Ukuthi ukwanda kwamaNgisi namaBhunu, uHambo Olukhulu (Great Trek) kanye nezimpi zomngcele kwayibumba kabusha kanjani iNingizimu ye-Afrika - futhi kwamuka abantu bayo base-Afrika umhlaba wabo.
Speaker notes
Yakha le yunithi ezingeni le-FET: le akuyona nje indaba yezinqola ezihambayo kodwa eyokuncintisana ngomhlaba namandla. Misa imicu emithathu exhumene - (1) izinguquko zamaNgisi eKoloni yaseKapa, (2) impendulo yamaBhunu noHambo Olukhulu, kanye (3) nezimpi zomngcele lapho imiphakathi yase-Afrika yalahlekelwa khona umhlaba nenkululeko. Gcizelela ukuthi izehlakalo ezifanayo zibukeka zihluke kakhulu ngokuya ngokuthi sithatha umbono kabani.
Ngo-1750 lesi sifunda sasiyikhaya lemiphakathi eminingi esungulwe kahle, ehlukahlukene - wawungakaze ube umhlaba ongenamuntu.
Kudala ngaphambi kokwanda kobukoloni obukhulu, iNingizimu ye-Afrika yayihlala abantu abaningi. Abelusi bamaKhoikhoi nabazingeli-baqoqi bamaSan babehlala kuyo yonke ingaphakathi laseKapa, kanti izizwe ezinamandla ezikhuluma isiBantu - phakathi kwazo amaXhosa, amaZulu, abaSotho kanye nabaTswana - zazilima, zifuya izinkomo futhi zihweba kuyo yonke ingxenye yasempumalanga yesifunda.
- IDutch East India Company (VOC) yayibusa ikoloni elincane eduze neKapa, elalisebenza kakhulu ngabantu abagqilaziwe.
- Izinkomo, umhlaba nokulawula imizila yokuhweba kwakuyimithombo eyinhloko yengcebo namandla.
- Imiphakathi yase-Afrika yayinemithetho yayo, amabutho nezinhlelo zokubusa - yayingebona ababukeli abangenzi lutho.
Speaker notes
Bhekana ngqo nenganekwane yobukoloni 'yomhlaba ongenamuntu' eyasetshenziswa kamuva ukufakazela ukumukwa komhlaba. Gcizelela ubunkimbinkimbi namandla okuzenzela: lezi kwakuyizinhlangano ezihlelekile ezinezakhiwo ezinamandla zezempi nezombusazwe. Le ndawo eyisisekelo ibalulekile, ngoba konke okulandelayo kungukuncintisana ngomhlaba nezinkomo zemiphakathi eyayivele ikhona lapha.
Phakathi kuka-1795 no-1806 iKapa ladlula lisuka ku-VOC liya eBrithani - kanti izinto ezaziza kuqala kumaNgisi zazihlukile.
IBrithani yaqala ukuthatha iKapa ngo-1795 yase ithatha ukulawula okuqhubekayo ngo-1806, yaligcina ngemuva kweMpi kaNapoleon (Napoleonic Wars). KuBrithani iKapa kwakuyikakhulukazi isiteshi samasotsha asolwandle esibalulekile emzileni waselwandle oya eNdiya, kodwa ukubusa kwamaNgisi kwangephuza ukuqala ukushintsha umthetho, umsebenzi nomhlaba ngaphakathi ekoloni.
- Abaphathi bamaNgisi babefuna ikoloni elihleleke kangcono, elikhokhisekayo intela nelilawulekayo.
- IsiNgisi sasikhuthazwa ezinkantolo, ezikoleni nasehulumeni (i-anglicisation, ukwenza izinto zibe ngesiNgisi).
- Lezi zinguquko zaphazamisa amakoloni ayevela kumaDashi, ayebizwa kamuva ngokuthi amaBhunu noma amaAfrikaner.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi kungani ukushintsha kombusi kwakubalulekile: i-VOC yayiyinkampani yezokuhweba; iBrithani yayiwumbuso omkhulu womhlaba wonke onezinhloso zezinguquko namasu. I-anglicisation nezinguquko zokuphatha kwadala ukungqubuzana namakoloni akhuluma isiDashi. Lokhu kungqubuzana kungenye yezimpande zoHambo Olukhulu esizoluchaza maduzane.
Phakathi kuka-1820 no-1834 iBrithani yashintsha ukuthi ubani ongaba nabasebenzi, ubani onamalungelo, nokuthi ubani ongahlala emngceleni.
1820 Settlers
IBrithani yahlalisa izinkulungwane zabokufika bamaNgisi emngceleni wasempumalanga njengesivikelo sabantu ekumelaneni namaXhosa, yandisa ukuncintisana ngomhlaba.
Ordinance 50 (1828)
Wasusa imikhawulo yamapasi kumaKhoikhoi nakubantu abamnyama abakhululekile, ubanika ukulingana ngokomthetho amaBhunu amaningi ayekwenyanya.
Abolition of slavery (1834)
Ubugqila baphela kuwo wonke uMbuso waseBrithani; abanikazi bezigqila abangamaBhunu bezwa ukuthi isinxephezelo sasincane kakhulu futhi sikhokhelwa eLondon ekude.
Speaker notes
Lezi zinguquko ezintathu 'yizizathu ezisunduzayo' ezaziwayo ezingemuva koHambo Olukhulu. Zihlaziye: izikhalo zamaBhunu zaziyingxenye zezomnotho (ukulahlekelwa ngabasebenzi abagqilaziwe nomhlaba) kanti ingxenye yazo yayimayelana nesikhundla nokulawula abantu base-Afrika namaKhoikhoi. Qaphela ukuthi izinguquko ezaziqhutshwa yizinhloso zamaNgisi zesintu nezombuso, kumaKhoikhoi nakwabagqilaziwe, zaba nemiphumela ekhulula ngempela - umbono ubalulekile.
Kusukela ngo-1835 amaqembu amaBhunu - amaVoortrekker - asuka eKoloni yaseKapa efuna umhlaba nenkululeko ngaphandle kokubusa kwamaNgisi.
UHambo Olukhulu (Great Trek, 1835-1846) wawuwuchungechunge lokufuduka okuhlelekile kwabalimi abakhuluma isiDashi besuka empumalanga yeKapa. Emqulwini wakhe wango-1837, umholi wamaVoortrekker uPiet Retief wabhala izikhalo ezihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa ngabasebenzi abagqilaziwe, ukungavikeleki emngceleni, nokungenelela kwezikhulu zamaNgisi nezithunywa zevangeli.
- Izizathu ezisunduzayo: i-anglicisation, ukuphela kobugqila, i-Ordinance 50, ukushoda komhlaba nempi yomngcele.
- Izizathu ezidonsayo: isithembiso somhlaba wokwalusa wamahhala nokuzibusa ngaphakathi ezweni.
- Abaholi babehlanganisa uRetief, uGert Maritz, uAndries Pretorius kanye noAndries Hendrik Potgieter.
Speaker notes
Hlukanisa kahle izizathu ezisunduzayo nezidonsayo - uhlaka olujwayelekile lwezivivinyo ze-CAPS. Funda izikhalo zomqulu kaRetief ngeso elihlaziyayo: zembula lokho amaVoortrekker ayekufuna (umhlaba nokulawula abasebenzi ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa ngamaNgisi). Gwema ukwethula uHambo njengekusasa lobuqhawe; kwakuyimpendulo yeqembu elilodwa ekulahlekelweni ngamalungelo athize, okwaba nemiphumela enzima emiphakathini yase-Afrika endleleni yalo.
Amaqembu amaVoortrekker anyakaza aya enyakatho nasempumalanga engena emhlabeni owawuvele uhlaliwe yimiphakathi yase-Afrika.
Abahambi bawela uMfula iOrange (Orange River) basakazeka ehighveld nangaseNatali (Natal). Abazange bangene ezweni elingenamuntu: bangena ezindaweni zamaNdebele ngaphansi kukaMzilikazi, amaZulu ngaphansi kukaDingane, nezizwe zabaSotho-Tswana, okwenza ukungqubuzana kwaba yinto ecishe iqinisekile.
- Iqembu likaPotgieter langqubuzana namaNdebele, lawanqoba eVegkop (1836) naseMosega (1837).
- Iqembu likaRetief lawela uKhahlamba (Drakensberg) langena eNatali (Natal) ukuyofuna umhlaba enkosini yamaZulu uDingane.
- Ukufuduka kwasakaza amabango omhlaba endlela yobukoloni kwangena shí ngaphakathi ezweni.
Speaker notes
Qinisa umqondo wamabango omhlaba axubene. Imizila yoHambo yathwala abahambi yabayisa ngqo emibusweni enamandla, ngakho izimpi ezalandela zazingezona izingozi kodwa umphumela obizelekayo wokuhambisa amaqembu abahlali ahlomile emhlabeni ohlaliwe. Gcina izinhlangano zase-Afrika phambili, hhayi nje njengezithiyo zoHambo.
Isivumelwano somhlaba nenkosi yamaZulu saphela ngokubulawa kweqembu likaRetief.
UPiet Retief waxoxisana nenkosi yamaZulu uDingane ngomhlaba eNatali. Ngemuva kokuthi kubikwa ukuthi isivumelwano sasayiniwe, uDingane wabulalisa uRetief namadoda akhe enhloko-dolobha yakhe, euMgungundlovu, ngoFebruwari 1838, kwathi amabutho amaZulu ahlasela amakamu abahambi. Ngokombono wamaZulu, izifiki ezihlomile ezazibanga umhlaba wamaZulu zaziwusongo oluqondile ekuphileni kombuso.
- Zombili izinhlangothi zazingethembani ngezinhloso zomunye komhlaba nezinkomo.
- Ukubulawa nokuhlaselwa kwaholela ukuthi amaVoortrekker alungiselele impi enkulu.
- Lokhu kwabeka isimo seMpi yaseBlood River kamuva ngo-1838.
Speaker notes
Yethula izincazelo eziphikisanayo esikhundleni sesigilamkhuba esisodwa: izindaba zamaVoortrekker zigcizelela ukukhaphela, kanti ngasohlangothini lukaDingane abahambi babeyingozi eyisu enkululekweni yamaZulu, njengoba nje babenjalo kumaNdebele. Khuthaza abafundi ukuthi bakale isisusa nobufakazi. Veza ukuthi eminye imininingwane yesivumelwano iyaphikiswana ngayo emlandweni.
Umkhumbi wezinqola (laager) wamaVoortrekker wanqoba ibutho elikhulu lamaZulu - impi esaphikiswana ngayo enkumbulweni namuhla.
Ngomhla ka-16 Disemba 1838 cishe amaVoortrekker angu-470 ngaphansi kuka-Andries Pretorius, evikela i-laager (isiyingi sezinqola) ngezibhamu (muskets) namacannon, anqoba ibutho lamaZulu elalikhulu kakhulu eceleni koMfula iNcome. Ababulawa bamaZulu babebaningi kakhulu kanti abahambi balahlekelwa kancane, futhi kwathiwa umfula wagijima ubomvu - okwanika impi igama layo. [SME: qinisekisa izibalo zababulawa.]
- Abahambi babenze isifungo senkolo ngaphambi kwempi, esagujwa kamuva njengoSuku Lwesifungo (Day of the Vow).
- Ukunqoba kwavula iNatali ekuhlaleni kwamaVoortrekker futhi kwanciphisa amandla kaDingane.
- Namuhla le ndawo ikhunjulwa ngemibono emibili - njengeBlood River nanjeNcome - okubonakala oSukwini Lokubuyisana (Day of Reconciliation).
Speaker notes
Phatha le mpi ebucayi ngokucophelela. Chaza isizathu sezempi somphumela: izibhamu namacannon ngemuva kwe-laager eqinisiwe kumelene nabalwi ababehlome kakhulu ngemikhonto. Bhekana nenkumbulo ngqo - isehlakalo esifanayo sikhunjulwa yimiphakathi ehlukene ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu, manje esesihlanganiswe oSukwini Lokubuyisana (16 Disemba). Lesi yisikhathi esihle sokuxoxa ngokuthi umlando ukhunjulwa kanjani, hhayi nje ukuthi kwenzekani. Izibalo zababulawa ziyahluka phakathi kwemithombo; qinisekisa ngaphambi kokufundisa izibalo eziqondile.
Emngceleni wasempumalanga yeKapa, amakoloni namaXhosa alwa uchungechunge olude lwezimpi ngomhlaba nezinkomo.
Ngokwehlukene noHambo Olukhulu, iKoloni yaseKapa yalwa uchungechunge lwezimpi imelene namaXhosa emngceleni wasempumalanga - okwesinye isikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi yiZimpi Zomngcele noma iZimpi Zokumukwa Umhlaba (Wars of Dispossession, 1779-1878). Impi nempi, ikoloni yasunduza umngcele iya empumalanga yathatha umhlaba wamaXhosa, izinkomo nenkululeko.
- Ukulawula umhlaba wokwalusa nokwebiwa kwezinkomo ezinhlangothini zombili kwaqhuba ukungqubuzana okuphindaphindekayo.
- AmaNgisi asebenzisa izinqaba, abahlali namabutho ukubamba nokwandisa umngcele.
- Ngo-1878 ukumelana kwamaXhosa kwaphuliwe futhi umhlaba wawo wamunca ekoloni.
Speaker notes
Izimpi zomngcele kulula ukuthi zishaywe indiva uma ziqhathaniswa noHambo Olukhulu olumangalisayo, kodwa zibalulekile endikimbeni ye-CAPS yokumukwa umhlaba. Gcizelela iphethini kunempi ngayinye: sekukonke umngcele wanyakazela empumalanga kanti amaXhosa alahlekelwa umhlaba nobukhosi bawo. IGrahamstown/Makhanda yakhula njengesikhungo sezempi nesabahlali sobukoloni kulo mngcele.
Isiyaluyalu sezombusazwe phakathi kwemiphakathi yase-Afrika sahlangana nokwanda kobukoloni - kanti izimbangela zaso ziyaphikiswana.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iMfecane (iDifaqane) yabona izimpi, ukufuduka nokuvela nokuwa kwemibuso kuyo yonke ingaphakathi lezwe, okuxhumene nokukhula kombuso wamaZulu ngaphansi kukaShaka nokuncintisana ngomhlaba nokuhweba. Izindaba ezindala zazisola amaZulu wodwa; izazi-mlando eziningi manje zithi izingcindezi ezifana nokuhweba, isomiso nesidingo sabasebenzi nezinkomo - ezinye zixhumene nokwanda kobukoloni - nazo zaba negalelo. [SME: ukubhalwa komlando weMfecane kuyaphikiswana.]
- Isiyaluyalu sabumba kabusha lapho imiphakathi yase-Afrika yayihlala khona nokuthi yayinamandla kangakanani.
- Amakoloni ngezinye izikhathi ayebanga ngephutha ukuthi lokhu kwashiya umhlaba 'ongenamuntu' okhululekele ukuthathwa.
- Eqinisweni, umhlaba owawenziwe ube ngongenamuntu ukungqubuzana wawulokhu ubangwa futhi ukhunjulwa ngabantu base-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisihloko esiphikiswana ngempela - siphathe njengokubhalwa komlando (historiography), ikhono elifanele i-FET. Xwayisa abafundi ngenganekwane endala 'yomhlaba ongenamuntu' eyasebenzisa iMfecane ukufakazela amabango omhlaba amaBhunu. Yethula ushintsho olusuka encazelweni yembangela-eyodwa (uShaka) luya kweyembangela-eziningi ehlanganisa izingcindezi zobukoloni nezomnotho. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babone ukuthi izazi-mlando ziyazibuyekeza izincazelo njengoba ubufakazi nemibono kushintsha.
Kuvele kuHambo nezimpi zalo imibuso ebuswa ngamaBhunu ngaphakathi ezweni.
AmaVoortrekker asungula imibuso yawo. Iriphabhulikhi yawo eNatali (Natalia) yathathwa yiBrithani ngo-1843, kodwa ngaphakathi ezweni amaBhunu asungula iOrange Free State kanye neSouth African Republic (Transvaal), okwathi inkululeko yayo yaqashelwa yiBrithani ezivumelwaneni zaseSand River (1852) naseBloemfontein (1854).
- Lawa mariphabhulikhi akhelwe emhlabeni owathathwa emiphakathini yase-Afrika.
- Anqaba amalungelo ezombusazwe kubantu base-Afrika, amaKhoikhoi nabantu abaKhaladi (Coloured).
- IBrithani namariphabhulikhi amaBhunu kwakuzoshayisana kamuva ngokulawula ingaphakathi lezwe.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa lesi silayidi phambili neSihloko 6 (iMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika neManyano): amariphabhulikhi adalwe lapha yimibuso iBrithani ezolwa nayo ngo-1899-1902. Gcizelela ukuthi lezi kwakuyimibuso yabahlali-bukoloni eyakhelwe phezu kokumukwa umhlaba nokukhishwa inyumbazana ngokobuhlanga, ngakho ukusungulwa kwayo kuyingxenye yendaba yokumukwa umhlaba, hhayi into ehlukile kuyo.
Umphumela oyinhloko wokwanda kobukoloni ngemuva kuka-1750 kwaba ukulahlekelwa umhlaba wase-Afrika nenkululeko.
Kuyo yonke indawo yomngcele nengaphakathi lezwe, ukwanda kobukoloni kwadlulisela umhlaba, izinkomo namandla kusuka emiphakathini yase-Afrika kuya kumakoloni. Izinhlangano zase-Afrika zalahlekelwa ubukhosi, abalimi basunduzelwa ezindaweni ezincane neziphofu, kanti abaningi badonselwa ekusebenzeleni amakoloni - amaphethini aqiniswa kamuva yimithetho efana ne-Natives Land Act ka-1913.
- Umhlaba wawuyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile - futhi ukulahleka kwawo kwabumba impilo yase-Afrika izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.
- Ukumukwa umhlaba kwadala ukungalingani okujulile nokuhlala isikhathi eside eNingizimu Afrika.
- Lezi zehlakalo zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ziyimpande yezingxoxo zomhlaba eziqhubekayo namuhla.
Speaker notes
Sondeza esithombeni esikhulu 'nokuthi-kungani'. Yenza umugqa oqhubekayo ucace: izimpi zomngcele noHambo azizange nje zinyakazise imingcele, zakha isakhiwo sokumukwa umhlaba esaselulwa kamuva yimithetho yobandlululo (apartheid). Lokhu kuxhumanisa le yunithi nesikhathi samanje sabafundi - udaba lomhlaba oluqhubekayo - okuyilona kanye uxhumano lokuhlaziya iFET History elilifunayo.
- 1806 IBrithani ithatha ukulawula okuqhubekayo kweKapa
- 1820 Abahlali bamaNgisi bango-1820 babekwa emngceleni wasempumalanga
- 1828 I-Ordinance 50 ikhulula amaKhoikhoi emithethweni yamapasi
- 1834 Ubugqila buyaqedwa eMbusweni waseBrithani
- 1835 UHambo Olukhulu luyaqala
- 1838 URetief uyabulawa; iMpi yaseBlood River (Ncome)
- 1852-1854 Amariphabhulikhi amaBhunu ayaqashelwa (Transvaal, Orange Free State)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuhlanganisa imbangela nomphumela ngaphambi kokubuyekeza. Cela abafundi ukuthi behlukanise izinsuku babenze zibe yizimbangela (1820, 1828, 1834), uHambo ngokwalo (1835), ukungqubuzana (1838) nemiphumela (1852-1854). Lesi sakhiwo sifana nendlela imibuzo ye-CAPS yemithombo nendaba eqanjwa ngayo.
Ukwanda, ukumelana nokumukwa umhlaba okubukwa ngombono ongaphezu kowodwa.
Izinguquko zamaNgisi eKapa zasiza ukusunduzela amaBhunu ngaphakathi ezweni; uHambo Olukhulu nezimpi zomngcele kwathwala amandla obukoloni kwawayisa ngaphakathi ezweni; kanti imiphakathi yase-Afrika - amaXhosa, amaZulu, amaNdebele, abaSotho nabaTswana - yamelana kodwa yamukwa umhlaba nenkululeko. Ukufunda lezi zehlakalo ngemibono ehlukene kuyikhono eliyinhloko le-FET History.
Q. Chaza ukuthi izinguquko zamaNgisi eKapa (Abahlali bango-1820, i-Ordinance 50 nokuqedwa kobugqila) zaba negalelo kanjani kuHambo Olukhulu. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa iMpi yaseBlood River (Ncome), chaza ukuthi isehlakalo esisodwa somlando singaqondwa ngezindlela ezihlukene kanjani ngokuya ngombono. (6 marks)
Q. Ngokwezinga elingakanani ukumukwa komhlaba kwakuwumphumela oyinhloko wokwanda kobukoloni eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kuka-1750? Sekela impendulo yakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela emicwini emithathu esukela kusilayidi 1 nasendikimbeni yombono. Le mibuzo emithathu iyakhuphuka ngezinga lokucabanga - chaza, qhathanisa imibono, bese uphikisa isahlulelo sezinga - okuhambisana nezindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nokubhala okwandisiwe. UMbuzo 3 usebenza kahle njengomsebenzi wokuhlela indaba. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi le yunithi yakha isisekelo seSihloko 6: iMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika nokwakhiwa koManyano LwaseNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Colonial expansion after 1750
- Resource type
- Presentation