Ukujamelana Nombuso Ngokungasi Ngepi, ngeminyaka yabo-1970 no-1980
Indlela ukujamelana kwangaphakathi okwavuselela ngayo abaphikisi bocwaso-bebala (i-apartheid) - ukusukela ku-Black Consciousness neSoweto ukuya ku-UDF neminyaka yobujamo bengozi (i-states of emergency).
Speaker notes
Bekela isahluko lesi. Ngeminyaka yabo-1960 ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC, iRivonia Trial neminyaka emide yejele kwatjhiya ukujamelana kwangaphakathi kubuthakathaka. Isifundwesi silandelela indlela, ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1960 kuya phambili, ikghandzi elitjha lokujamelana elazivuselela ngayo ngaphakathi enarheni: ekuthomeni imibono (i-Black Consciousness), bese ukuvukela kwabatjha (1976), abasebenzi abahleliweko (izinyunyana), ekugcineni ngaphambi lokuhlanganisiweko (i-UDF) umbuso owalinga ukuluqothula ngokubusa kobujamo bengozi. Bawa abafundi bahlale babuza: ngubani ojamelanako, ngayiphi indlela, umbuso usabela njani?
'Iminyaka ethulileko' nokuphela kwayo
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1960 ucwaso-bebala bebubonakala buqinile - kodwana ukujamelana bekuhlela bathi bekuhlela ngokuthula.
Ngemva kweSharpeville (1960) umbuso wavimbela i-ANC ne-PAC, wafaka ejele abadosiphambili abanjengo-Nelson Mandela, waqubela imikhankaso yenkululeko ekudingisweni nangaphasi komhlaba. Umtjhagalo wesiqubuthu ovulekileko ngaphakathi enarheni waqotjhwa, begodu iminyaka yabo-1960 ngezinye iinkhathi ibizwa ngokuthi 'yiminyaka ethulileko'.
- Imithetho ecindezelako yavumela ukubotjhwa ngaphandle kokuqulunywa nokuvinjelwa kweentjhijeli.
- Umnotho wakhula, kodwana ama-Afrika ahlala akhutjhelwe ngaphandle emandleni wezepolotiki.
- Ukujamelana okutjha bekuzokukhula ebafundini, ebasebenzini nemiphakathini kunemikhankaso evinjelweko.
Speaker notes
Bekela ukuragela phambili nokutjhentjha. Abafundi sebahlangane neSharpeville nokutjhugulukela empini ehlomileko esifundweni esidlulileko. Gandelela bona ukuvuseleleka kweminyaka yabo-1970 kubukhulu bekuyindaba yamaqembu amatjha asebenza ngokusemthethweni namkha ngokusemthethweni okuncani ngaphakathi eSewula Afrika, ngombana imikhankaso ejwayelekileko beyivinjelwe. Lokhu kubeka isizinda sokuthi kubayini i-Black Consciousness nezinyunyana ezizijameleko bezaqakatheke kangaka.
I-Black Consciousness noSteve Biko
'Isikhali esinamandla khulu ezandleni zomncindezeli kumkhumbulo womuntu ocindezelwako.'
Bakghwatjelwe zipolotiki zabafundi ezidoswa phambili babamhlophe, abafundi abanzima bahlukana bakha i-South African Students' Organisation (SASO) ngo-1969, no-Steve Biko anguMongameli wayo wokuthoma. Ifilosofi yabo, i-Black Consciousness (BC), yakhuthaza ama-Afrika anzima bona ala umkhumbulo wokuzibona angaphasi, azigqaje ngobunjalo bawo, azitjhaphulule ngokwengqondo ngaphambi kokobana azitjhaphulule ngokwezepolotiki.
- 'Onzima' bekuchazwa ngokwezepolotiki bona kufake ama-Afrika, amaKhaladi nama-Ndiya acindezelwe zibubu-cwaso-bebala.
- IBlack People's Convention (1972) yarhatjha imibono ye-BC emiphakathini ngeenhlelo zokuzisiza.
- I-BC yanikela isizukulwana esitjha ithemba nelimi lokujamelana.
Speaker notes
I-SASO yasungulwa ngo-1968 begodu yethulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1969 eTurfloop; gcina isigcatho ku-1969 njengomnyaka wokwethulwa. Chaza i-BC njengokutjhaphuluka ngokwengqondo: ukuzigqaja, ukuzithemba nobunye phakathi kwabacindezelweko. Tjheja ukuchazwa kabutjha ngokwezepolotiki 'konzima' ukwakha ubunjalo obubanzi. Dweba umahluko nemikhankaso yangaphambili: i-BC yasebenza ngokuvulekileko nangokusemthethweni ekuthomeni, okungenye yezizathu ezayenza yarhatjheka msinya emakhempasini nasemakliniki neenhlelweni zemiphakathi.
Ukuvukela kweSoweto
Umtjhagalo wabafundi ojamelana nesiBhunu eziKolweni waba mvukelo ehlangana nayo yoke inarha.
Ngo-1974 umbuso walayela bona isiBhunu sisetjenziswe ngokulingana nesiNgisi njengelimi lokufundisa eziKolweni zabantu abanzima. Abafundi, abanengi ababethonywa yi-Black Consciousness, bakubona lokhu 'njengelimi lomncindezeli'. Ngo-16 Juni 1976 iinkulungwana zabafundi baseSoweto batjhagala ngokuthula; amapholisa adubula, umtjhagalo waqhima waba mvukelo eyarhatjheka kiyo yoke inarha.
- Iinbalo ezisemthethweni zibeka abahlongakeleko ku-23 ngelanga lokuthoma; iinlinganiso zangemva zimba khulu ukudlula lokho.
- Isithombe sika-Hector Pieterson ohlongakelako saba ngeziindaba zephasi loke.
- Iinkulungwana zabatjha zabalekela ekudingisweni zajoyina imikhankaso yenkululeko.
Speaker notes
Phatha idlame ngokuzwisisa: gcilazela ekuhloseni kwabafundi kokuthula nakumandla anganangqondo asetjenziswako. Inani labahlongakeleko liyaphikiswa - dvunga inani elisemthethweni elingu-23 langelanga lokuthoma ngesikhathi utjho iinlinganiso eziphakemeko zabalandi bomlando, begodu ubalekele inani linye 'lokugcina'. Gandelela imiphumela: ukugxekwa yiphasi loke, ukwanda kwabajoyinako i-ANC ne-PAC ekudingisweni, nokufika kwabatjha njengamandla asisisekelo emzabalazweni. Xhumanisa emuva neBantu Education esifundweni seBanga 9.
Ukuhlongakala kwaBiko nokuvinjelwa kwango-1977
Umbuso walinga ukubulala umbono ngokuthulisa imikhankaso yawo.
U-Steve Biko wabotjhwa wahlongakala esiboshweni samapholisa ngo-12 Septemba 1977 ngenxa yamanceba awafumana ngesikhathi sokuphenywa. Ukuhlongakala kwakhe kwabanga isililo sephasi loke. Ngo-19 Okthoba 1977 umbuso wavimbela hlangana kwe-18 lemikhankaso ye-Black Consciousness nehlobene nayo, kufaka i-SASO neBlack People's Convention, wavala nabosiphaphaphi ababebike ngomkhankaso lo.
- U-Biko waba luphawu lwephasi loke lokujamelana nelesehluku sombuso wocwaso-bebala.
- Ukuvimbela imikhankaso akhange kuqothule imibono ebeyiyirhatjhile.
- Iintjhijeli ezinengi zahlangana kabutjha ngezinyunyana, amabandla nemikhandlu yemiphakathi.
Speaker notes
Uphenyo lokuhlongakala kwaBiko akhange lifumane omunye onomlandu, okwaba bufakazi bokungakalungi kombuso wocwaso-bebala; ungakutjho lokhu ngesikhathi ugcina imininingwana ilingene ubudala. Iphuzu eliqakathekileko lokuhlaziya: ukucindezela bekungavimbela imikhankaso begodu kubulale nabadosiphambili, kodwana i-Black Consciousness beyisele itjhentjhile indlela isizukulwana esasicabanga ngayo, begodu labo bantu bathwala umzabalazo bawusa eenhlanganweni ezitjha. Lokhu kwakhela isisekelo sokuvela kwezinyunyana.
Amandla wabasebenzi abahleliweko
Iimtitiliki nezinyunyana zatjhugulula amandla womnotho aba kucindezela kwezepolotiki.
I-Durban strikes yango-1973 - amatjhumi weenkulungwana zabasebenzi abalisa umsebenzi - yakhombisa amandla wesenzo esihlangeneko yavusa negandzi elitjha lezinyunyana zabasebenzi abanzima ezizijameleko. Lezi zakhula ngokwehla kwesikhathi, zakha i-Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU) ngo-1979 begodu, ngoDisemba 1985, i-Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) ekhulu khulu.
- I-COSATU yethulwa ngo-1 Disemba 1985 no-Elijah Barayi anguMongameli no-Jay Naidoo anguNobhala jikelele.
- Izinyunyana zaxhumanisa iimfuno zeholo nomzabalazo obanzi wokujamelana nocwaso-bebala.
- Iimtitiliki nokuhlala ekhaya (izistayaway) kwaba ziinkhali ezinamandla ngeminyaka yabo-1980.
Speaker notes
Chaza bona kubayini izinyunyana bezaqakathekile: ucwaso-bebala bebutjhembele ekusebenzeni kwabantu abanzima, nje-ke abasebenzi abahleliweko bebangalimaza umnotho baphocelele iinkulumo-mphikiswano. I-FOSATU (1979) yakha isiko elingakhethi ngokwebala, lesitulo somsebenzi; i-COSATU (1985) yahlanganisa abalitjhoma abakhulu khulu yazibandakanya ngokuvulekileko nomzabalazo obanzi wenkululeko. Xhumanisa nesikhathi se-UDF: izinyunyana nemikhandlu yemiphakathi zazenza ndawonye ngokukhulako ngezistayaway namaboyikoti.
IPalamende yamaKamera Amathathu (Tricameral)
'Ukubuyekeza' okwanikela abanye ilungelo lokuvota kanti kwakhutjhela ngaphandle inengi.
Ngo-1983 umbuso wangenisa umthethosisekelo omutjha owadala i-Tricameral Parliament enamakamera amathathu ahlukileko: elinye labamhlophe, elinye lamaKhaladi nelinye lamaNdiya - kodwana akunakumelwa nakancani kwenengi lama-Afrika. Yakhewa ukuhlukanisa abacindezelweko nokunikela ucwaso-bebala ubuso obamukelekako khudlwana.
- Amandla wamambala ahlala aqinile ezandleni zabamhlophe ngendlela ekaleliweko.
- Ama-Afrika bekufanele asebenzise 'amalungelo' kwaphela emaBantustans.
- Endaweni yokuhlukanisa abaphikisi, yabahlanganisa emtjhagalweni.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisisekelo esiqakathekileko sokwakhiwa kwe-UDF. Yenza iphuzu lokuhlaziya licace: uhlelo lwe-Tricameral belulisu lokuthengwa nokuhlukaniswa - thenga abadosiphambili bamaKhaladi namaNdiya, khutjhela ama-Afrika emaBantustans. Bawa abafundi bona kubayini ukukhutjhela inengi ngaphandle kwenza 'ukubuyekeza' kube liraro lezepolotiki. Kwanikela ukujamelana ukukhalaza kunye okuhlanganisako.
I-United Democratic Front
'I-UDF iyahlanganisa, ucwaso-bebala buyahlukanisa.'
Ngo-20 Arhostosi 1983 hlangana kwabantu abazi-10,000 bahlangana e-Mitchells Plain, eKapa, ukwethula i-United Democratic Front (UDF). Baphendula ubizo lomfundisi u-Allan Boesak lokuphikisa umthethosisekelo we-Tricameral, iingijimi ezivela emikhankasweni ehlanganyele engaba ma-565 - amacivic, izinyunyana, amabandla, amaqembu abafundi nabomma - zajoyina imvumelwano yinye ebanzi.
- I-UDF yazibandakanya ngokuvulekileko neenqophiso zeFreedom Charter ne-ANC ekudingisweni.
- Abadosiphambili bafaka u-Albertina Sisulu, u-Archie Gumede no-Popo Molefe.
- Yalungiselela amaboyikoti, izistayaway nemikhankaso yesiqubuthu ehlangana nayo yoke inarha.
Speaker notes
I-UDF isisisekelo sokujamelana kwangaphakathi kweminyaka yabo-1980. Gandelela ubujamo bayo - iphambili leenhlangano ezizijameleko ezimakhulu kuneqembu linye - okwenza umbuso ube budisi ukuyivimbela. Beyingakhethi ngokwebala begodu yathatha eFreedom Charter, isebenza njengomngani wangaphakathi we-ANC ekudingisweni. Tjheja amagama wabadosiphambili ukwandisa isithombe ukudlula abantu abanye bababili, kufaka abadosiphambili abangabomma abanjengo-Albertina Sisulu.
Ukujamelana nombuso, 1969-1986
- 1969 I-SASO yethulwa; i-Black Consciousness iyarhatjheka
- 1973 IDurban strikes ivusa izinyunyana zabasebenzi
- 1976 Ukuvukela kweSoweto (16 Juni)
- 1977 UBiko uhlongakala esiboshweni; imikhankaso ye-BC iyavinjelwa
- 1983 Umthethosisekelo we-Tricameral; i-UDF yethulwa
- 1985-86 I-COSATU yakhiwa; ubujamo bengozi ehlangana nayo yoke inarha
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuhlanganisa ngaphambi kweenslayidi zokuhlaziya zokugcina. Bawa abafundi bona balandelele ipatheni: imibono (1969), abasebenzi (1973), abatjha (1976), ukucindezela (1977), iphambili lesiqubuthu (1983), ukuqalana nokubusa kobujamo bengozi (1985-86). Khombisa bona isigaba ngasinye sakhela phezu kwesidlulileko - umkhankaso wakhula waba banzi wahleleka kuhle nangaphasi kokucindezelwa okukhulu.
Ubujamo bengozi, 1985-1986
Njengombana amalokitjhi avukela, umbuso wabusa ngommemezelo wobujamo bengozi.
NgoJanabari 1985 i-ANC ekudingisweni yabiza abantu bona benze ucwaso-bebala 'bungabusekaki'. Amalokitjhi aqhima ngamaboyikoti werente newabathengi, amaboyikoti weenkolo, izistayaway nokwakhiwa kwamakomiti weentradi. Umbuso wasabela ngo-bujamo bengozi obumaphakathi ngo-21 Julayi 1985, no-bujamo bengozi ehlangana nayo yoke inarha ngo-12 Juni 1986.
- Iinkulungwana zabotjhwa ngaphandle kokuqulunywa, kufaka iintjhijeli ezinengi ze-UDF.
- Ibutho lasibindi lahlala emalokitjhini begodu abosiphaphaphi bavinjelwa khulu.
- Ukucindezela kwadambisa umvukelo kodwana akhange kubuyisele ubulungiswa bocwaso-bebala.
Speaker notes
Ubizo 'lokungabusekaki' beluvela esitatimendeni sika-Oliver Tambo sango-Janabari 1985. Chaza amaqhinga womvukelo wesiqubuthu - amaboyikoti, izistayaway, izakhiwo zelokitjhi ezibadela - njengemizamo yokwenza ukuphathwa kocwaso-bebala kudilike kusuka ngaphasi. Bese uchaza ubujamo bengozi njengomzamo wombuso wokuwuqothula ngokubopha, amabutho nokuvinjelwa kwabosiphaphaphi. Isifundo sokuhlaziya: amandla bekangacindezela umtjhagalo isikhatjhana kodwana ajulisa iraro lobulungiswa elaphocelela umbuso ukuya eenkulumeni ngo-1990.
Amaboyikoti, izistayaway nokucindezela kwephasi loke
Ukujamelana kwahlanganisa ukucindezela kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwenarha.
Amaboyikoti wabathengi newerente
Imiphakathi yala ukuthenga eziToroni ezingezabamhlophe namkha ukubhadela irente, kulimaza umnotho nezakhiwo zocwaso-bebala zendawo.
Izistayaway namaboyikoti weenkolo
Abasebenzi nabafundi barhoxisa umsebenzi wabo nokuya ekolweni, bakhombisa ukwala ucwaso-bebala kwesiqubuthu.
Ukucindezela kwephasi loke
Iinjeziso, ukususwa kwemali yokutjala namaboyikoti wezemidlalo nawesiko akhutjhela iSewula Afrika ngaphandle.
Speaker notes
Khombisa indlela ukucindezela kwangaphakathi nangaphandle okuqinisana ngayo. Amaboyikoti wabathengi newerente atjhugulula ukukhetha komnotho wemihla ngemihla aba ziinkhali zezepolotiki begodu bekaxhumene khulu ne-UDF nezinyunyana. Iinjeziso zephasi loke namaboyikoti wezemidlalo (isibonelo ukukhutjhelwa ngaphandle kweOlympics nokukhutjhelwa ngaphandle kwe-cricket ne-rugby) andisa iindleko zocwaso-bebala akhuthaza umoya ngaphakathi enarheni. Khuthaza abafundi bona bakale bona isici ngasinye safaka isandla kangangani - impikiswano yesiFET yokuhlaziya evamileko.
Umbono owadlula ukuvinjelwa
I-Black Consciousness yathi inkululeko yathoma emkhumbulweni.
Isikhali esinamandla khulu ezandleni zomncindezeli kumkhumbulo womuntu ocindezelwako. Steve Biko, ngeminyaka yabo-1970
Ukubona kwaBiko kuchaza bona kubayini ukujamelana kweminyaka yabo-1970 nabo-1980 kwaba namandla kangaka. Nabantu sebalisa ukukholelwa bona ucwaso-bebala buyimvelo namkha buhlala unaphakade, akunamyalo wokuvimbela ongabuyisela ukukholelwa lokho ngokupheleleko. Ithemba elakhiwa yi-Black Consciousness laphakela umvukelo wabatjha wango-1976, izinyunyana, nokuhlanganiswa kwesiqubuthu kwe-UDF.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isicaphuno ukuhlanganisa iintambo ndawonye. Umgomo wesifundo: ukucindezela bekungavimbela imikhankaso, kufake ejele begodu kubulale nabadosiphambili, kodwana bekungeke kutjhugulule ukwazi kwezepolotiki kwezigidi zabantu baseSewula Afrika. Bawa abafundi bona baxhumanise isicaphuno okungasenani neminyanya emibili ehlangatjezelwe esifundweni (isibonelo iSoweto 1976 ne-UDF). Lokhu kwenza isibonelo sohlobo lweparagrafu esekelwe ebufakazini eluvuzwa maCAPS.
Esikufundileko - nemibuzo okufanele siyiphendule
Ukujamelana kwangaphakathi kwakha kabutjha ukusuka emibonweni kuya esenzweni sesiqubuthu, begodu ubulungiswa bocwaso-bebala badilika ngitjho nanyana ukucindezela bekukhula.
Hlangana nokuphela kweminyaka yabo-1960 nemaphakathi neminyaka yabo-1980, ukujamelana kwatjhuguluka kusuka ku-Black Consciousness kuya emvukelweni wango-1976, ukuvela kwezinyunyana, no-kuhlanganiswa kwesiqubuthu kwe-UDF. 'Ukubuyekeza' kwe-Tricameral kombuso nobujamo bengozi bawo kwahluleka ukufumana ubulungiswa, kwabeka isisekelo seenkulumo ekupheleni kwesigidi.
Q. Chaza indlela i-Black Consciousness efaka ngayo isandla ekuvuseleleni ukujamelana ngeminyaka yabo-1970. Sebenzisa ubufakazi ukusekela impendulo yakho. (8 marks)
Q. Kubayini i-United Democratic Front yaba yindlela esebenza kuhle kangaka yokujamelana kwangaphakathi ngeminyaka yabo-1980? (6 marks)
Q. 'Ubujamo bengozi bango-1985-1986 baqinisa ucwaso-bebala kunokubuthomba.' Uyavumelana na? Cabangisisa. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokuxhumanisa iingaba njengembangela nomphumela. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengemisebenzi esekelwe emithonjeni namkha yokutlola okwandisiweko; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa iindlela zeparagrafu neze-essay zeCAPS. Umbuzo wokugcina ohlobene ne-essay uphikiswanako ngamabomu - vuza umbono ocacileko osekelwe ebufakazini bavesifundo. Khombisa isifundo esilandelako: iinkulumo, ukususwa kokuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ngo-1990, nendlela eya ku-1994.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil resistance 1970s-1980s
- Resource type
- Presentation