Kutsi kwandziswa kwemaNgisi nemaBhunu, iGreat Trek nemphi yemngcele kwawubumba kanjani kabusha uningizimu ne-Afrika - kwaphuca bantfu base-Afrika umhlaba wabo.
Speaker notes
Beka lesifundvo ezingeni le-FET: lena akusiyo nje indzaba yemakalishi lahambako kodvwa yekuncintisana ngomhlaba nemandla. Sungula tintsanjana letintsatfu letihlangeneko - (1) inguculo yeBrithani yeKoloni yaseKapa, (2) imphendvulo yemaBhunu neGreat Trek, na-(3) timphi temngcele lekwatsi ngato tive tase-Afrika talahlekelwa ngumhlaba nenkhululeko. Gcizelela kutsi tehlakalo letifananako tibukeka tehluke kakhulu kuye ngembono lositsatsa wabani.
Ngo-1750 lesifundza sasiyindzawo yekuhlala kwemiphakatsi leminingi lesele yakhelekile neyehlukene - bekungakaze kube ngumhlaba longenamuntfu.
Ngaphambi kakhulu kwekwandziswa kwebukoloni lokukhulu, uningizimu ne-Afrika bewuhlaliswe kakhulu. Belusi beKhoikhoi nebatingeli-batfutfumali bemaSan bebahlala kuwo wonkhe umkhatsi weKapa, kanti tive letinemandla letikhuluma siBantu - phakatsi kwato emaXhosa, emaZulu, baSotho nabaTswana - bebalima, bagcina tinkhomo futsi bahwebe kuyo yonkhe incenye yasempumalanga yalesifundza.
- IDutch East India Company (VOC) beyibusa likoloni lelincane eduze naseKapa, lebeliseshenzelwa kakhulu bantfu labenteka batigcili.
- Tinkhomo, umhlaba nekulawula tindlela tekuhweba kwakuyimitfombo lemikhulu yemcebo namandla.
- Imiphakatsi yase-Afrika beyinemitsetfo yayo, emabutfo netinhlelo tekubusa - bebangesibo bantfu labamane babukele.
Speaker notes
Bhekana ngco nenganekwane yebukoloni ye'mhlaba longenamuntfu' leyasetjentiswa emuva kucaphelisa kuphucwa komhlaba. Gcizelela bunkimbinkimbi nemandla ekutentela: lawa bekuma tive lahlelekile lanetinhlaka letinemandla temphi netepolitiki. Lesisisekelo sibalulekile, ngobe konkhe lokulandzelako kungukuncintisana ngomhlaba netinkhomo temiphakatsi lebeyivele ikhona lapha.
Emkhatsini wa-1795 na-1806 iKapa yadlulela kusuka ku-VOC iya kuBrithani - kanti tintfo lebetibaluleke kumaNgisi betihlukile.
IBrithani yatsatsa iKapa kwekucala nga-1795 futsi yayitsatsa ngokuphelele nga-1806, yayigcina ngemuva kwetiMphi taNapoleon (Napoleonic Wars). KuBrithani iKapa bekuyikakhulukati sikhungo semikhumbi yemphi (naval station) lesisemcocweni endleleni yaselwandle leya eNdiya, kodvwa kubusa kwemaNgisi kwacala masinyane kushintsha umtsetfo, umsebenti nemhlaba ngekhatsi kwelikoloni.
- Baphatsi bemaNgisi bebafuna likoloni lelihlelekile kakhulu, lelikhokhelwa intsela nalelibusekako.
- SiNgisi sakhutsatwa etinkantolo, etikolweni nakuhulumende (i-anglicisation, kwentiwa kube ngemaNgisi).
- Letinguculo tabakhathaza bahlali labehla emaDashi, labeza kubitwa ngekutsi emaBhunu (Boers) noma emaAfrikaner.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi kushintjwa kwebabusi bekubaluleke ngani: i-VOC beyiyinkampani yekuhweba; iBrithani beyiwumbuso lomkhulu wemhlaba wonkhe lonetinhloso tekwenta tinguculo netamacebo. I-anglicisation nenguculo yekuphatsa kwadala kungezwani nebahlali labakhuluma siDashi. Loku kungezwani kungenye yetimphandze teGreat Trek lesitakuchaza masinyane.
Emkhatsini wa-1820 na-1834 iBrithani yashintsha kutsi ngubani lobengaba nemsebenti, ngubani lobenemalungelo, nekutsi ngubani lobengahlala emngceleni.
1820 Settlers
IBrithani yahlalisa tinkhulungwane letimbalwa tebafiki bemaNgisi emngceleni wasempumalanga njengesihlangu sebantfu lesivikela emaXhosa, ngaloko yandzisa kuncintisana ngomhlaba.
Ordinance 50 (1828)
Yasusa imikhawulo yemaphasi (pass) kumaKhoikhoi nakubantfu labamnyama labakhululekile, yabanika kulingana ngokwemtsetfo lokwacunula emaBhunu lamanyenti.
Abolition of slavery (1834)
Bugcili baphela kuwo wonkhe uMbuso weBrithani; emaBhunu labebanemtsigcili beva sengatsi isinxephezelo besincane kakhulu futsi sikhokhelwa eLondon lekhashane.
Speaker notes
Letinguculo letintsatfu 'timbangela letisukumisa' (push factors) letivamile teGreat Trek. Titsatse ngekuhlatiya: tikhalo temaBhunu betiyingxenye telomnotfo (kulahlekelwa ngumsebenti webatigcili nemhlaba) natinye timayelana nesikhundla nekulawula bantfu base-Afrika nemaKhoikhoi. Cabanga kutsi tinguculo letatiqhutjwa titinhloso teBrithani tebuntfu netembuso, kumaKhoikhoi nakubatigcili, betinemphumela wangempela wekukhulula - umbono webani ubalulekile.
Kusukela nga-1835 emacembu emaBhunu - emaVoortrekker - asuka eKoloni yaseKapa afuna umhlaba nenkhululeko ngaphandle kwekubusa kwemaNgisi.
IGreat Trek (1835-1846) beyiluchungechunge lwekufuduka lokuhleliwe kwebalimi labakhuluma siDashi basuka esempumalanga yeKapa. Kumanifesto wakhe wa-1837, umholi weVoortrekker Piet Retief wabhala tikhalo lokubandzakanya kulahlekelwa ngumsebenti webatigcili, kungaphephi emngceleni, nekungenelela kwetiphatsimandla temaNgisi nebefundisi (missionaries).
- Timbangela letisukumisa: i-anglicisation, kuphela kwebugcili, i-Ordinance 50, kushoda kwemhlaba nemphi yemngcele.
- Timbangela letidvonsa: setsembiso semhlaba wekwelusa wamahhala nekutibusa ngekhatsi elizweni.
- Baholi babebandzakanya Retief, Gert Maritz, Andries Pretorius na-Andries Hendrik Potgieter.
Speaker notes
Hlukanisa timbangela letisukumisa naletidvonsa ngokucacile - luhlaka lwevivinyo lweCAPS lolujwayelekile. Funda tikhalo temanifesto waRetief ngeso lelihlolisisako: tembula loko emaVoortrekker labekufuna (umhlaba nekulawula umsebenti ngaphandle kwemikhawulo yeBrithani). Gwema kwetfula iTrek njengelisiphetfo lelinelibhongo; bekuyimphendvulo yelicembu linye ekulahlekelweni ngemalungelo lakhetsekile, lenemiphumela lesindzako emiphakatsini yase-Afrika lebeyisendleleni yayo.
Emacembu emaVoortrekker ashuca aya enyakatfo nasempumalanga aya emhlabeni lobesele ihlaliswe yimiphakatsi yase-Afrika.
Bahambi (trekkers) bawela Orange River basakateka baya ehighveld nasekutseni kweNatal. Abazange bashuce baye elizweni lelingenamuntfu: bangena etindzaweni temaNdebele ngaphansi kwaMzilikazi, emaZulu ngaphansi kwaDingane, netive tebaSotho-baTswana, lokwenta imphi cishe iciniseke.
- Licembu laPotgieter lashayisana nemaNdebele, labehlula eVegkop (1836) naseMosega (1837).
- Licembu laRetief lawela iDrakensberg langena eNatal lifuna umhlaba enkhosini yemaZulu uDingane.
- Lokufuduka kwasakata tibango temhlaba tesitayela sebukoloni tijula tingene elizweni.
Speaker notes
Cinisa umutsi wetibango temhlaba letigcwanekako. Tindlela tetrek tatsatsa bahambi tabayisa ngco emibusweni lenemandla, ngako timphi letilandzelako betingesiwo emalahleko kodvwa umphumela lobolekwako wekushucisa emacembu ebahlali lahlomile aye emhlabeni lohlaliweko. Gcina tive tase-Afrika ngaphambili, hhayi nje njengetihibe etreki.
Sivumelwano semhlaba nenkhosi yemaZulu saphetsa ngekubulawa kwelicembu laRetief.
Piet Retief waxoxisana nenkhosi yemaZulu Dingane ngomhlaba eNatal. Ngemuva kwekutsi sivumelwano kutsiwa sasayindwa, uDingane wabulala Retief nemadvodza akhe enhloko-dolobha yakhe, euMgungundlovu, ngoFebruwari 1838, futsi emabutfo emaZulu ahlasela emakamu ebahambi. Ngokwembono wemaZulu, bafiki labasha labehlomile labebanga umhlaba wemaZulu bebayingoti lengco ekusindzeni kwembuso.
- Womabili emacembu abengetsembani ngetinhloso talelinye mayelana nemhlaba netinkhomo.
- Kubulawa netihlaselo kwaholela emaVoortrekker kutsi alungiselele imphi lenkhulu.
- Loku kwabeka sizinda seMphi yaseBlood River kamuva nga-1838.
Speaker notes
Yetfula tinchazelo letincintisanako esikhundleni sesigangi sinye: tindzaba temaVoortrekker tigcizelela buchashaza, kanti ngaseceleni laDingane bahambi bebayingoti yamacebo enkhululekweni yemaZulu, njengoba babenjalo nakumaNdebele. Khutsata bafundi kutsi bakale intfo lehlohla nebufakazi. Veta kutsi leminye imininingwane yesivumelwano iyaphikiswana ngokwemlando.
I-laager (sibaya semakalishi) yemaVoortrekker yehlula libutfo lelikhulu lemaZulu - imphi lesaphikiswana ngayo enkhumbulweni namuhla.
Ngamhla ka-16 Disemba 1838 cishe emaVoortrekker langu-470 ngaphansi kwa-Andries Pretorius, avikela i-laager (sibaya semakalishi lasakaka) ngetibhamu (muskets) nekhanuni, ehlula libutfo lemaZulu lelalilikhulu kakhulu eceleni kweNcome River. Bafi bemaZulu babebanyenti kakhulu kanti kulahlekelwa kwebahambi bekukuncane, futsi umfula kwatsiwa wageleta ubovu - lokwanika lemphi ligama layo. [SME: cinisekisa tibalo tebafi.]
- Bahambi babentise sifungo senkholo ngaphambi kwemphi, lekwaba emuva litsentsiwe njenge-Day of the Vow (LiLanga leSifungo).
- Loku kunqoba kwavula iNatal ekuhlaleni kwemaVoortrekker futsi kwabuthakatsaka emandla aDingane.
- Namuhla lendzawo ikhunjulwa ngemibono lemibili - njengeBlood River nanjengeNcome - lokubonakala kuLiLanga leKubuyisana (Day of Reconciliation).
Speaker notes
Phatsa lemphi lebutsakatsaka ngekunakekela. Chaza sizatfu semphi salomphumela: tibhamu nekhanuni ngemuva kwe-laager lebiyelweko ngokumelene nemabutfo lahlome kakhulu ngemikhonto. Bhekana nenkhumbulo ngco - lesehlakalo lesifananako sikhunjulwa yimiphakatsi lehlukene ngetindlela letehluke kakhulu, manje lesesifakwe kuLiLanga leKubuyisana (16 Disemba). Lesi ngumzuzu lomuhle kakhulu wekucoca ngekutsi umlando ukhunjulwa kanjani, hhayi nje kutsi kwentekani. Tibalo tebafi tiyehluka kuyimitfombo; ciniseka ngaphambi kwekufundzisa tibalo letiqondile.
Emngceleni wasempumalanga weKapa, bahlali bebukoloni nemaXhosa balwa luchungechunge loludze lwemiphi ngomhlaba netinkhomo.
Ngaphandle kweGreat Trek, iKoloni yaseKapa yalwa luchungechunge lwemiphi nemaXhosa ecaleni kwemngcele wasempumalanga - lekwaphindze kwabitwa ngeFrontier Wars noma Timphi teKuphucwa (Wars of Dispossession, 1779-1878). Ngamphi nemphi, ikoloni yasundvutela umngcele waya empumalanga yatsatsa umhlaba wemaXhosa, tinkhomo nenkhululeko.
- Kulawula umhlaba wekwelusa nekwebiwa kwetinkhomo emaceleni omabili kwaqhuba imphi lephindzaphindzako.
- EmaNgisi asebentisa tinqaba (forts), bahlali nemabutfo kubamba nekwandzisa umngcele.
- Ngo-1878 kumelana kwemaXhosa kwaphuka futsi umhlaba wabo wamitswa yikoloni.
Speaker notes
Timphi temngcele kulula kutsi tinganakwa eceleni kweGreat Trek lehlaba umxhwele, kodvwa tisembulwini wesihloko seCAPS sekuphucwa. Gcizelela iphetheni esikhundleni sayo yonkhe imphi ngayinye: ngokuhlanganyela umngcele washuca waya empumalanga futsi emaXhosa alahlekelwa ngumhlaba wawo nebukhosi. IGrahamstown/Makhanda yakhula njengesikhungo sebukoloni sempi nesebahlali kulomngcele.
Isiphitsiphitsi sepolitiki emkhatsini wetive tase-Afrika sagcwaneka nekwandziswa kwebukoloni - futsi timbangela taso tiyaphikiswana.
Ngaso leso sikhatsi, iMfecane (Difaqane) yabona timphi, kufuduka nekuvela nekuwa kwemibuso kuwo wonkhe umkhatsi welive, lokuhlotjaniswa nekukhula kwembuso wemaZulu ngaphansi kwaShaka nekuncintisana ngomhlaba nekuhweba. Tindzaba tekadze tasola emaZulu wodvwa; bo-somlando labanyenti manje batsi ingcindzetelo lenjengekuhweba, tomiso nesidzingo semsebenti netinkhomo - lokunye lokuboshelwe ekwandziseni kwebukoloni - nako kwaba nendzima. [SME: umbhalo-mlando weMfecane uyaphikiswana.]
- Lesiphitsiphitsi sabumba kabusha kutsi tive tase-Afrika betihlala kuphi nekutsi betinemandla kangakanani.
- Bahlali bebukoloni ngalesinye sikhatsi babanga ngephutsa kutsi loku kwashiya umhlaba 'longenamuntfu' lokhululekile kutsi utsatfwe.
- Eciniso, umhlaba lowashiywa yimphi wawusabangwa futsi ukhunjulwa bantfu base-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Lesi sihloko esiphikiswana ngempela - siphatse njengombhalo-mlando (historiography), likhono lelifanele i-FET. Xwayisa bafundi ngenganekwane yakadzeni ye'mhlaba longenamuntfu' leyasebentisa iMfecane kucaphelisa tibango temhlaba temaBhunu. Yetfula kushintsha kusuka enchazelweni yembangela munye (Shaka) kuya kulena yetimbangela letinyenti lebandzakanya ingcindzetelo yebukoloni neyomnotfo. Khutsata bafundi kutsi babone kutsi bo-somlando bayatiguqula tinchazelo njengoba bufakazi nemibono kushintsha.
Etrekini nasetimphini tayo kwavela emazwe labuswa ngemaBhunu ngekhatsi elizweni.
EmaVoortrekker akha emazwe awo. Iriphabhulikhi yawo eNatal (Natalia) yatsatfwa yiBrithani nga-1843, kodvwa ngekhatsi elizweni emaBhunu akha iOrange Free State neSouth African Republic (Transvaal), lekwatsi inkhululeko yayo iBrithani yayivuma etivumelwaneni tase Sand River (1852) neBloemfontein (1854).
- Lamariphabhulikhi akhelwa emhlabeni lowatsatfwa etiveni tase-Afrika.
- Aphika emalungelo epolitiki kubantfu base-Afrika, emaKhoikhoi nebantfu bebala (Coloured).
- IBrithani nemariphabhulikhi emaBhunu babetawushayisana kamuva ngekulawula live langekhatsi.
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa lesitfombe naphambili neSihloko 6 (iMphi yaseNingizimu Afrika neManyano/Union): emariphabhulikhi ladalwe lapha ngemazwe iBrithani letawulwa nawo nga-1899-1902. Gcizelela kutsi lawa bekungemazwe ebahlali-bebukoloni lasima ekuphucweni nekukhishwa ngokwebuhlanga, ngako kusungulwa kwawo kuyingxenye yendzaba yekuphucwa, hhayi lokwehlukile kuyo.
Umphumela losemcocweni wekwandziswa kwebukoloni ngemuva kwa-1750 bekukulahlekelwa ngumhlaba nenkhululeko yase-Afrika.
Kuwo wonkhe umngcele nelive langekhatsi, kwandziswa kwebukoloni kwadlulisela umhlaba, tinkhomo nemandla kusuka etiveni tase-Afrika kuya kubahlali bebukoloni. Tive tase-Afrika talahlekelwa bukhosi, balimi baphuselwa etindzaweni letincane naletimphofu, kanti labanyenti badvonselwa ekusebenteleni bahlali bebukoloni - emaphetheni lawaba lukhuni kamuva ngemitsetfo lenjenge-1913 Natives Land Act.
- Umhlaba bewuwumtfombo losemcocweni - futsi kulahleka kwawo kwabumba imphilo yase-Afrika titukulwane ngetitukulwane.
- Kuphucwa kwadala kungalingani lokujulile nalokuhlala isikhatsi eside eNingizimu Afrika.
- Letehlakalo telikhulu leminyaka leshumi nemfica (nineteenth century) tiyimphandze yetimphikiswano temhlaba letichubekako namuhla.
Speaker notes
Buka isitfombe lesikhulu 'nekutsi ngako-ke'. Yenta umugca lohamba wonkhe ucace: timphi temngcele netrek atizange nje tishucise imincele, takha sakhiwo sekuphucwa lesatselulwa kamuva ngumtsetfo webandlululo. Loku kuhlanganisa lesifundvo nesikhatsi samanje sebafundzi - umbuzo lochubekako womhlaba - lokuyiyona kanye inhlanganiselo yekuhlatiya leyifunwa yi-FET History.
- 1806 IBrithani itsatsa iKapa ngokuphelele
- 1820 Ba-1820 Settlers bemaNgisi babekwa emngceleni wasempumalanga
- 1828 I-Ordinance 50 ikhulula emaKhoikhoi emitsetfweni yemaphasi
- 1834 Bugcili baphelisiwe eMbusweni weBrithani
- 1835 IGreat Trek iyacala
- 1838 Retief uyabulawa; IMphi yaseBlood River (Ncome)
- 1852-1854 Emariphabhulikhi emaBhunu ayavunywa (Transvaal, Orange Free State)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa loku kucinisa imbangela nemphumela ngaphambi kwekubuyekeza. Cela bafundi kutsi bahlele emalanga abe timbangela (1820, 1828, 1834), itrek uqobo (1835), imphi (1838) nemiphumela (1852-1854). Lesakhiwo sifana nendlela imibuzo yemtfombo neyesincoco weCAPS lehleleke ngayo.
Kwandziswa, kumelana nekuphucwa kubukwa ngemibono leyehlukene.
Inguculo yeBrithani yeKapa yasita kusundvutela emaBhunu aye ngekhatsi elizweni; iGreat Trek netimphi temngcele tatsatsa emandla ebukoloni tawayisa ngekhatsi elizweni; kanti tive tase-Afrika - emaXhosa, emaZulu, emaNdebele, baSotho nebaTswana - tamelana kodvwa taphucwa umhlaba nenkhululeko. Kufundza letehlakalo ngemibono leyehlukene likhono elisemcocweni le-FET History.
Q. Chaza kutsi tinguculo temaNgisi eKapa (ba-1820 Settlers, i-Ordinance 50 nekuphelisa kwebugcili) taba nesandla kanjani eGreat Trek. (8 marks)
Q. Usebentisa iMphi yaseBlood River (Ncome), chaza kutsi sehlakalo lesisodvwa sasemlandvweni singacondzakala ngendlela lehlukile kuye ngembono. (6 marks)
Q. Kuze kube ngaphi kuphucwa komhlaba bekuwumphumela lomkhulu wekwandziswa kwebukoloni eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kwa-1750? Sekela imphendvulo yakho ngebufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetsa ngekubuyela etintsanjeni letintsatfu tesitfombe 1 nesihloko sembono. Lemibuzo lemitsatfu iyakhula ekudzingeni kwengcondvo - chaza, catsanisa imibono, bese uphikisana ngesehlulelo sebukhulu - lokuhambisana netilindzelo teCAPS letisekelwe emtfonjeni netekubhala lokwendlaliwe. Umbuzo 3 usebenta kahle njengemsebenti wekuhlela indzatjana. Khumbuta bafundi kutsi lesifundvo silungiselela iSihloko 6: iMphi yaseNingizimu Afrika nekwakhiwa kweManyano yaseNingizimu Afrika (Union of South Africa).
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Colonial expansion after 1750
- Resource type
- Presentation