Kuphikisa Ngaphandle Kwetikhali, ngeminyaka yabo-1970 no-1980
Indlela kuphikisa kwangekhatsi lokwavuselela ngayo labaphikisi bebandlululo - kusukela ku-Black Consciousness (Kutatiwa Kwabamnyama) naseSoweto kuya ku-UDF nasetimeni letiphutfumako (states of emergency).
Speaker notes
Beka umongo wale yunithi. Ngeminyaka yabo-1960 kuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC, i-Rivonia Trial kanye netigwebo letinde tejele kwashiya kuphikisa kwangekhatsi kubutsakatsaka. Lesi sifundvo silandzelela indlela, kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1960 kuchubeke, ligagasi lelisha lekuphikisa lelavuka ngalo lisuka ngekhatsi eveni: kucala imibono (Black Consciousness), bese kuvuka intsha (1976), tisebenti letihleliwe (tinyunyana), kanye nasekugcineni umkhankaso webantfu labanyenti (i-UDF) hulumende lowazama kuwuchoboza ngekubusa ngesimo lesiphutfumako. Cela bafundzi bachubeke babuta: ngubani lophikisako, njani, futsi hulumende usabela njani?
'Lishumi leminyaka lelithulile' nekuphela kwalo
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1960 bandlululo belubukeka lucinile - kodvwa kuphikisa bekubuya kabusha ngekuthula.
Ngemuva kwe-Sharpeville (1960) hulumende wavimbela i-ANC ne-PAC, wavalela ejele baholi labanjenga-Nelson Mandela, futsi waphocelela tinhlangano tenkhululeko kutsi tiye ekudingisweni nasemangweni. Umbhikisho lowobala webantfu labanyenti ngekhatsi eveni wachotjotwa, futsi iminyaka yabo-1960 ngalesinye sikhatsi ibitwa ngekutsi 'lishumi leminyaka lelithulile'.
- Imitsetfo lecindzetelako beyivumela kuvalelwa ngaphandle kwekucwaningwa kwelicala kanye nekuvinjelwa kwetishoshovu.
- Umnotfo wakhula, kodvwa bantfu labamnyama bahlala bakhishelwe ngephandle emandleni etembusave.
- Kuphikisa lokusha bekutokhula kusuka kubafundzi, tisebenti nemiphakatsi kunetinhlangano lebetivinjelwe.
Speaker notes
Misa kuchubeka nekushintja. Bafundzi sebehlangabetane ne-Sharpeville nekuphendvuka empini lehlomile eyunithini lesuke idlule. Gcizelela kutsi kuvuselelwa kweminyaka yabo-1970 bekuyindzaba yetinhlangano letinsha lebetisebenta ngekusemtsetfweni nome ngekungakatsi shë ngekhatsi eNingizimu Afrika, ngobe tinhlangano letasungulwako betivinjelwe. Loku kubeka sizatfu sekutsi kungani i-Black Consciousness netinyunyana letitimele tabaluleka kangaka.
I-Black Consciousness kanye no-Steve Biko
'Sikhali lesinemandla kunato tonkhe etandleni tomcindzeteli yingcondvo yalocindzetelwe.'
Bakhatsatwe yipolitiki yebafundzi lebeyiholwa bamhlophe, bafundzi labamnyama batehlukanisa kuze basungule i-South African Students' Organisation (SASO) ngo-1969, u-Steve Biko angumengameli wayo wekucala. Ifilosofi yabo, i-Black Consciousness (BC), yakhutsata bantfu labamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika kutsi bacwase umcondvo wekutidzelela, batigcabhe ngebunikati babo, futsi batikhulule ngekwengcondvo ngaphambi kwekutsi batikhulule ngekwetembusave.
- 'Lomnyama' wachazwa ngekwetembusave kutsi ubandzakanye bantfu base-Afrika, bebala nemaNdiya labacindzetelwe bandlululo.
- I-Black People's Convention (1972) yasakata imibono ye-BC emiphakatsini ngetinhlelo tekutisita.
- I-BC yaniketa situkulwane lesisha kutetsemba nelulwimi lwekuphikisa.
Speaker notes
I-SASO yasungulwa ngo-1968 yase yetfulwa ngokusemtsetfweni ngo-1969 eTurfloop; gcina kugcizelela ku-1969 njengesikhatsi sekwetfulwa. Chaza i-BC njengekukhululeka kwengcondvo: kutigcabha, kutetsembela nebunye kulabacindzetelwe. Caphela kuchazwa kabusha kwepolitiki kwelivi 'lomnyama' kuze kwakhiwe bunikati lobubanti. Dweba umehluko netinhlangano tangaphambili: i-BC yasebenta ngekusobala nangekusemtsetfweni ekucaleni, lokungiyo indlela leyasakateka ngayo ngekushesha emakhempasini nasemakliniki nasetinhlelweni temiphakatsi.
Kuvukela kwaseSoweto
Umbhikisho webafundzi lophikisa siBhunu etikolweni waba kuvukela kwavelonkhe.
Nga-1974 hulumende wayala kutsi siBhunu (Afrikaans) sisetjentiswe ngokulinganako nesiNgisi njengelulwimi lwekufundzisa etikolweni tebantfu labamnyama. Bafundzi, labanyenti labatsindvwa yi-Black Consciousness, babona loku 'njengelulwimi lomcindzeteli'. Nga-16 June 1976 tinkhulungwane tebafundzi baseSoweto bacwala ngekuthula; emaphoyisa avula umlilo, umbhikisho waduma waba kuvukela lokwasakateka kulo lonkhe live.
- Emanani asemtsetfweni abeka labafile ku-23 ngelilanga lekucala; kulinganisa lokwalandzela kwenyuka kakhulu.
- Sitfombe salHector Pieterson lofako sabhala tindzaba emhlabeni wonkhe.
- Tinkhulungwane tebantfu labasha babalekela ekudingisweni bajoyina tinhlangano tenkhululeko.
Speaker notes
Phatsa udlame ngekutsembeka: gcila enhlosweni lenekuthula yebafundzi kanye nemandla lamanyenti lasetjentiswa ngaphandle kwesidzingo. Linani lalabafile liyaphikiswa - caphuna elinani lelisemtsetfweni la-23 lwelilanga lekucala kube ucaphela kulinganisa lokuphakeme kwabalandzi bemlando, uphephe kubala 'linani lekugcina' linye. Gcizelela imiphumela: kusolwa kwemhlaba, kwanda kwalabajoyinako i-ANC ne-PAC ekudingisweni, kanye nekufika kwentsha njengemandla labalulekile emzabalazweni. Buyisela emuva ku-Bantu Education esifundvweni selibanga 9.
Kufa kwaBiko nekuvinjelwa kwanga-1977
Umbuso wazama kubulala umbono ngekuthulisa tinhlangano tawo.
U-Steve Biko wavalelwa wase ufela esitokwelweni semaphoyisa nga-12 September 1977 ngenca yekulimala lakutfola ngesikhatsi abutwa. Kufa kwakhe kwabanga kukhala kwemhlaba wonkhe. Nga-19 October 1977 hulumende wavimbela cishe tinhlangano tetimba-18 te-Black Consciousness naletihlobene, kufaka i-SASO ne-Black People's Convention, wavala nemaphephandzaba lasekhulume ngalenhlangano.
- U-Biko waba luphawu lwemhlaba wonkhe lwekuphikisa nelwesihluku sebandlululo.
- Kuvimbela tinhlangano akuzange kubulale imibono lebeyisakatile.
- Tishoshovu letinyenti tabuya tahleleka ngetinyunyana, emabandla nemitimba yemiphakatsi.
Speaker notes
Kuhloywa kwekufa kwaBiko kwatfola kutsi kute lonecala, lokwaba bufakazi bekungabi nabulungiswa kwebandlululo; ungakhuluma ngaloku kube ugcina imininingwane ilingene liminyaka. Iphuzu lelibalulekile lekuhlatiya: kucindzetela bekungavimbela tinhlangano ngisho nekubulala baholi, kodvwa i-Black Consciousness beseyikushintjile kutsi situkulwane sicabanga njani, futsi labo bantfu batfwala umzabalazo baya etakhiweni letinsha. Loku kuwela kahle ekukhuleni kwetinyunyana.
Emandla etisebenti letihleliwe
Kutewa nma netinyunyana kwaguculela emandla emnotfo abe ngucindzetelo lwepolitiki.
Kutewa nma kwaseThekwini kwanga-1973 - tinkhulungwane tetigidzi tetisebenti tibeka phansi ematuli - kwakhombisa emandla esento lesihlanganyelwe futsi kwavusa ligagasi lelisha letinyunyana tetisebenti letitimele letimnyama. Leti takhula lonkhe lelishumi leminyaka, takha i-Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU) nga-1979 kwatsi, ngoDecember 1985, i-Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) lenkhulu kakhulu.
- I-COSATU yetfulwa nga-1 December 1985 no-Elijah Barayi angumengameli no-Jay Naidoo angunobhala jikelele.
- Tinyunyana tahlanganisa tidzingo temholo nemzabalazo lobanti wekulwa nebandlululo.
- Kutewa nma nekuhlala ekhaya kwaba tikhali letinemandla ngeminyaka yabo-1980.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi kungani tinyunyana tibalulekile: bandlululo betitsembele etisebentini letimnyama, ngako tisebenti letihleliwe betingalimata umnotfo tiphocelele kubonisana. I-FOSATU (1979) yakha sisiko lelingahluki ngebuhlanga, lelisebenta esigcawini semsebenti; i-COSATU (1985) yahlanganisa emalunga lamanyenti kakhulu yase itihlanganisa ngekusobala nemzabalazo lobanti wenkhululeko. Hlanganisa nesikhatsi se-UDF: tinyunyana netinhlangano temiphakatsi tacala kusebenta ndzawonye ekuhlaleni ekhaya nasekubhikishweni.
Iphalamende Yemakamelo Lamatsatfu (Tricameral Parliament)
'Lutjintjo' loluniketa labanye livoti kube lucwasa linyenti.
Nga-1983 hulumende wetfula umtsetfosisekelo lomusha lowakha i-Tricameral Parliament neamakamelo lamatsatfu lehlukene: linye lelabamhlophe, linye lelabebala neye linye lelemaNdiya - kodvwa kungabi nekumelwa nakancane kwelinyenti lebase-Afrika. Yakhelwa kwehlukanisa labacindzetelwe nekunika bandlululo buso lobemukelekako.
- Emandla langempela ahlala esandleni sebamhlophe ngenhlelo lelisindzako.
- Bantfu base-Afrika bebafanele basebentise 'emalungelo' etiBantustan kuphela.
- Esikhundleni sekwehlukanisa baphikisi, yabahlanganisa embhikishweni.
Speaker notes
Lena ngusona sizatfu lesibalulekile sekusungulwa kwe-UDF. Yenta iphuzu lelihlatiyako ngekucacile: uhlelo lwe-Tricameral belulisu lekutfenga nekwehlukanisa - tenga labaholi bebala nabemaNdiya, ushiye bantfu base-Afrika betiBantustan. Buta bafundzi kutsi kungani kucwasa linyenti kwenta 'lolutjintjo' luphutfo lwepolitiki. Kwaniketa kuphikisa sikhalo sinye lesihlanganisako.
United Democratic Front
'UDF unites, apartheid divides.'
Nga-20 August 1983 cishe bantfu labati-10,000 bahlangana e-Mitchells Plain, eKapa, kuze betfule i-United Democratic Front (UDF). Baphendvula sicelo saMfundisi Allan Boesak sekuphikisa umtsetfosisekelo we-Tricameral, batfunywa labavela etinhlanganweni letihlangene letingaba ti-565 - tinhlangano temiphakatsi, tinyunyana, emabandla, tebafundzi neteticembu tebomake - bajoyina umfelandzawonye munye lobanti.
- I-UDF yativa ngekusobala nemibono ye-Freedom Charter ne-ANC lebeyisekudingisweni.
- Baholi bebafaka bo-Albertina Sisulu, Archie Gumede na-Popo Molefe.
- Yahlela kutewa nma, kuhlala ekhaya nemikhankaso yebantfu labanyenti kulo lonkhe live.
Speaker notes
I-UDF ingumongo wekuphikisa kwangekhatsi kweminyaka yabo-1980. Gcizelela sakhiwo sayo - umfelandzawonye wemakhulu etinhlangano letitimele kuncaba yinhlangano yepolitiki yinye - lokwakwenta kube lukhuni kumbuso kutsi ayivimbele. Beyingahluki ngebuhlanga futsi yasusela e-Freedom Charter, ngempela isebenta njengelekelela lwangekhatsi lwe-ANC lebeyisekudingisweni. Caphela emagama ebaholi kuze wandzise sitfombe ngaphandle kwesibili nome yinye, kufaka baholi bebomake labanjenga-Albertina Sisulu.
Kuphikisa kwabantfu, 1969-1986
- 1969 I-SASO yetfulwa; i-Black Consciousness iyasakateka
- 1973 Kutewa nma kwaseThekwini kuvusa tinyunyana tetisebenti
- 1976 Kuvukela kwaseSoweto (16 June)
- 1977 U-Biko ufela esitokwelweni; tinhlangano te-BC tivinjelwa
- 1983 Umtsetfosisekelo we-Tricameral; i-UDF yetfulwa
- 1985-86 I-COSATU yasungulwa; simo lesiphutfumako savelonkhe
Speaker notes
Sebentisa loku kuhlanganisa ngaphambi kwematsipha lekugcina lahlatiyako. Cela bafundzi kutsi balandzelele iphethini: imibono (1969), tisebenti (1973), intsha (1976), kucindzetela (1977), umkhankaso webantfu labanyenti (1983), kubhekana nekubusa ngesimo lesiphutfumako (1985-86). Khombisa kutsi sigaba ngasinye sakhela kulesangaphambili - lenhlangano yakhula yaba banti futsi yahleleka kancono ngisho naphansi kwekucindzetela lokukhulu.
Timo letiphutfumako, 1985-1986
Njengoba emalokishi avukela, hulumende wabusa ngemtsetfo lophutfumako.
NgoJanuary 1985 i-ANC lebeyisekudingisweni yamema bantfu kutsi bente bandlululo 'lungabuseki'. Emalokishi acaphuka ngekutewa nma kwerentu nekwabatsengi, kutewa nma etikolweni, kuhlala ekhaya nekusungula emakhomiti etitaladi. Umbuso wasabela nge-simo lesiphutfumako lesincane nga-21 July 1985, kanye nesimo lesiphutfumako savelonkhe nga-12 June 1986.
- Tinkhulungwane tavalelwa ngaphandle kwekucwaningwa kwemacala, kufaka tishoshovu letinyenti te-UDF.
- Libutfo lahlala emalokishini futsi baphephandzaba wacwaywa kakhulu.
- Kucindzetela kwehlisa kuvukela kodvwa akubange kwabuyisa kwemukeleka kwebandlululo.
Speaker notes
Simemo 'sekungabuseki' savela esitatimendeni saOliver Tambo saJanuary 1985. Chaza emasu ekuvukela kwebantfu labanyenti - kutewa nma, kuhlala ekhaya, takhiwo letinye telokishi - njengemizamo yekwenta kutsi kuphatfwa kwebandlululo kuwe kusuka phansi. Bese uchaza timo letiphutfumako njengemizamo yembuso yekuchoboza loku ngekuvalela, emabutfo nekucwaya. Iphuzu lelihlatiyako lekutsatsa: emandla bekungacindzetela umbhikisho okwesikhashana kodvwa ajulisa inkinga yekwemukeleka leyaphocelela hulumende kutsi aye ekubonisaneni nga-1990.
Kutewa nma, kuhlala ekhaya nekucindzetelwa kwemazwe
Kuphikisa kwahlanganisa kucindzetela lokuvela ngekhatsi nangephandle kweve.
Kutewa nma kwabatsengi nekwerentu
Imiphakatsi yenca kutsenga etitolo tebamhlophe nome ikhokhe irentu, ishaya umnotfo netakhiwo tebandlululo tasekhaya.
Kuhlala ekhaya nekutewa nma etikolweni
Tisebenti nebafundzi bahoxisa umsebenti nekuya etikolweni, babonisa kwaliwa kwebandlululo ngebantfu labanyenti.
Kucindzetelwa kwemazwe
Kuvinjelwa kwentela, kuhoxiswa kwetimali kanye nekutewa nma kwemidlalo nemasiko kwehlukanisa iNingizimu Afrika ngaphandle.
Speaker notes
Khombisa kutsi kucindzetela kwangekhatsi nekwangephandle kwaphindzelela njani. Kutewa nma kwabatsengi nekwerentu kwaguculela tincumo temnotfo tangalanga netaba tikhali tepolitiki futsi bekuhlobene kakhulu ne-UDF netinyunyana. Kuvinjelwa kwemazwe kwentela nekutewa nma kwemidlalo (isibonelo kukhishwa kumaOlimpiki nekwehlukaniswa kwesikhilikithi ne-rugby) kwenyusa lidleliso lebandlululo kwakhutsata umoya ngekhatsi eveni. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi balinganise kutsi ngasinye sento sifake kangakanani - inkulumo-mpikiswano lehlatiyako yesikhatsi se-FET.
Umbono lowaphila ngemuva kwekuvinjelwa
I-Black Consciousness yaphikisa kutsi kukhululeka kucala engcondvweni.
Sikhali lesinemandla kunato tonkhe etandleni tomcindzeteli yingcondvo yalocindzetelwe. Steve Biko, 1970s
Kucondzisisa kwaBiko kuchaza kutsi kungani kuphikisa kweminyaka yabo-1970 ne-1980 kwaba nemandla kangaka. Nakube bantfu bacwasa umbono wekutsi bandlululo bebubunjalo nome bumasimba, kute umyalo wekuvimbela lobebungabuyisa lowo mbono ngokugcwele. Kutetsemba lokwakhiwa yi-Black Consciousness kwondla kuvukela kwentsha kwanga-1976, tinyunyana, nekuhlanganiswa kwebantfu labanyenti kwe-UDF.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesicaphuno kuhlanganisa timfeketi ndzawonye. Umbono lomkhulu waleyunithi: kucindzetela bekungavimbela tinhlangano, kuvalela ngisho nekubulala baholi, kodvwa bekungeke kubuyisele emuva kushintja kwengcondvo yepolitiki yetigidzi tebantfu baseNingizimu Afrika. Cela bafundzi kutsi baxhume sicaphuno kokungenani tigameko letimbili letibalwe esifundvweni (isibonelo iSoweto 1976 ne-UDF). Loku kubonisa luhlobo lwendima lesekelwe bufakazi lokuvuzwa yi-CAPS.
Lesikufundzile - nemibuto lokufanele uyiphendvule
Kuphikisa kwangekhatsi kwakha kabusha kusukela emibonweni kuya esentweni sebantfu labanyenti, futsi kwemukeleka kwebandlululo kwawa ngisho nakube kucindzetela kwakhula.
Emkhatsini wekuphela kweminyaka yabo-1960 nekhatsi neminyaka yabo-1980, kuphikisa kwasuka ku-Black Consciousness kuya ku-kuvukela kwanga-1976, kukhula kwetinyunyana, kanye nekuhlanganiswa kwebantfu labanyenti kwe-UDF. 'Lutjintjo' lwehulumende lwe-Tricameral netimo letiphutfumako takhundlwa kuncoba kwemukeleka, tabeka simo sekubonisana ekugcineni kwaleli shumi leminyaka.
Q. Chaza kutsi i-Black Consciousness yafaka njani ekuvuseleleni kuphikisa ngeminyaka yabo-1970. Sebentisa bufakazi kusekela imphendvulo yakho. (8 marks)
Q. Kungani i-United Democratic Front yaba luhlobo loluphumelela kangaka lwekuphikisa kwangekhatsi ngeminyaka yabo-1980? (6 marks)
Q. 'Timo letiphutfumako ta-1985-1986 taciniswa bandlululo kunekutsi tibubutsakatise.' Uyavuma yini? Cocisisa. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetsa ngekuhlanganisa tigaba njengembangela nemphumela. Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti losekelwe emitfombeni nome kubhala lokubanti; kwabiwa kwematsipha kufuza tinsayela tendima nendzatjana te-CAPS. Umbuto wekugcina lofana nendzatjana wentelwe kuphikiswa - vuza umugca locacile wekuphikisa losekelwe bufakazi besifundvo. Bonisa iyunithi lelandzelako: kubonisana, kususwa kwekuvinjelwa kwe-ANC nga-1990, nendlela leya ku-1994.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil resistance 1970s-1980s
- Resource type
- Presentation