Ukuxhathisa Ngokungenabundlobongela, ngeminyaka yee-1970 kunye nee-1980
Indlela ukuxhathisa kwangaphakathi okwabuyisela ngayo umdla wabachasi bocalucalulo - ukusuka kwi-Black Consciousness naseSoweto ukuya kwi-UDF nakwiimeko zongxamiseko.
Speaker notes
Yakha isakhelo seyunithi. Ngeminyaka yee-1960 ukuvalwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC, iTyala laseRivonia kunye nezigwebo zentolongo ezinde kwashiya ukuxhathisa kwangaphakathi kubuthathaka. Esi sifundo silandelela indlela, ukusuka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, iliza elitsha lokuxhathisa elakhelwa kwakhona ngaphakathi elizweni: kuqala iimbono (i-Black Consciousness), emva koko uvukelo lolutsha (1976), abasebenzi abaququzelelweyo (iimanyano), ekugqibeleni umanyano lwabantu abaninzi (i-UDF) urhulumente owazama ukuluqoba ngolawulo longxamiseko. Cela abafundi baqhubeke bebuza: ngubani oxhathisayo, njani, kwaye urhulumente uphendula njani?
'Ishumi leminyaka elithuleyo' nesiphelo salo
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 ucalucalulo lwalubonakala luqinile - kodwa ukuxhathisa kwakubuyela kwakhona ngokuthuleyo.
Emva kweSharpeville (1960) urhulumente wayivimba i-ANC ne-PAC, wavalela abakhokeli abanjenge-Nelson Mandela entolongo, waza waqhubela imibutho yenkululeko ekubhacweni nasemazantsi. Umbhikisho ovulelekileyo wabantu abaninzi ngaphakathi elizweni watyunyuzwa, kwaye iminyaka yee-1960 ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba 'lishumi leminyaka elithuleyo'.
- Imithetho ecinezelayo yayivumela ukubanjwa ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala nokuvinjwa kwamatshantliziyo.
- Uqoqosho lwakhula, kodwa abantu abantsundu bahlala bengabandakanywanga kumandla ezopolitiko.
- Ukuxhathisa okutsha kwakuya kukhula kwabafundi, abasebenzi noluntu kunemibutho eyayivinjiwe.
Speaker notes
Miselisela ukuqhubeka notshintsho. Abafundi sele bedibene neSharpeville kunye notshintsho lwaya kwidabi elixhobileyo kwiyunithi yangaphambili. Gxininisa ukuba uvuselelo lweminyaka yee-1970 lwalusesona sibalo sokuthethwa ngemibutho emitsha eyayisebenza ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokungathi sina ngaphakathi eMzantsi Afrika, kuba imibutho emiselweyo yayivinjiwe. Oku kubeka isizathu sokuba kutheni i-Black Consciousness kunye neemanyano ezizimeleyo zazibaluleke kangaka.
I-Black Consciousness kunye no-Steve Biko
'Esona sixhobo sinamandla ezandleni zomcinezeli yingqondo yocinezelweyo.'
Bekhathazekile ngezopolitiko zabafundi ezikhokelwa ngabamhlophe, abafundi abantsundu bahlukana baza basungula i-South African Students' Organisation (SASO) ngo-1969, no-Steve Biko njengomongameli wayo wokuqala. Intanda-bulumko yabo, i-Black Consciousness (BC), yayikhuthaza abantu abantsundu baseMzantsi Afrika ukuba bawukhabe umkhwa wokuzibona bephantsi, bazingce ngesazisi sabo, baze bazikhulule ngokwasengqondweni ngaphambi kokuba bazikhulule ngokwezopolitiko.
- 'Omnyama' wachazwa ngokwezopolitiko ukuquka abantu abantsundu, abeBala nabaseIndiya abacinezelwe ngucalucalulo.
- I-Black People's Convention (1972) yasasaza iimbono ze-BC eluntwini ngeeprojekthi zokuzinceda.
- I-BC yanika isizukulwana esitsha ukuzithemba kunye nolwimi lokuxhathisa.
Speaker notes
I-SASO yasekwa ngo-1968 yaza yasungulwa ngokusesikweni ngo-1969 eTurfloop; gcina ugxininiso ku-1969 njengonyaka wokusungulwa. Chaza i-BC njengenkululeko yengqondo: ukuzingca, ukuzithemba nobumbano phakathi kwabacinezelweyo. Qaphela utshintsho lwentsingiselo yezopolitiko yegama elithi 'omnyama' ukwakha isazisi esibanzi. Zoba umahluko kwiimbutho zangaphambili: i-BC yayisebenza ngokuvulelekileyo nangokusemthethweni ekuqaleni, nto leyo eyenza yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwiikhampasi nakwiikliniki nakwiinkqubo zoluntu.
Uvukelo lwaseSoweto
Umbhikisho wabafundi wokuchasa isiBhulu ezikolweni waba luvukelo lukazwelonke.
Ngo-1974 urhulumente wayalela ukuba i-siBhulu sisetyenziswe ngokulinganayo nesiNgesi njengolwimi lokufundisa ezikolweni zabantu abantsundu. Abafundi, abaninzi ababenefuthe le-Black Consciousness, bakubona oku 'njengolwimi lomcinezeli'. Ngo-16 Juni 1976 amawaka abafundi baseSoweto batyhutyha ngoxolo; amapolisa avula umlilo, waza umbhikisho wagqabhuka waba luvukelo olwasasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe.
- Amanani asemthethweni abeka abafileyo kwi-23 ngosuku lokuqala; uqikelelo lwakamva lunyuka ngokugqithisileyo.
- Umfanekiso ka-Hector Pieterson osweleka waba ziindaba eziphambili kwihlabathi liphela.
- Amawaka olutsha abhacela emazweni angaphandle aza azibandakanya nemibutho yenkululeko.
Speaker notes
Phatha ubundlobongela ngobunono: gxila kwinjongo yoxolo yabafundi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla angeyomfanelo. Inani labafileyo liyaphikiswa - caphula i-23 esemthethweni ngosuku lokuqala ngelixa uqaphela uqikelelo oluphezulu lwababhali-mbali, uze uphephe inani elinye 'lokugqibela'. Gxininisa iziphumo: ukugxekwa kwehlabathi, ukwanda kwabo bazibandakanya ne-ANC ne-PAC ekubhacweni, kunye nokufika kolutsha njengamandla aphambili emzabalazweni. Nxulumanisa nase-Bantu Education kwiyunithi yeBanga 9.
Ukusweleka kuka-Biko nokuvinjwa kuka-1977
Urhulumente wazama ukubulala imbono ngokuthulisa imibutho yayo.
U-Steve Biko wabanjwa waza wasweleka esiseluqoqoshweni lwamapolisa nge-12 Septemba 1977 ngenxa yokwenzakala awakufumana ngexesha lophando. Ukusweleka kwakhe kwabangela isikhalo sehlabathi. Nge-19 Okthoba 1977 urhulumente wavimba malunga nemibutho eli-18 yeBlack Consciousness nenxulumeneyo, kuquka i-SASO ne-Black People's Convention, waza wavala amaphephandaba ayebhale ngalo mbutho.
- U-Biko waba luphawu lwehlabathi lokuxhathisa nolwenkohlakalo yocalucalulo.
- Ukuvinjwa kwemibutho akuzange kuyitshabalalise imibono eyayiyisasazile.
- Uninzi lwamatshantliziyo lwahlanganisana kwakhona ngeemanyano, iicawa nemibutho yoluntu.
Speaker notes
Uphando ngokusweleka kuka-Biko alufumananga mntu unetyala, nto leyo eyaba bubungqina bengalungelelaniso yocalucalulo; ungayikhankanya oku ngelixa ugcina iinkcukacha zilungele ubudala. Ingongoma ephambili yohlalutyo: ingcinezelo yayinokuvimba imibutho ize ibulale abakhokeli, kodwa i-Black Consciousness yayisele iyitshintshile indlela isizukulwana esasicinga ngayo, kwaye abo bantu bawuqhubela phambili umzabalazo kwiziseko ezitsha. Oku kudibanisa ngokugqibeleleyo nokunyuka kweemanyano zabasebenzi.
Amandla abasebenzi abaququzelelweyo
Ugwayimbo neemanyano zaguqula amandla oqoqosho abangoxinzelelo lwezopolitiko.
U-gwayimbo lwaseThekwini lwango-1973 - amashumi amawaka abasebenzi beyeka umsebenzi - wabonisa amandla entshukumo yabantu abaninzi waza wavuselela iliza elitsha leemanyano zabasebenzi abantsundu ezizimeleyo. Ezi zakhula ngalo lonke ixesha leshumi leminyaka, zisungula i-Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU) ngo-1979 kwaye, ngoDisemba 1985, kwasungulwa enkulu ngokugqithisileyo i-Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).
- I-COSATU yasungulwa nge-1 Disemba 1985 no-Elijah Barayi njengomongameli no-Jay Naidoo njengonobhala-jikelele.
- Iimanyano zadibanisa izikhalazo zemivuzo nomzabalazo obanzi wokuchasa ucalucalulo.
- Ugwayimbo nokungayi emsebenzini kwaba zizixhobo ezinamandla ngeminyaka yee-1980.
Speaker notes
Chaza isizathu sokuba iimanyano zazibalulekile: ucalucalulo lwaluxhomekeke kubasebenzi abantsundu, ngoko abasebenzi abaququzelelweyo babenokuwonakalisa uqoqosho baze banyanzelise iingxoxo. I-FOSATU (1979) yakha isithethe esingacalulwanga, sasefloreni; i-COSATU (1985) yamanyanisa amalungu amaninzi kakhulu yaza yazibandakanya ngokuvulelekileyo nomzabalazo obanzi wenkululeko. Nxulumanisa nexesha le-UDF: iimanyano nemibutho yoluntu yaqala ukusebenza kunye kwiintshukumo zokungayi emsebenzini nakwii-boycott.
IPalamente yamaGumbi amaThathu
'Uhlaziyo' olwanika abanye ilungelo lokuvota lugxotha uninzi.
Ngo-1983 urhulumente wazisa umgaqo-siseko omtsha owadala i-Tricameral Parliament enamagumbi amathathu ohlukeneyo: elinye labamhlophe, elinye labeBala kunye nelinye labaseIndiya - kodwa kungabikho kumelwa nakancinci koninzi lwabantu abantsundu. Yayiyilelwe ukwahlula abacinezelweyo nokunika ucalucalulo ubuso obamkelekayo ngakumbi.
- Amandla okwenene ahlala ezandleni zabamhlophe ngenkqubo eyayithe chatha ngakubo.
- Abantu abantsundu babemele basebenzise 'amalungelo' kwiiBantustan kuphela.
- Endaweni yokwahlula abachasi, yabamanyanisa kumbhikisho.
Speaker notes
Esi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokusekwa kwe-UDF. Yenza ingongoma yohlalutyo icace: inkqubo yeTricameral yayilisu lokuthenga nokwahlula - thenga ezona nkokeli ziphambili zabeBala nabaseIndiya, wahlule abantu abantsundu kwiiBantustan. Buza abafundi ukuba kutheni ukugxotha uninzi kwenza 'uhlaziyo' lube yimpazamo yezopolitiko. Kwanika ukuxhathisa isikhalazo esinye esimanyanisayo.
I-United Democratic Front
'UDF unites, apartheid divides.'
Nge-20 Agasti 1983 malunga nabantu abangama-10,000 bahlanganisana e-Mitchells Plain, eKapa, ukusungula i-United Democratic Front (UDF). Bephendula ubizo luka-Mfundisi u-Allan Boesak lokuchasa umgaqo-siseko weTricameral, abathunywa abavela kwiimibutho emalunga nama-565 eyayimanyene - imibutho yoluntu, iimanyano, iicawa, imibutho yabafundi neyabesifazane - bazibandakanya kumanyano olunye olubanzi.
- I-UDF yazichaza ngokuvulelekileyo neminqweno yeFreedom Charter ne-ANC eyayisekubhacweni.
- Iinkokeli zaziquka u-Albertina Sisulu, u-Archie Gumede kunye no-Popo Molefe.
- Yaququzelela ii-boycott, ukungayi emsebenzini kunye namaphulo abantu abaninzi kulo lonke ilizwe.
Speaker notes
I-UDF sisiseko sokuxhathisa kwangaphakathi kweminyaka yee-1980. Gxininisa ubume bayo - umanyano lwamakhulu eemibutho ezizimeleyo endaweni yeqela elinye - nto leyo eyayenza kube nzima kurhulumente ukuluvimba. Yayingacalulwanga kwaye yayisebenzisa iFreedom Charter, isebenza njengomhlobo wangaphakathi we-ANC eyayisekubhacweni. Qaphela amagama eenkokeli ukwandisa umfanekiso ngaphaya kwabantu abanye okanye ababini, kuquka iinkokeli zabesifazane ezinjenge-Albertina Sisulu.
Ukuxhathisa ngokungenabundlobongela, 1969-1986
- 1969 I-SASO yasungulwa; i-Black Consciousness yasasazeka
- 1973 Ugwayimbo lwaseThekwini luvuselela iimanyano zabasebenzi
- 1976 Uvukelo lwaseSoweto (16 Juni)
- 1977 U-Biko usweleka esiseluqoqoshweni; imibutho ye-BC iyavinjwa
- 1983 Umgaqo-siseko weTricameral; i-UDF isungulwa
- 1985-86 I-COSATU yasekwa; imeko yongxamiseko kazwelonke
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa oku ukudibanisa ngaphambi kweeslayidi zokugqibela zohlalutyo. Cela abafundi balandele iphethini: iimbono (1969), abasebenzi (1973), ulutsha (1976), ingcinezelo (1977), umanyano lwabantu abaninzi (1983), ungqubuzwano nolawulo longxamiseko (1985-86). Bonisa ukuba isigaba ngasinye sakhelwe kwesangaphambili - umbutho wakhula wabanzi kwaye waququzelelwa ngcono nangaphantsi kwengcinezelo enkulu.
Iimeko zongxamiseko, 1985-1986
Njengoko iilokishi zivukela, urhulumente walawula ngommiselo wongxamiseko.
NgoJanuwari 1985 i-ANC eyayisekubhacweni yabiza abantu ukuba benze ucalucalulo 'lungalawuleki'. Iilokishi zaqhambuka nge-boycott zerenti nezabathengi, ii-boycott zesikolo, ukungayi emsebenzini kunye nokusekwa kweekomiti zezitalato. Urhulumente waphendula nge-meko yongxamiseko engapheleleyo nge-21 Julayi 1985, kunye nemeko yongxamiseko kazwelonke nge-12 Juni 1986.
- Amawaka abanjwa ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala, kuquka amatshantliziyo amaninzi e-UDF.
- Umkhosi wathabatha iilokishi kwaye abezindaba babandezelwa kakhulu.
- Ingcinezelo yalucothisa uvukelo kodwa ayikwazanga ukubuyisela ubume bocalucalulo obusemthethweni.
Speaker notes
Ubizo 'lokungalawuleki' lwavela kwintetho ka-Oliver Tambo yangoJanuwari 1985. Chaza amaqhinga ovukelo lwabantu abaninzi - ii-boycott, ukungayi emsebenzini, iziseko ezizezinye zaselokishini - njengeenzame zokwenza ulawulo localucalulo ludilike ukusuka phantsi. Emva koko chaza iimeko zongxamiseko njengeenzame zikarhulumente zokuzityumza ngokubamba, imikhosi kunye nokubandezela. Isifundo sohlalutyo: amandla ayenokuyicinezela imibhikisho okwexeshana kodwa ayenza yanzulu ingxaki yokungabikho semthethweni eyaqhubela urhulumente kwiingxoxo ngo-1990.
Ii-boycott, ukungayi emsebenzini kunye noxinzelelo lwehlabathi
Ukuxhathisa kwadibanisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle kwelizwe.
Ii-boycott zabathengi nezerenti
Uluntu lwala ukuthenga kwiivenkile zabamhlophe okanye ukuhlawula irenti, luchaphazela uqoqosho neziseko zocalucalulo zasekhaya.
Ukungayi emsebenzini nee-boycott zesikolo
Abasebenzi nabafundi barhoxisa umsebenzi wabo nokuya kwabo, bebonisa ukukhatywa kocalucalulo ngabantu abaninzi.
Uxinzelelo lwehlabathi
Izohlwayo, ukurhoxiswa kotyalo-mali kunye nee-boycott zezemidlalo nezenkcubeko zayahlula iMzantsi Afrika kumazwe angaphandle.
Speaker notes
Bonisa indlela uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle olwaxhasana ngayo. Ii-boycott zabathengi nezerenti zaguqula ukukhetha koqoqosho lwemihla ngemihla zaba zizixhobo zezopolitiko kwaye zazinxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-UDF neemanyano. Izohlwayo zehlabathi kunye ne-boycott yezemidlalo (umzekelo ukugxothwa kwiiOlimpiki nokwahlulwa kweqakamba nombhoxo) zanyusa iindleko zocalucalulo zaza zaphakamisa umoya ngaphakathi kwelizwe. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba balinganise ukuba ngamnye ubume wanegalelo elingakanani - impikiswano yohlalutyo yenene ye-FET.
Imbono eyaphila ngaphaya kokuvinjwa
I-Black Consciousness yayithi inkululeko iqala engqondweni.
Esona sixhobo sinamandla ezandleni zomcinezeli yingqondo yocinezelweyo. Steve Biko, ngeminyaka yee-1970
Ingqiqo ka-Biko ichaza isizathu sokuba ukuxhathisa kweminyaka yee-1970 nee-1980 kwakunamandla kangaka. Nje ukuba abantu bakhaba inkolelo yokuba ucalucalulo lwaluyinto yendalo okanye lusisigxina, akukho mmiselo wokuvimba onokuyibuyisela ngokupheleleyo loo nkolelo. Ukuzithemba okwakhiwa yi-Black Consciousness kwondla uvukelo lolutsha lwango-1976, iimanyano, kunye nokuququzelela abantu abaninzi kwe-UDF.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isicatshulwa ukudibanisa imisonto kunye. Ingxoxo ephambili yeyunithi: ingcinezelo yayinokuvimba imibutho, ivalele ize ibulale iinkokeli, kodwa yayingenako ukuyibuyisela ingqiqo yezopolitiko yezigidi zabantu baseMzantsi Afrika. Cela abafundi banxulumanise isicatshulwa nezehlo ezibini ubuncinane ezigqunyiweyo kwisifundo (umzekelo iSoweto 1976 kunye ne-UDF). Oku kubonisa uhlobo lwesiqendu esisekelwe kubungqina esivuzwa yiCAPS.
Esikufundileyo - nemibuzo emele iphendulwe
Ukuxhathisa kwangaphakathi kwakhelwa kwakhona ukusuka kwiimbono ukuya kwintshukumo yabantu abaninzi, kwaye ubume bocalucalulo obusemthethweni badilika nangona ingcinezelo yayikhula.
Phakathi kwasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 nasembindini weminyaka yee-1980, ukuxhathisa kwasuka kwi-Black Consciousness ukuya k-vukelo lwango-1976, i-nkuseko yeemanyano, kunye nokuququzelela abantu abaninzi kwe-UDF. 'Uhlaziyo' lweTricameral lukarhulumente kunye neemeko zongxamiseko zayo azizange ziphumelele ukufumana ubume obusemthethweni, ziseka isiseko seengxoxo ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka.
Q. Chaza indlela i-Black Consciousness eyanegalelo ngayo ekuvuselelweni kokuxhathisa ngeminyaka yee-1970. Sebenzisa ubungqina ukuxhasa impendulo yakho. (8 marks)
Q. Kutheni i-United Democratic Front yaba luhlobo olusebenzayo kangaka lokuxhathisa kwangaphakathi ngeminyaka yee-1980? (6 marks)
Q. 'Iimeko zongxamiseko zango-1985-1986 zaluqinisa ucalucalulo kunokulubuthisa.' Uyavuma? Xoxa. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokunxulumanisa izigaba njengonobangela nesiphumo. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengemisebenzi esekelwe kwimithombo okanye eyokubhala okwandisiweyo; ukwabiwa kweemakisi kufuzisela iindlela zesiqendu neyesincoko zeCAPS. Umbuzo wokugqibela wohlobo lwesincoko wenzelwe ngabom ukuba uphikiseke - vuza umgca ocacileyo wengxoxo oxhaswe bubungqina obuvela kwisifundo. Bonisa iyunithi elandelayo: iingxoxo, ukususwa kokuvinjwa kwe-ANC ngo-1990, kunye nendlela eya ku-1994.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil resistance 1970s-1980s
- Resource type
- Presentation