kwekhilikithi ne-rugby) kwakhuphula izindleko zobandlululo futhi kwakhulisa umoya ngaphakathi ezweni. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba balinganise ukuthi isici ngasinye sanikela kangakanani - impikiswano yokuhlaziya ejwayelekile ye-FET.
Umbono owaphila ngaphezu kokuvinjelwa
I-Black Consciousness yayithi inkululeko iqala engqondweni.
Isikhali esinamandla kunazo zonke esandleni somcindezeli yingqondo yocindezelwe. Steve Biko, ngeminyaka yawo-1970
Umbono kaBiko uchaza ukuthi kungani ukumelana kweminyaka yawo-1970 no-1980 kwakunamandla kangaka. Uma abantu sebenqabile inkolelo yokuthi ubandlululo lwaluyimvelo noma luhlala njalo, akukho myalo wokuvimbela owawungabuyisa ngokugcwele leyo nkolelo. Ukuzethemba okwakhiwe yi-Black Consciousness kwondla ukuvukela kwentsha kuka-1976, izinyunyana, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesixuku kwe-UDF.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi sicaphuno ukuhlanganisa imicu ndawonye. Impikiswano eyisisekelo yale yunithi: ukucindezela kwakungavimbela izinhlangano, kuvalele ejele futhi kubulale abaholi, kodwa kwakungakwazi ukubuyisa ukuqonda kwezombusazwe kwezigidi zabantu baseNingizimu Afrika. Cela abafundi ukuba baxhumanise isicaphuno okungenani nezehlakalo ezimbili ezimbozwe esifundweni (isibonelo iSoweto 1976 ne-UDF). Lokhu kufanekisela uhlobo lwehlu olusekelwe ubufakazi olusetshenziswa kwizindaba ze-CAPS.
Esikufundile - nemibuzo okumele iphendulwe
Ukumelana ngaphakathi kwakhiwa kabusha kusuka emibonweni kuya esenzweni sesixuku, futhi ubufanele bobandlululo bawa nakuba ukucindezela kwakhula.
Phakathi kokuphela kweminyaka yawo-1960 nasekhaleni leminyaka yawo-1980, ukumelana kwasuka ku-Black Consciousness kwaya ekuvukeleni kuka-1976, ekukhuleni kwezinyunyana, kanye nasekuhlanganisweni kwesixuku kwe-UDF. 'Uguquko' lweTricameral lukaHulumeni nezimo zaphuthuma zawo kwahluleka ukuzuza ubufanele, kubeka isiseko sezingxoxo ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka.
Q. Chaza ukuthi i-Black Consciousness yanikela kanjani ekuvuselelweni kokumelana ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Sebenzisa ubufakazi ukusekela impendulo yakho. (8 marks)
Q. Kungani i-United Democratic Front yaba yindlela esebenza kahle kangaka yokumelana ngaphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1980? (6 marks)
Q. 'Izimo zaphuthuma zika-1985-1986 zaqinisa ubandlululo esikhundleni sokulubuthakathaka.' Uyavuma? Xoxa. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokuxhumanisa izigaba njengembangela nomphumela. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengemisebenzi esekelwe emithombeni noma yokubhala okwandisiwe; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kufanekisela izitayela zehlu nezindaba ze-CAPS. Umbuzo wokugcina osezingeni lesindaba wenzelwe ngamabomu ukuba ube nokuphikiswana - klomelisa umugqa ocacile wempikiswano osekelwe ubufakazi obuvela esifundweni. Bonisa iyunithi elandelayo: izingxoxo, ukuvulwa kwe-ANC ngo-1990, nendlela eya ku-1994.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil resistance 1970s-1980s
- Resource type
- Presentation