Indlela ukwanda kwamaNgesi namaBhulu, uHambo Olukhulu (Great Trek) kunye nemfazwe yomda eyaziguqula ngayo iimeko zoMzantsi Afrika - yaza yahlutha abantu bayo baseAfrika umhlaba wabo.
Speaker notes
Misela le yunithi kwinqanaba le-FET: le asiyombali nje yeenqwelo ezihambayo koko yamabango akhuphisanayo ngomhlaba namandla. Yakha imisonto emithathu enxibeleleneyo - (1) izinguquko zamaNgesi kwiKoloni yaseKapa, (2) impendulo yamaBhulu noHambo Olukhulu, kunye (3) neemfazwe zomda ekwathi ngazo izizwe zaseAfrika zalahlekelwa ngumhlaba nenkululeko. Gxininisa ukuba ezi ziganeko zinye zibonakala zahluke kakhulu ngokuxhomekeka kwimbono esiyithathayo.
Ngowe-1750 lo mmandla wawusele uzinze ngezizwe ezininzi ezahlukeneyo - wawungazange ube ngumhlaba ongenabantu.
Kudala phambi kokwanda okukhulu kobukoloniyali, uMzantsi Afrika wawusele uhlala abantu abaninzi. Abelusi bamaKhoikhoi nabazingeli-baqokeleli bamaSan babehlala kuwo wonke umaphakathi weKapa, ngelixa izikhulu ezinamandla ezithetha isiBhantu - phakathi kwazo amaXhosa, amaZulu, amaSotho kunye namaTswana - zazilima, zifuye iinkomo, zirhweba kwisiqingatha sasempuma salo mmandla.
- INkampani yaseDatshi yaseIndiya yaseMpuma (VOC) yayilawula ikoloni encinci ejikeleze iKapa, eyayisebenzelwa ikakhulu ngabantu abakhotyokisiweyo.
- Iinkomo, umhlaba kunye nolawulo lweendlela zorhwebo yayiyimithombo ephambili yobutyebi namandla.
- Izizwe zaseAfrika zazinemithetho yazo, imikhosi kunye neenkqubo zorhulumente - zazingengabo ababukeli nje abangenzi nto.
Speaker notes
Jongana ngokuthe ngqo nentsomi yobukoloniyali 'yomhlaba ongenabantu' eyathi kamva yasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukuhluthwa komhlaba. Gxininisa ubunzima nokuzenzela: ezi yayizizizwe ezicwangcisiweyo ezineziseko ezomelele zomkhosi nezopolitiko. Esi siseko sibalulekile, kuba yonke into elandelayo yimpixano ngomhlaba neenkomo zezizwe ezazisele zilapha.
Phakathi kowe-1795 nowe-1806 iKapa yadlula isuka kwiVOC iya kwiBritane - kwaye izinto ezaziphambili kumaNgesi zazahlukile.
IBritane yaqala ukuhlala eKapa ngowe-1795 yaza yathabatha ulawulo oluhlala njalo ngo -1806, yayigcina emva kweeMfazwe zikaNapoleon. KumaNgesi iKapa yayiyeyona isikhululo somkhosi wolwandle esibalulekileyo endleleni yaselwandle eya eIndiya, kodwa ulawulo lwamaNgesi lwakhawuleza ukuqalisa ukutshintsha umthetho, umsebenzi kunye nomhlaba ngaphakathi kwikoloni.
- Abalawuli bamaNgesi babefuna ikoloni ecwangcisiweyo ngakumbi, enokuhlawuliswa irhafu kwaye enokulawuleka.
- IsiNgesi sasikhuthazwa ezinkundleni zamatyala, ezikolweni nakurhulumente (ukwenza ngokwesiNgesi / anglicisation).
- Ezi zinguquko zaziphazamisa amakoloniyali avela kumaDatshi, kamva awabizwa ngokuba ngamaBhulu okanye ama-Afrikaner.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba kutheni utshintsho lomlawuli lwalubalulekile: iVOC yayiyinkampani yorhwebo; iBritane yayibubukhosi behlabathi jikelele obuneenjongo zoguquko nezobuqhinga. Ukwenza ngokwesiNgesi noguquko lolawulo kwadala ungquzulwano namakoloniyali athetha isiDatshi. Olu ngquzulwano lolunye lwemisuka yoHambo Olukhulu esiya kuluchaza kungekudala.
Phakathi kowe-1820 nowe-1834 iBritane yatshintsha ukuba ngubani onokuba nabasebenzi, ngubani onamalungelo, nokuba ngubani onokuhlala emdeni.
Abahlali baka-1820
IBritane yahlalisa amawaka aliqela abaphambukeli bamaNgesi emdeni wasempuma njengesithintelo sabantu ngokuchasene namaXhosa, yandisa ukhuphiswano lomhlaba.
Ordinance 50 (1828)
Yasusa izithintelo zamapasi kumaKhoikhoi nakubantu abamnyama abakhululekileyo, yabanika ukulingana ngokomthetho okwakuqunjelwa ngamaBhulu amaninzi.
Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka (1834)
Ubukhoboka baphela kulo lonke uBukhosi bamaNgesi (British Empire); abanini-makhoboka bamaBhulu babevakalelwa kukuba imbuyekezo yayincinci kakhulu kwaye ihlawulwa eLondon ekude.
Speaker notes
Ezi zinguquko zintathu 'zizizinto ezityhalayo' zakudala ezingasemva koHambo Olukhulu. Zihlalutye: izikhalazo zamaBhulu zaziyinxenye yezoqoqosho (ukulahlekelwa ngabasebenzi abakhotyokisiweyo nomhlaba) neyinxenye ngesikhundla nolawulo phezu kwabantu baseAfrika namaKhoikhoi. Qaphela ukuba izinguquko ezaziqhutywa ziinjongo zoluntu nezobukhosi zamaNgesi, kumaKhoikhoi nabakhotyokisiweyo, zaba nemiphumo ekhululayo ngokwenene - imbono iyabaluleka.
Ukususela ngowe-1835 amaqela amaBhulu - amaVoortrekker - emka eKoloni yaseKapa efuna umhlaba nenkululeko ngaphaya kolawulo lwamaNgesi.
UHambo Olukhulu (Great Trek, 1835-1846) yayiluthotho lolufuduko olucwangcisiweyo lwabalimi abathetha isiDatshi bephuma kwiKapa esempuma. Kwimanifesto yakhe yowe-1837, inkokeli yamaVoortrekker uPiet Retief wadwelisa izikhalazo eziquka ukulahlekelwa ngabasebenzi abakhotyokisiweyo, ukungakhuseleki emdeni, kunye nokungenelela kwamagosa amaNgesi nabavangeli.
- Izinto ezityhalayo (push factors): ukwenza ngokwesiNgesi, ukuphela kobukhoboka, i-Ordinance 50, ukunqongophala komhlaba kunye nemfazwe yomda.
- Izinto ezitsalayo (pull factors): isithembiso somhlaba wokwalusa wasimahla kunye nokuzilawula ngaphakathi ezweni.
- Iinkokeli zaziquka uRetief, uGert Maritz, u-Andries Pretorius kunye no-Andries Hendrik Potgieter.
Speaker notes
Yahlula ngokucacileyo izinto ezityhalayo nezitsalayo - isakhelo esiqhelekileyo soviwo lwe-CAPS. Funda izikhalazo zemanifesto kaRetief ngengqiqo ekumgama: zibonisa oko amaVoortrekker ayekufuna (umhlaba nolawulo lwabasebenzi olukhululekileyo kwizithintelo zamaNgesi). Phepha ukubonisa uHambo njengesiphelo sobuqhawe; yayiyimpendulo yeqela elinye ekulahlekelweni ngamalungelo, enemiphumo enzima kwizizwe zaseAfrika ezaziseendleleni zalo.
Amaqela amaVoortrekker ahamba aya emantla nasempuma engena kumhlaba osele uhlaliwe zizizwe zaseAfrika.
Abahambi bawela uMlambo iOrange (Orange River) basasazeka kwiHighveld nangaseNatala. Abazange bangene kwilizwe elingenabantu: bangena kwiindawo zamaNdebele phantsi kukaMzilikazi, amaZulu phantsi kukaDingane, kunye nezikhulu zamaSotho-Tswana, into eyenza impixano yaphantse yaqinisekiswa.
- Iqela likaPotgieter langqubana namaNdebele, lawoyisa eVegkop (1836) naseMosega (1837).
- Iqela likaRetief lawela iDrakensberg langena eNatala lifuna umhlaba kukumkani wamaZulu uDingane.
- Olu fuduko lwasasaza amabango omhlaba ohlobo lobukoloniyali ngokuya ezantsi kwilizwe langaphakathi.
Speaker notes
Yomeleza umxholo wamabango omhlaba adibanayo. Iindlela zoHambo zathwala abahambi ngokuthe ngqo kubukumkani obunamandla, ngoko iimfazwe ezilandelayo zazingezizo iingozi ngengozi koko yaba ngumphumo ochaziweyo wokushukumisa amaqela abahlali abaxhobileyo ukungena kumhlaba ohlaliweyo. Gcina izizwe zaseAfrika ziphambili, hayi nje njengezithintelo kuHambo.
Isivumelwano somhlaba nokumkani wamaZulu saphela ngokubulawa kweqela likaRetief.
UPiet Retief waxoxa nokumkani wamaZulu uDingane ngomhlaba eNatala. Emva kokuba kusithiwa kwasayinwa isivumelwano, uDingane wabulalisa uRetief namadoda akhe kwikomkhulu lakhe, eMgungundlovu, ngoFebruwari 1838, imikhosi yamaZulu yahlasela iinkampu zabahambi. Ngokwembono yamaZulu, abangeneleli abaxhobileyo ababanga umhlaba wamaZulu babeyingozi ethe ngqo ekusindeni kobukumkani.
- Omabini amacala ayengathembani ngeenjongo zelinye ngomhlaba neenkomo.
- Ukubulawa nokuhlaselwa kwakhokelela ekubeni amaVoortrekker alungiselele idabi elikhulu.
- Oku kwamisela imeko yeDabi laseBlood River kamva ngowe-1838.
Speaker notes
Bonisa iingcaciso ezikhuphisanayo kunongendawo omnye: iingxelo zamaVoortrekker zigxininisa ubuqhophololo, ngelixa ngasecaleni likaDingane abahambi babeyingozi yobuqhinga kwinkululeko yamaZulu, kanye njengoko babenjalo kumaNdebele. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba balinganise isizathu nobungqina. Phawula ukuba ezinye iinkcukacha zesivumelwano ziyaphikiswanwa ngokwembali.
Ilaager (isangqa seenqwelo) yamaVoortrekker yoyisa umkhosi omkhulu wamaZulu - idabi elisaphikiswanwa ngalo enkumbulweni namhlanje.
Ngomhla we-16 Disemba 1838 malunga nama-470 amaVoortrekker phantsi kuka -Andries Pretorius, ekhusela ilaager (isangqa seenqwelo) ngemipu neekhanuni, oyisa umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu wamaZulu ecaleni koMlambo iNcome. Ababulawayo bamaZulu babebaninzi kakhulu ngelixa ilahleko yabahambi yayincinci kakhulu, kwaye kwathiwa umlambo wagijima ubomvu - into eyanika idabi igama lalo. [SME: verify casualty figures.]
- Abahambi babenze isibhambathiso senkolo phambi kwedabi, kamva esaphawulwa njengoSuku lweSibhambathiso (Day of the Vow).
- Uloyiso lwavula iNatala ekuhlaleni kwamaVoortrekker kwaye lwawathoba amandla kaDingane.
- Namhlanje le ndawo ikhunjulwa ngeembono ezimbini - njengeBlood RivernanjengeNcome - ekubonakala kuSuku lokuXolelaniswa (Day of Reconciliation).
Speaker notes
Liphathe ngononophelo eli dabi elibuthathaka. Chaza isizathu somkhosi somphumo: imipu neekhanuni ngasemva kwelaager eqinisiweyo ngokuchasene namajoni axhobe ikakhulu ngemikhonto. Jongana nenkumbulo ngokuthe ngqo - isiganeko esinye sikhunjulwa ngoluntu olwahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahluke kakhulu, ngoku esele sisongelwe kuSuku lokuXolelaniswa (16 Disemba). Eli lithuba elihle lokuxoxa ngendlela imbali ekhunjulwa ngayo, hayi nje into eyenzekayo. Amanani abo babulawayo ayahluka phakathi kwemithombo; qinisekisa phambi kokufundisa amanani achanekileyo.
Emdeni wasempuma weKapa, amakoloniyali namaXhosa alwa uthotho olude lweemfazwe ngomhlaba neenkomo.
Ngokwahlukileyo kuHambo Olukhulu, iKoloni yaseKapa yalwa uthotho lweemfazwe ngokuchasene namaXhosa kumda wasempuma - ngamanye amaxesha ezibizwa ngokuba ziiMfazwe zoMda okanye iiMfazwe zoKuhluthwa koMhlaba (Wars of Dispossession, 1779-1878). Imfazwe ngemfazwe, ikoloni yayityhala umda ngasempuma yathabatha umhlaba wamaXhosa, iinkomo nenkululeko.
- Ulawulo lomhlaba wokwalusa nobusela beenkomo kumacala omabini kwakhokelela kwiimpixano eziphindaphindiweyo.
- AmaNgesi asebenzisa iinqaba, abahlali kunye nemikhosi ukubamba nokwandisa umda.
- Ngowe-1878 ukuxhathisa kwamaXhosa kwakuqhawuliwe kwaye umhlaba wawo waxutywa kwikoloni.
Speaker notes
Iimfazwe zomda kulula ukuzityeshela xa zithelekiswa noHambo Olukhulu olunomdla, kodwa zibalulekile kumxholo we-CAPS wokuhluthwa komhlaba. Gxininisa ipateni endaweni yemfazwe nganye: xa zidibene umda wahamba wasingasempuma yaye amaXhosa alahlekelwa ngumhlaba nokuzimela geqe kwawo. IGrahamstown/iMakhanda yakhula njengeziko lomkhosi wobukoloniyali nabahlali kulo mda.
Isiphithiphithi sezopolitiko phakathi kwezizwe zaseAfrika sadibana nokwanda kobukoloniyali - kwaye izizathu zaso ziyaphikiswanwa.
Ngelo xesha, iMfecane (iDifaqane) yabona iimfazwe, ufuduko kunye nokuvela nokuwa kobukumkani kulo lonke ilizwe langaphakathi, oku kunxulunyaniswa nokukhula kombuso wamaZulu phantsi kukaShaka kunye nokhuphiswano ngomhlaba norhwebo. Iingxelo ezindala zazibeka ityala kumaZulu kuphela; abanembali abaninzi ngoku baphikisa besithi iingcinezelo ezinjengorhwebo, imbalela nemfuno yabasebenzi neenkomo - ezinye zinxulunyaniswa nokwanda kobukoloniyali - nazo zaba nendima. [SME: historiography of the Mfecane is contested.]
- Esi siphithiphithi saguqula apho izizwe zaseAfrika zazihlala khona nokuba zazinamandla kangakanani.
- Amakoloniyali ngamanye amaxesha ayebanga ngokungeyonyani ukuba oku kwashiya umhlaba 'ongenabantu' okhululekile ukuba uthathwe.
- Enyanisweni, umhlaba owawuphungulwe abantu yimpixano wawusabangwa kwaye ukhunjulwa ngabantu baseAfrika.
Speaker notes
Lo ngumxholo ophikiswanwa ngokwenene - wuphathe njengembali-ntsomi, isakhono esifaneleke i-FET. Lumkisa abafundi ngokuchasene nentsomi endala 'yomhlaba ongenabantu' eyayisebenzisa iMfecane ukuthethelela amabango omhlaba amaBhulu. Bonisa utshintsho olusuka kwingcaciso yesizathu esinye (uShaka) ukuya kweyezizathu ezininzi equka iingcinezelo zobukoloniyali nezoqoqosho. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babone ukuba abanembali baguqula iingcaciso njengoko ubungqina neembono zitshintsha.
Kuvela kuHambo neemfazwe zalo kwavela amazwe alawulwa ngamaBhulu ngaphakathi ezweni.
AmaVoortrekker aseka awawo amazwe. Irhephabhliki yawo eNatala (Natalia) yathinjwa yiBritane ngo -1843, kodwa ngaphakathi ezweni amaBhulu aseka i-Orange Free State kunye neRhephabhliki yaseMzantsi Afrika (Transvaal), ekwathi inkululeko yayo yavunywa yiBritane kwiingqungquthela zaseSand River (1852) neBloemfontein (1854).
- Ezi rhephabhliki zazakhelwe kumhlaba owawuthatyathwe kwizizwe zaseAfrika.
- Zazibalela amalungelo ezopolitiko abantu baseAfrika, amaKhoikhoi nabantu abaBebala.
- IBritane neerhephabhliki zamaBhulu zaziza kungqubana kamva ngolawulo lwelizwe langaphakathi.
Speaker notes
Nxibelelanisa esi slayidi phambili noMxholo 6 (iMfazwe yaseMzantsi Afrika noManyano): iirhephabhliki ezidalwe apha ngamazwe iBritane eza kulwa nawo ngowe-1899-1902. Gxininisa ukuba la yayingamazwe obukoloniyali babahlali axhomekeke kukuhluthwa komhlaba nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokobuhlanga, ngoko ukusekwa kwawo yinxalenye yebali lokuhluthwa komhlaba, hayi into eyahlukileyo kulo.
Umphumo ophambili wokwanda kobukoloniyali emva kowe-1750 yayikukulahlekelwa ngumhlaba nenkululeko yabantu baseAfrika.
Kuwo wonke umda nelizwe langaphakathi, ukwanda kobukoloniyali kwadlulisela umhlaba, iinkomo namandla kusuka kwizizwe zaseAfrika kuya kumakoloniyali. Izizwe zaseAfrika zalahlekelwa kukuzimela geqe, abalimi batyhalelwa kwiindawo ezincinci nezihlwempuzekileyo, abaninzi barhwebeshelwa ekusebenzeleni amakoloniyali - iipateni kamva eziqiniswa yimithetho enjenge-Natives Land Act yowe-1913.
- Umhlaba yayilelona xhoba libalulekileyo - kwaye ukulahlekelwa ngawo kwabumba ubomi baseAfrika kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
- Ukuhluthwa komhlaba kwadala ukungalingani okunzulu nokuhlala njalo eMzantsi Afrika.
- Ezi ziganeko zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba zingumsuka weengxoxo zomhlaba eziqhubekayo namhlanje.
Speaker notes
Khangela umfanekiso omkhulu 'nokuba ngoko ke kuthetha ntoni'. Yenza umgca odlulayo ucace: iimfazwe zomda noHambo azishukumisanga nje imida, zakha isakhelo sokuhluthwa komhlaba esathi kamva umthetho wocalucalulo (apartheid) wasandisa. Oku kunxibelelanisa iyunithi nexesha langoku labafundi - umbandela womhlaba oqhubekayo - okuyiyona kanye nxibelelwano lohlalutyo imbali ye-FET eyifunayo.
- 1806 IBritane ithatha ulawulo oluhlala njalo lweKapa
- 1820 Abahlali bamaNgesi baka-1820 babekwa emdeni wasempuma
- 1828 I-Ordinance 50 ikhulula amaKhoikhoi kwimithetho yamapasi
- 1834 Ubukhoboka bupheliswa kuBukhosi bamaNgesi
- 1835 UHambo Olukhulu luyaqala
- 1838 URetief uyabulawa; iDabi laseBlood River (iNcome)
- 1852-1854 Iirhephabhliki zamaBhulu ziyavunywa (Transvaal, Orange Free State)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa oku ukuqinisa unobangela nomphumo phambi kokubuyekeza. Cela abafundi bahlule imihla ngokobangela (1820, 1828, 1834), uHambo ngokwalo (1835), impixano (1838) nemiphumo (1852-1854). Esi sakhelo sibonisa indlela imibuzo yemithombo nezincoko ze-CAPS eyakhiwe ngayo.
Ukwanda, ukuxhathisa nokuhluthwa komhlaba okubonwe ngembono engaphezu kwenye.
Izinguquko zamaNgesi eKapa zanceda ukutyhala amaBhulu ukuya ngaphakathi ezweni; uHambo Olukhulu neemfazwe zomda zathwala amandla obukoloniyali ngaphakathi; kwaye izizwe zaseAfrika - amaXhosa, amaZulu, amaNdebele, amaSotho namaTswana - zaxhathisa kodwa zahluthwa umhlaba nenkululeko. Ukufunda ezi ziganeko ngeembono ezahlukeneyo bubuchule obungundoqo bembali ye-FET.
Q. Chaza indlela izinguquko zamaNgesi eKapa (Abahlali baka-1820, i-Ordinance 50 nokupheliswa kobukhoboka) ezanegalelo ngayo kuHambo Olukhulu. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa iDabi laseBlood River (iNcome), chaza indlela isiganeko esinye sembali esinokuqondwa ngokwahlukileyo ngayo ngokuxhomekeka kwimbono. (6 marks)
Q. Ukuya kutsho kweliphi inqanaba ukuhluthwa komhlaba kwakungumphumo ophambili wokwanda kobukoloniyali eMzantsi Afrika emva kowe-1750? Xhasa impendulo yakho ngobungqina. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Qukumbela ngokubuyela kwimisonto emithathu evela kwislayidi 1 nomxholo wembono. Imibuzo emithathu inyuka ngokwemfuno yengqondo - chaza, thelekisa iimbono, uze uphikisane ngesigwebo sokuya-kutsho-kweliphi-inqanaba - ihambelana neelindelo ze-CAPS ezisekwe kwimithombo nezokubhala okwandisiweyo. UmBuzo 3 usebenza kakuhle njengomsebenzi wokucwangcisa isincoko. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba le yunithi imisela uMxholo 6: iMfazwe yaseMzantsi Afrika nokwenziwa koManyano lwaseMzantsi Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Colonial expansion after 1750
- Resource type
- Presentation