Impi YaseNingizimu Afrika Nenyunyana, 1899-1910
Indlela impi yegolide nombuso wamakoloni eyalushintsha ngayo ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Afrika, nendlela iNyunyana yango-1910 eyakha ngayo umbuso olawulwa abamhlophe phezu kwezindicosho.
Speaker notes
Bethula isihloko njengezinqubo ezimbili ezixhumene: impi yombuso ebhubhisayo (1899-1902) nesivumelwano sezombusazwe (iNyunyana yango-1910). Cela abafundi baphathe umbuzo owodwa wokuhlaziya kuyo yonke isifundo: ubani owazuza nobani owalahlekelwa kokukodwa nokunye? Gcizelela ukuthi le mpi ibizwa ngokuthi 'iMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika' abalando-mlando abaningi ngoba yathinta yaphinde yalimaza bonke abaseNingizimu Afrika, hhayi amaBhilithani namaBhunu kuphela.
Igolide, umbuso nombuzo wama-Uitlander
Impi yavela ekungqubuzaneni phakathi kwesifiso sombuso wamaBhilithani nenkululeko yeriphabhulikhi yamaBhunu - igolide liphakathi nendawo.
Ukutholakala kwegolide eWitwatersrand ngo-1886 kwenza iRiphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika (iTransvaal) yaba umbuso ocebe kunayo yonke esifundeni. IBhilithani yayifuna ukulawula lomcebo nokubusa kuyo yonke ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Afrika.
- Ama-Uitlander (ikakhulukazi abafuduki bamaBhilithani ezimayini zegolide) baviwa amalungelo aphelele okuvota nguhulumeni kaMongameli Paul Kruger.
- Iziphathimandla zamaBhilithani, ezaziholwa nguKhomishana Ophezulu u-Alfred Milner, zasebenzisa isikhalo sama-Uitlander njengesixhobo sokuqala impi.
- Ukuhlasela kukaJameson (Jameson Raid, 1895-96) okwehlulekayo kwase kususe ukungathembani kwamaBhunu ngeBhilithani.
- Abanikazi bezimayini nabathanda umbuso wamakoloni babefuna uhlelo lwabasebenzi noluntela oluzinzile nolulawulwa amaBhilithani eRandi.
Speaker notes
Hola abafundi bedlule kuchazo lwembangela eyodwa. Bakhuthaze ukuba balinganise izimbangela zomnotho (igolide, imali yezimayini) neze zombusazwe nezamasu (ukubusa kombuso, umbono we-'Cape-to-Cairo'). Indima kaMilner ibalulekile: wayefuna impi eyophula amandla amaBhunu. Qaphela ukuthi abantu base-Afrika, umhlaba nabasebenzi babo abasekela umnotho, babengenalo izwi enkingeni eyaholela empini.
Amariphabhulikhi amabili amelene noMbuso WamaBhilithani
Impi yaqala ngomhla ka-11 Okthoba 1899 emva kokuphela kwesixwayiso sokugcina sikaKruger esasifuna ukuba amabutho amaBhilithani ahoxe emingceleni.
I-Riphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika (iTransvaal) ne-Orange Free State zahlangana zamelana nombuso omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni. IBhilithani ekugcineni yathumela cishe amabutho angu-450,000, athathwa kuwo wonke umbuso, emelene namaBhunu asempini angaba yizi-60,000-88,000 ayekwikhomando.
- Impumelelo yokuqala yamaBhunu: ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha lase-Mafeking, Kimberley naseLadysmith.
- 'ISonto Elimnyama' (Black Week, Disemba 1899) labona amaBhilithani ehlulwa kabuhlungu eColenso, eMagersfontein naseStormberg.
- IBhilithani yabe seyithela amasosha amaningi ngaphansi kukaLord Roberts noLord Kitchener.
Speaker notes
Beka isilinganiso: inani labantu bemayini yamariphabhulikhi elincane limelene nombuso womhlaba wonke. Impumelelo yokuqala yamaBhunu yamangaza umhlaba futhi yaqeda ukuzethemba kwamaBhilithani. Sebenzisa 'iSonto Elimnyama' ukukhombisa ukuthi impi yayingesona isinqumo esisheshayo sombuso ebekulindele iBhilithani. Izinombolo ziyahluka phakathi kwemithombo - zethule njengezilinganiso ezingaqondile, hhayi izibalo eziqondile. [SME] Qinisekisa amabanga amandla amabutho ngokwezibalo iSAHO eyithandayo.
Kusuka ezimpini ezihlelekile kuya empini yekhomando
Emva kokuba iBhilithani ithumbe amakhaputali amaBhunu, amaBhunu enqaba ukuzinikela ashintshela empini yekhomando yokuhlasela nokubaleka.
Maphakathi no-1900 iBhilithani yayithathe iBloemfontein nePretoria yaphinde yathwebula ngokusemthethweni amariphabhulikhi. Kodwa amakhomando amaBhunu - ama-bittereinder ('abagcina isibindi kwaze kwaba sekugcineni') - alwa aqhubeka enkangala, ehlasela izitimela nemigudu yezimpahla ngaphansi kwabaholi abanjengo-De Wet, De la Rey noSmuts.
- UKitchener waphendula ngenqubomgomo yokushisa umhlaba (scorched-earth): eshisa amapulazi, ebulala imfuyo ecekela phansi izitshalo.
- Kwakhiwa uhlelo lwezindlu zokulinda (blockhouse) nocingo olunameva ukuvimbela nokubamba amakhomando.
- Izakhamuzi - amaBhunu nabantu base-Afrika - zasuswa emhlabeni zafakwa emakamu.
Speaker notes
Lokhu kuyisiphetho sokuhlaziya sempi. Chaza ukuthi kungani inqubomgomo yokushisa umhlaba yasetshenziswa: ukwenqaba ukudla, ikhaya nokwesekwa kwamakhomando emapulazini. Gcizelela uxhumano oluqondile phakathi kokushisa umhlaba namakamu - izakhamuzi ezidilizelwe amakhaya kwakumele zibekwe kwenye indawo. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo samaslayidi amathathu alandelayo mayelana namakamu okuhlushwa. Yiba nokuzimbandakanya nangokweqiniso; okulandelayo kukhathaza.
Amakamu abesifazane nezingane bamaBhunu
Izinkulungwane zabesifazane nezingane bamaBhunu bavalelwa emakamu axineneyo lapho izifo zabulala khona ngesilinganiso esikhulu.
Njengoba amapulazi ayecekelwa phansi, amaBhilithani aqoqela imindeni yamaBhunu emakamu okuhlushwa (concentration camps). Ukuxinana, inhlanzeko embi, ukudla okunganele nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe zesimungumungwane, uphaphatheka nesifo sohudo kwenza amakamu abulale - ikakhulukazi ezinganeni.
- Cishe abavalelwa bamaBhunu abangu-26,000-28,000 bafa, iningi labo kwakuyizingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi nesithupha.
- Isabelo sokudla sasinqunywa kwesinye isikhathi emindenini ebamadoda ayo ayesalwa.
- Amakamu aba yinxeba elihlala njalo enkumbulweni nasebuzweni bama-Afrikaner.
Speaker notes
Phatha lokhu ngokunakekela nangenhlonipho. Chaza igama elithi 'concentration camp' emongweni walo womlando - amaBhilithani ayelisebenzisela ukuqoqwa (ukuqoqela ndawonye) kwezakhamuzi. Gcizelela ukuthi iningi lokufa kwaqhamuka ezifweni nasekunganakekelweni, hhayi ekubulaweni ngamabomu, kodwa inqubomgomo yamaBhilithani yadala izimo ezibulalayo. Qaphela ukuphila kwezombusazwe emva kwesikhathi: ukuhlupheka kwamakamu kwaba ngukubaluleka enkulu ebuzweni bama-Afrikaner bekhulu lama-20. Izibalo zabafa ziyahluka; yethula ibanga. [SME] Qinisekisa isibalo sokufa iSAHO esikthandayo.
Amakamu okuhlushwa abamnyama
Abantu base-Afrika bavalelwa emakamu ahlukene ayeziyalelwa isikhathi eside emlandweni wempi.
Abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika babengeyona indawo yokubukela nje. Abaningi basuswa ngenqubomgomo yokushisa umhlaba baphoqelelwa emakamu ahlukene, acwasene ngokwebala, lapho izimo zaziyimbi kakhulu khona nezabelo zokudla zincane kunasemakamu abamhlophe. Abaningi baphinde baphoqelelwa ukusebenzela izidingo zempi zamaBhilithani.
- Okungenani abavalelwa abamnyama abangu-14,000-20,000 kubhaliwe ukuthi bafa; inani langempela cishe lalilikhulu futhi lalibhalwe kabi.
- Ukuhlupheka kwabo kwakhishwa ezindabeni ezisemthethweni zempi cishe kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20.
- Ukubuyisa lomlando kuphonsela inselelo umqondo wokuthi impi 'kwakuyimpi yabamhlophe kuphela'.
Speaker notes
Leli slayidi lilungisa ukuthula okwahlala isikhathi eside embhalweni. Yenza kucace ukuthi abantu base-Afrika babengabahlukumezekile, abasebenzi nababambe iqhaza empini, nokuthi amakamu abo ayecwasene ngamabomu futhi enganikwa izinsiza. Gcizelela umlandobhalo: kungani lomlando wafihlwa, futhi ukubuyiswa kwawo kusitshelani ngokuthi ubani ovunyelwe ukubhala umlando? Izibalo zabafa aziqiniseki futhi zabhalwa kabi ngaleso sikhathi - gcizelela lokhu ngokusobala. [SME] Qinisekisa izibalo zokufa emakamu abamnyama ngokweSAHO.
U-Emily Hobhouse nesililo
Umlweli wenhlalakahle wamaBhilithani wadalula amakamu emhlabeni waphinde waphoqa uphenyo olusemthethweni.
Ukugcina lawa maKamu esebenza kuwukubulala izingane. Emily Hobhouse, mayelana namakamu okuhlushwa, 1901
U-Emily Hobhouse wavakashela amakamu ngo-1901 wabika izimo ezimbi kakhulu emphakathini wamaBhilithani. Umkhankaso wakhe wahlazisa uhulumeni waholela e-Fawcett Commission, izinguquko zayo ezanciphisa kancane isilinganiso sokufa.
- Imibiko yakhe yahlukanisa umbono womphakathi wamaBhilithani ngempi.
- Uhulumeni waqala wakuchitha, wabe eseyenza ingxenye ngokwalokho akutholayo.
- Usahlonishwa eNingizimu Afrika ngokudalula amakamu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa uHobhouse ukwethula umqondo wokwethenjwa komthombo nombono: umgxeki wamaBhilithani wenqubomgomo yamaBhilithani. Buza abafundi ukuthi kungani ubufakazi bomuntu ongaphakathi babunamandla kangaka. I-Fawcett Commission (uphenyo olusemthethweni lwabesifazane bodwa) laqinisekisa okuningi kwalokho akubikayo. Lesi yisikhathi esihle sekhono lokuhlaziya umthombo: ukwethembeka, ukusiza nokuchema. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama aqondile eqhaza likaHobhouse ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa; guqula amagama uma engaqinisekiseki.
Isivumelwano SaseVereeniging
AmaBhunu azinikela, aqeda inkululeko yawo kodwa awina izithembiso ezavikela izidingo zabamhlophe.
Impi yaphela nge-Sivumelwano (Sokuthula) SaseVereeniging, esasayindwa ngomhla ka-31 Meyi 1902. Amariphabhulikhi amabili amaBhunu aba ngamakoloni amaBhilithani, kodwa iBhilithani yanikeza imibandela emihle ukubuyisana namaBhunu - kufaka phakathi imali yokwakha kabusha amapulazi kanye nomvumelwano obalulekile wezombusazwe.
- ITransvaal ne-Orange Free State zaba ngamakoloni amaBhilithani.
- IBhilithani yathembisa u-3 million ngosizo lokwakha kabusha nokuzibusa ekugcineni.
- Okubaluleke kakhulu, umbuzo wamalungelo okuvota abantu base-Afrika wahlehliswa kwaze kwaba semva kokuzibusa - okwakusho ukuthi kwashiywa emakolonini amhlophe ukuba anqume.
Speaker notes
Leli slayidi lokuhlaziya libalulekile. Ukuthula 'kwakunobubele' kumaBhunu ncamashi ngoba iBhilithani yayifuna ubunye babamhlophe nekoloni elizinzile nelinenzuzo - ngokulahlekelwa okuqondile kwamalungelo ezombusazwe abantu base-Afrika. Dweba umugqa kusuka esigatshaneni sokuvota esihlehlisiwe lapha kuye ekukhishweni okwakhiwe eNyunyaneni yango-1910. Buza: ubani owalahlekelwa ngempela ukuthula? [SME] Qinisekisa isibalo se-3 million sokwakha kabusha namagama aqondile amalungelo okuvota e-Article/Clause 8.
Kusuka empini kuya eNyunyaneni, 1899-1910
- 1899 Impi iyaqala (11 Okthoba); ukuvinjezelwa kokuqala kwamaBhunu
- 1900 IBhilithani ithatha iBloemfontein nePretoria; impi yekhomando nokushisa umhlaba kuyaqala
- 1901 Amakamu okuhlushwa ayesebulala kakhulu; ukudalulwa ngu-Emily Hobhouse
- 1902 Isivumelwano SaseVereeniging siqeda impi (31 Meyi)
- 1908-09 INational Convention iqamba umthethosisekelo
- 1910 INyunyana YaseNingizimu Afrika iyasungulwa (31 Meyi)
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa ngaphambi kokusuka empini uye esivumelwaneni sezombusazwe. Veza ukulingana ikhalenda elakudala: iSivumelwano SaseVereeniging neNyunyana kwakhonjwa kokubili ngomhla ka-31 Meyi, kunemibhalo yeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Sebenzisa umugqa wesikhathi ukukhombisa imbangela nomphumela - impi yacekela phansi amariphabhulikhi, ukwakha kabusha kwahlanganisa amakoloni, futhi iNational Convention yakhiqiza umthethosisekelo weNyunyana.
Ukwakha kabusha kubhekiswe embusweni owodwa
Ukwakha Kabusha kwamaBhilithani ('Reconstruction') kwakha kabusha umnotho kwaphinde kwasondeza amakoloni amane embusweni owodwa.
Emva kwempi, u-Alfred Milner nabaphathi bakhe abasha (i-'Kindergarten') bahlela ukwenza amakoloni abe namasiko amaNgisi nokuwathuthukisa, ukuvuselela izimayini zegolide nokwakha kabusha amapulazi. Ukuhlanganiswa komnotho - uhlelo lwesitimela nolwentela olwabelwanayo - kwenza ukuhlangana kwezombusazwe kubukeke njengesinyathelo esilandelayo esinengqondo.
- Umnotho wezimayini waqalwa kabusha, ekuqaleni ngokwengxenye kusetshenziswa abasebenzi abangenisiwe abangamaShayina.
- ITransvaal ne-Orange River Colony zanikwa uhulumeni ozibusayo (ozinikela isibopho) ngo-1907.
- Abaholi bezamabhizinisi nabezombusazwe base beqhubeka bethi umbuso owodwa ohlangene ungaba namandla amakhulu futhi ushibhe ukuwuqhuba.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'Ukwakha Kabusha' njengephrojekthi yombuso ecatshangelwe ngamabomu, hhayi nje ukulungisa. UMilner wayefuna iNingizimu Afrika ekhuluma isiNgisi neqotho kwiBhilithani; ngokushaqisayo ukuhlanganisa kwakhe umnotho kwasiza ukudala izimo zenyunyana abezombusazwe bama-Afrikaner ababezoyihola maduzane. Qaphela abasebenzi abangamaShayina abangenisiwe njengesigigaba esiphikisanayo. Leli slayidi lixhumanisa impi nesivumelwano somthethosisekelo. [SME] Qinisekisa izinsuku zohulumeni ozibusayo kuwo wonke amakoloni.
Ukuxoxisana ngomthethosisekelo weNyunyana
Abameleli abamhlophe abavela emakolonini amane bahlangana ukuklama iNingizimu Afrika ehlangene - nokunquma ukuthi ngubani ozofakwa kuyo.
Abameleli abavela emakolonini ase-Cape, Natal, Transvaal nase-Orange River bahlangana e-National Convention ukuqamba umthethosisekelo. Wonke ummeleli wayemhlophe; abantu base-Afrika, abeBala kanye namaNdiya bakhishwa ezingxoxweni ezinquma ikusasa labo lezombusazwe.
- Bakhetha umbuso ohlangene (uhulumeni omaphakathi onamandla) esikhundleni sokuhlangana kwezifundazwe (federation).
- Amalungelo okuvota aba yingxabano enzima: iCape yagcina ivoti layo elinemibandela, elingacwasi ngokwebala, kanti amakoloni asenyakatho avumela abamhlophe kuphela.
- Umphumela wabhalwa ku-South Africa Act, owaphasiswa iPhalamende LamaBhilithani ngo-1909.
Speaker notes
Lokhu kuyinhliziyo yokuhlaziya yengxenye yeNyunyana yesifundo. Gcizelela ukukhishwa: umthethosisekelo wabo bonke abaseNingizimu Afrika wabhalwa kuphela ngamadoda amhlophe futhi ngenxa yawo. Umvumelwano wamalungelo okuvota (ivoti lase-Cape elinemibandela ngokumelene nabamhlophe kuphela basenyakatho) ubalulekile - ukhombisa indlela ukucwasa ngokwebala okwakhelwe ngakho ekusungulweni kombuso. Qaphela ukuthi ithimba labeBala nabantu base-Afrika (kufaka phakathi u-W.P. Schreiner) laya eLondon ukuyobhikisha kamuva, ngaphandle kwempumelelo. [SME] Qinisekisa imininingwane yethimba lokubhikisha laseLondon.
INyunyana YaseNingizimu Afrika
Ngomhla ka-31 Meyi 1910 amakoloni amane aba yizwe elilodwa - idominyoni ezibusayo ngaphakathi koMbuso WamaBhilithani.
I-Nyunyana YaseNingizimu Afrika yahlanganisa iCape, Natal, Transvaal ne-Orange Free State yaba yidominyoni eyodwa. U-Louis Botha, owayekade eyijenene lamaBhunu, waba nguNdunankulu wokuqala, no-Jan Smuts njengongqongqoshe ohamba phambili - ukubuyisana kwabamhlophe, kwafezeka ngokulahlekelwa kwabantu abamnyama abayiningi.
- Amandla ezombusazwe ayeqinile kubantu abamhlophe abambalwa; abantu abamnyama abayiningi bakhishwa ezombusazweni ezimaphakathi.
- I-Pretoria yaba yinhloko-dolobha yezokuphatha, i-Cape Town inhloko-dolobha yezomthetho, kanti i-Bloemfontein inhloko-dolobha yezomthethwandaba.
- INyunyana yabeka izisekelo zezombusazwe ezaziyoveza kamuva ukucwaswa, kusukela ngo-1948, ubandlululo (apartheid).
Speaker notes
Vala umkhankaso wezombusazwe: abalwi abamhlophe bempi (uBotha noSmuts babengamajenene amaBhunu) manje base bebusa idominyoni yamaBhilithani. Gcizelela ukungqubuzana okumaphakathi nokungabi nabulungiswa - ukubuyisana phakathi kwabamhlophe abakhuluma isiNgisi nabakhuluma isiBhunu kwakhelwa phezu kokukhishwa kweningi labantu base-Afrika, abeBala namaNdiya. Umvumelwano wezinhloko-dolobha ezintathu wawubonisa ukuxoxisana phakathi kwamakoloni. Dweba umugqa oya phambili ku-Natives Land Act ka-1913 nasekugcineni ubandlululo.
Lokho impi neNyunyana okwakushiya emuva
Izehlakalo zango-1899-1910 zabeka iphethini yeNingizimu Afrika yekhulu lama-20.
Umbuso olawulwa abamhlophe
INyunyana yaqinisa ukubusa kwabambalwa yakhipha abantu abamnyama abayiningi ezombusazweni zikazwelonke.
Ukumelana kwabase-Afrika kuyakhula
Ukukhishwa kwasiza ukuvusa izombusazwe ezintsha ezihlelekile - i-SANNC, isanduleli se-ANC, yasungulwa ngo-1912.
Inkumbulo ehlukene
Amakamu ondla ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner, kanti ukuhlupheka kwabamnyama kwaziyalelwa isikhathi eside - umlando ophikisanayo.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lawa makhadi amathathu ukuzilolonga ekhono le-FET lokuhlola imiphumela esikhathini esifushane nesende. Veza ukuthi ukukhishwa okwakhelwe eNyunyaneni kwavusa ngokuqondile ukusungulwa kwe-South African Native National Congress (SANNC) ngo-1912. Buyela embuzweni ohola isifundo: ubani owazuza nobani owalahlekelwa? Ukubuyisana phakathi kwabamhlophe kweza ngezindleko zamalungelo eningi, futhi lokho kungabi nabulungiswa kwabumba konke okwalandela.
Ukubuyekeza: Impi YaseNingizimu Afrika neNyunyana
Impi yegolide nombuso yaphela ngokuthula neNyunyana eyahlanganisa abamhlophe yakhipha abantu abamnyama abayiningi.
Phakathi kuka-1899 no-1910 iNingizimu Afrika yasuka empini yombuso ebhubhisayo, yadlula emakamu okuhlushwa abulala izinkulungwane zezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zazo zonke izinhlanga, yaya embusweni ohlangene owakhelwe phezu kwamandla ezombusazwe abamhlophe. Sebenzisa imibuzo engezansi ukuqinisa nokuphikisana nobufakazi.
Q. Chaza ukuthi izici zomnotho nezombusazwe zahlangana kanjani ukudala Impi YaseNingizimu Afrika yango-1899-1902. (8 marks)
Q. Hlola ukwethembeka nokusiza kwemibiko ka-Emily Hobhouse njengobufakazi mayelana namakamu okuhlushwa. (6 marks)
Q. INyunyana yango-1910 yayihlanganisa iNingizimu Afrika kuze kube kuphi? Bhekisa kubani owafakwa nobani owakhishwa. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Le mibuzo emithathu ilingisa izitayela zokuhlola ze-CAPS FET: incazelo yembangela nomphumela, umsebenzi wokuhlola umthombo, kanye nempikiswano eyandisiwe ethi 'kuze kube kuphi'. Khuthaza abafundi ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuvela kuyo yonke isifundo nokufinyelela esinqumweni esisekelwe kunokubala amaqiniso. Bakhumbuze ukuthi lesi sihloko sibeka isisekelo samayunithi alandelayo ngokucwasa, i-Land Act ka-1913 nokukhula kobuzwe base-Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The South African War and Union
- Resource type
- Presentation