Imphi YaseNingizimu Afrika Nebumbano (Union), 1899-1910
Kutsi imphi yegolide neyembuso (empire) yaguculela njani iningizimu ye-Afrika, nekutsi Bumbano (Union) lango-1910 lakha njani umbuso lolawulwa bamhlophe etincunjini letishile.
Speaker notes
Vula sihloko njengetigameko letimbili letihlangene: imphi yembuso lelicekelayo (1899-1902) nesivumelwano semtsetfo (Bumbano lango-1910). Cela bafundzi bemukele umbuto munye wekuhlatiya kuwo wonkhe lesifundvo: ngubani lozuzako futsi ngubani lolahlekelwako kuleso naleso sigameko? Gcizelela kutsi le mphi ibitwa ngekutsi 'Imphi YaseNingizimu Afrika' bosontimba labanyenti ngobe yatsindza yalimata bonkhe bantfu baseNingizimu Afrika, hhayi ema-British nemaBhunu kuphela.
Igolide, umbuso nendzaba yema-Uitlander
Imphi yavela ekungcubutaneni kwesifiso sembuso wema-British nenkhululeko yemaBhunu ekutimeleni - igolide iyona inhloko yayo.
Kutfolakala kwegolide eWitwatersrand ngo-1886 kwenta iRiphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika (Transvaal) yaba ngumbuso locebe kunayo yonkhe kulesifundza. IBrithani yayifuna kulawula lengcebo kanye nekubusa yonkhe iningizimu ye-Afrika.
- Ema-Uitlander (ikakhulukati labafudukeli bema-British emasimini egolide) baphucwa emalungelo laphelele ekuvota nguhulumende waMongameli Paul Kruger.
- Titfunywa tema-British, letiholwa nguMkhulu Wekumela u-Alfred Milner, tasebentisa kukhala kwema-Uitlander njengendlela yekubanga imphi.
- Kuhlasela kwa-Jameson (Jameson Raid, 1895-96) lokwehluleka kwase kwendzisa kungabatane kwemaBhunu ngema-British.
- Banikati bemayini netintfo tembuso bebafuna luhlelo lolutintekile lwebasebenti nelwetintselo lolulawulwa ngema-British eRandi.
Speaker notes
Hola bafundzi bebadlula kuchaza ngembangela munye kuphela. Bakhutsate kutsi bakale timbangela tetfu temnotfo (igolide, imali yemayini) ngetetombusaso netamacebo (bukhosi bembuso, umbono we-'Cape-to-Cairo'). Indzima ka-Milner ibalulekile: bekafuna imphi kute afohloke emandla emaBhunu. Caphela kutsi ema-Afrika, lamhlaba nemsebenti wawo bekuyisisekelo semnotfo, bebangenalizwi kuleyo nkinga leyaholela emphini.
Emariphabhulikhi lamabili amelane neMbuso Wema-British
Imphi yacala ngamhla ka-11 Imphala 1899 emva kwekuphela kwe-ultimatum ya-Kruger, leyayifuna kutsi emasotja ema-British aphume emingceleni.
IRiphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika (Transvaal) kanye neOrange Free State babumbana bamelana nembuso lomkhulu kunayo yonkhe emhlabeni. IBrithani ekugcineni yatfumela cishe emasotja langu-450,000, latsatfwa kuwo wonkhe umbuso, imelene nemaBhunu lacishe abe 60,000-88,000 labekulwa ekhomandweni.
- Impumelelo yasekucaleni yemaBhunu: kuvinjezelwa kwe-Mafeking, Kimberley kanye neLadysmith.
- 'Liviki Lelimnyama' (Ingongoni 1899) labona ema-British ehlulwa kabuhlungu eColenso, eMagersfontein naseStormberg.
- IBrithani yase ithela emandla layengetiwe ngaphansi kwa-Lord Roberts na-Lord Kitchener.
Speaker notes
Beka bukhulu bendzaba: bantfu belimba bemariphabhulikhi lamancane bamelene nembuso womhlaba wonkhe. Kunqoba kwemaBhunu kwasekucaleni kwamangalisa umhlaba futsi kwehlisa litsemba lema-British. Sebentisa 'Liviki Lelimnyama' kukhombisa kutsi imphi ayikakabi kunqoba lokusheshako lebekulindzelwe yiBrithani. Emanani ehlukene kutimtfombolwati - wabeke njengemikhawulo lecishe, hhayi emanani laphelele. [SME] Cinisekisa emanani emasotja ngekumelene nemanani laketfulwe yi-SAHO.
Kusuka etimphini letimisiwe kuya emphini yebugebengu (guerrilla)
Emva kwekutsi iBrithani itfumbe emakhosi emaBhunu, emaBhunu ayenca kutinikela ase agucukela emphini yekushaya-ubaleke (guerrilla).
Ngasekhatsi kwa-1900 iBrithani seyitsatse iBloemfontein nePretoria futsi yatsatsa ngekusemtsetfweni emariphabhulikhi. Kodvwa emakhomando emaBhunu - bittereinders ('labaphetsa kabuhlungu') - alwa achubeka esigangeni sonkhe, ahlasela tinsimbi tesitimela nemidvwebo yekutfumela ngaphansi kwebaholi labanjenga De Wet, De la Rey kanye naSmuts.
- U-Kitchener waphendvula ngenchubomgomo ye-kushisa umhlaba (scorched-earth): kushisa emapulazi, kubulala timfuyo nekucekela phansi tilimo.
- Luchungechunge lwema-blockhouses newaya lelinameva lwakhiwa kute lubiyele futsi lubambe emakhomando.
- Takhamiti - emaBhunu nema-Afrika - takhishwa emhlabeni tabekwa emakamu.
Speaker notes
Lena yindzawo yekuguculuka kwekuhlatiya kwemphi. Chaza kutsi kushisa umhlaba kwasetjentiselwani: kwentela kuncisha emakhomando kudla, sikhoselo nekusekelwa emapulazini. Gcizelela luchumano loluchachile emkhatsini wekushisa umhlaba nemakamu - takhamiti letakhaya tato tacekelwa phansi bekufanele tibekwe endzaweni. Loku kubeka tislayidi letintsatfu letilandzelako ngemakamu ekuhlanganisela. Yiba nekulinganisela nekweciniso; lokulandzelako kubuhlungu.
Emakamu ebafati nebantfwana bemaBhunu
Tinkhulungwane letinyenti tebafati nebantfwana bemaBhunu bavalelwa emakamu lagcwele kakhulu lapho tifo tabulala kakhulu khona.
Njengoba emapulazi acekelwa phansi, ema-British aciphizela imindeni yemaBhunu emakamu ekuhlanganisela lamakwa ngaconcentration camps. Kugcwala kakhulu, inhlanti lengekho, kudla lokunganeli netifo tesimungumungwane, ityphoid nesihudo kwenta lamakamu abulala - ikakhulukati kubantfwana.
- Cishe 26,000-28,000 ebavalelwa bemaBhunu bafa, iningi labo bantfwana labangaphansi kweminyaka lelishumi nesitfupfu.
- Kudla kwakuhlaselwa ngesinye sikhatsi kuletimindeni lemadvodza ayo abesolo alwa.
- Lamakamu aba silondza lesihlala njalonjalo enkhumbulweni nasebutiveni bemaBhunu (Afrikaner nationalism).
Speaker notes
Phatsa loku ngekunakekela nangenhlonipho. Chaza ligama 'concentration camp' emongweni walo wemlando - ema-British ayelisebentisa ekuhlanganiseni (kubutsa) kwetakhamiti. Gcizelela kutsi kufa lokunyenti kwadalwa yisifo nekunganakekelwa, hhayi kubulala ngenhloso, kodvwa kutsi inchubomgomo yema-British yadala timo letibulalako. Caphela imphilo yepolitiki leyalandzela: kuhlupheka kwemakamu kwaba yinsika yebutive bemaBhunu esikhatsini se-20th century. Emanani ekufa ehlukene; beka umkhawulo. [SME] Cinisekisa linani lekufa lelikhetfwa yi-SAHO.
Emakamu ekuhlanganisela ema-Afrika lamnyama
Ema-Afrika avalelwa emakamu lehlukene labekuhlala anganakwa emlandvweni wemphi.
BaseNingizimu Afrika labamnyama bebangesibo babukeli. Labanyenti bafudvuswa kushisa umhlaba futsi baphocelelwa emakamu labehlukanisiwe, lahlukene, lapho timo tatihlala timbi nakakhulu netabelo betincane kunasemakamu emhlophe. Labanyenti nabo baphocelelwa kusebentela imphi yema-British.
- Okungenani 14,000-20,000 ebavalelwa labamnyama kubhaliwe kutsi bafa; linani leliliciniso mhlawumbe bekulinyenti futsi labhalwa kabi.
- Kuhlupheka kwabo kwakhishwa etindzabeni letisemtsetfweni temphi kusikhatsi lesinyenti sekhulu lema-20.
- Kubuyisa lomlando kuphika umbono wekutsi imphi bekungeye 'imphi yebelungu' kuphela.
Speaker notes
Lesislayidi silungisa kuthula lokudze emlandvweni. Yenta kucace kutsi ema-Afrika abengetisulu, basebenti nebahlanganyeli emphini, nekutsi emakamu awo abehlukaniswa ngenhloso futsi anganikwa timphahla letenele. Gcizelela imlando (historiography): kungani lomlando wafihlwa, futsi kubuyiswa kwawo kusitjela ngani ngekutsi ngubani lobhala umlando? Emanani ekufa akaciniseki futsi abhalwa kabi ngaleso sikhatsi - gcizelela loku ngekukhululeka. [SME] Cinisekisa emanani ekufa emakamu labamnyama nge-SAHO.
Emily Hobhouse nesililo
Umlweli welusito wema-British wembula emakamu emhlabeni futsi waphocelela luphenyo lolusemtsetfweni.
Kugcina lamakamu asebenta kubulala bantfwana. Emily Hobhouse, ngemakamu ekuhlanganisela, 1901
Emily Hobhouse wavakashela emakamu ngo-1901 futsi wabika timo letesabekako emphakatsini wema-British. Umkhankaso wakhe wahlazisa hulumende futsi waholela ku-Fawcett Commission, letinguculo tayo tehlisa kancane silinganiso sekufa.
- Imibiko yakhe yehlukanisa umbono wemphakatsi wema-British ngemphi.
- Hulumende ekucaleni wachitsa, wase enta incenye yalokutfoliwe nguye.
- Usolo ahlonishwa eNingizimu Afrika ngekwembula emakamu.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa Hobhouse kwetfula umbono wekwetsembeka kwemtfombolwati nembono: umgxeki wema-British wenchubomgomo yema-British. Buta bafundzi kutsi kungani bufakazi bemuntfu welapha ekhatsi bebunemandla kangaka. IFawcett Commission (luphenyo lolusemtsetfweni lwebafati bodvwa) lwaciniseka kunyenti kwaloku labekubikile. Lena yindzawo lenhle yekuhlatiya kwemtfombolwati: kwetsembeka, kusetjentiswa nekukhetsa. [SME] Cinisekisa emagama lacondzile emsho wa-Hobhouse ngaphambi kwekukhicita; chaza ngalamanye emagama uma emagama angeke acinisekiswe.
Sivumelwano saseVereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging)
EmaBhunu atinikela, aphetsa kutimela kwawo kodvwa awina tetsembiso letavikela tintfo tebamhlophe.
Imphi yaphela nge-Sivumelwano (Kuthula) saseVereeniging, lesasayinwa nga-31 Inkhwenkhweti 1902. Emariphabhulikhi lamabili emaBhunu aba ngemakoloni ema-British, kodvwa iBrithani yanika imibandzela lenhle kubuyisana nemaBhunu - kufaka ekhatsi imali yekwakha kabusha emapulazi neveli lelibaluleke kakhulu lepolitiki.
- ITransvaal ne-Orange Free State aba ngemakoloni ema-British.
- IBrithani yetsembisa 3 million kulusito lwekwakha kabusha nekutibusa ekugcineni.
- Lokubaluleke kakhulu, umbuto we-livoti lema-Afrika (African franchise) wahlehliswa kwadzimate kwaba semva kwekutibusa - lokwasho kutsi kwashiywa kubakoloni labamhlophe kutsi bakhetse.
Speaker notes
Lesislayidi sibalulekile ekuhlatiyeni. Kuthula 'bekukukhulu' kumaBhunu ngoba iBrithani beyifuna bunye bebamhlophe nekoloni letintekile letinenzuzo - ngesikhatsi silahlekelwa emalungelo epolitiki ema-Afrika. Dvweba layini kusuka kule ndzatjana yeveli lehlehlisiwe kuya ekukhishweni lokwakhelwa ku-Union lango-1910. Buta: ngubani lophele wehlulwa kuthula? [SME] Cinisekisa linani le-3 million lekwakha kabusha nemagama lacondzile eveli e-Article/Clause 8.
Kusuka emphini kuya eBumbeni (Union), 1899-1910
- 1899 Imphi iyacala (11 Imphala); kuvinjezelwa kwasekucaleni kwemaBhunu
- 1900 IBrithani itsatsa iBloemfontein nePretoria; imphi yebugebengu nekushisa umhlaba kuyacala
- 1901 Emakamu ekuhlanganisela abulala kakhulu; kwembulwa ngu-Emily Hobhouse
- 1902 Sivumelwano saseVereeniging siphetsa imphi (31 Inkhwenkhweti)
- 1908-09 IKhonvenshini Yesive (National Convention) yakha umtsetfosisekelo
- 1910 Bumbano LaseNingizimu Afrika (Union) lasungulwa (31 Inkhwenkhweti)
Speaker notes
Cinisa kucondza ngaphambi kwekususa kusuka emphini kuya esivumelwaneni sepolitiki. Khombisa bulingano lelibhalanci lelakhiwa yikhalenda: Sivumelwano saseVereeniging neBumbano konkhe kwamenyetelwa nga-31 Inkhwenkhweti, ngeminyaka lesiphohlongo kwehlukene. Sebentisa lolandzelelano lwetigameko kukhombisa imbangela nemphumela - imphi yacekela phansi emariphabhulikhi, kwakhiwa kabusha kwahlanganisa emakoloni, futsi iKhonvenshini Yesive yakha umtsetfosisekelo weBumbano.
Kwakha kabusha kuya emkhatsini munye
'Kwakhiwa Kabusha' (Reconstruction) kwema-British kwakha kabusha umnotfo futsi kwacindzetela emakoloni lamane kuya ebumbeni lepolitiki.
Emva kwemphi, Alfred Milner nebaphatsi bakhe labasha ('Kindergarten') bavuka baze bente emakoloni abengema-British futsi asetjentise indlela lesha, bavuselele emayini yegolide futsi bakhe kabusha emapulazi. Kuhlanganiswa kwemnotfo - luhlelo lwesitimela lolwabelwana neluhlelo lwentselo - kwenta bumbano lepolitiki kubukeke njengesinyatselo lesilandzelako lesinengcondvo.
- Umnotfo wemayini wacaliswa kabusha, ekucaleni ngalokutsite ngebasebenti lababecoshelwa baseChina.
- ITransvaal ne-Orange River Colony banikwa hulumende lophendvulako (wekutibusa) kuze kufike 1907.
- Baholi bemabhizinisi nebepolitiki baphikisa kakhulu kutsi umbuso munye lobumbene ngeke ube nemandla futsi ube shibhile ekuwuphatsa.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'Kwakhiwa Kabusha' njengephrojekthi yembuso yenhloso, hhayi nje kulungisa. Milner bekafuna iNingizimu Afrika lekhuluma singisi, letsembekile kuma-British; ngendlela lehlekisako kuhlanganisa kwakhe kwemnotfo kwasita ekwakheni timo teBumbano lebosontimba bemaBhunu bebatawusiphutsa maduze. Caphela basebenti labacoshelwa baseChina njengesigameko lesiyimphikiswano. Lesislayidi sihlanganisa imphi nesivumelwano semtsetfosisekelo. [SME] Cinisekisa emalanga wahulumende lophendvulako kuliko naliphi ikoloni.
Kubonisana ngemtsetfosisekelo weBumbano
Titfunywa letimhlophe letivela emakolonini lamane tahlangana kwakha iNingizimu Afrika lebumbene - nekukhetsa kutsi ngubani lotawufakwa kuyo.
Titfunywa letivela emakolonini eKapa, eNatal, eTransvaal nase-Orange River tahlangana e-Khonvenshini Yesive (National Convention) kute takhe umtsetfosisekelo. Sonkhe sitfunywa besisimhlophe; ema-Afrika, emaKhaladi nemaNdiya bakhishwa etinkhulumeni letakhetsa likusasa labo lepolitiki.
- Bakhetsa umbuso lomunye (unitary state) (hulumende losimeme losemkhatsini) kunelibumbano lebukoloni (federation).
- Livoti (franchise) bekungumbango lomkhulu: iKapa yagcina livoti layo lelinemibandzela, lelingakhetsi ngebuhlanga, kanti emakoloni asenyakatfo avumela bamhlophe kuphela.
- Umphumela wabhalwa ku-South Africa Act, lowaphaswa yiPhalamende yema-British ngo-1909.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhliziyo yekuhlatiya yencenye yeBumbano yalesifundvo. Gcizelela kukhishwa: umtsetfosisekelo wabo bonkhe baseNingizimu Afrika wabhalwa ngemadvodza lamhlophe kuphela futsi wabhalelwa wona. Sivumelwano seveli (livoti lelinemibandzela laseKapa kumelene nebamhlophe kuphela lasenyakatfo) sibalulekile - sikhombisa kutsi kukhishwa ngebuhlanga kwabekwa esisekelweni sekusungulwa kwembuso. Caphela kutsi sitfunywa semaKhaladi nema-Afrika (kufaka ekhatsi u-W.P. Schreiner) saze sahamba saya eLondon kuyawuphikisa, sehluleka. [SME] Cinisekisa imininingwane yesitfunywa sekuphikisa saseLondon.
Bumbano LaseNingizimu Afrika (Union of South Africa)
Nga-31 Inkhwenkhweti 1910 emakoloni lamane aba live linye - i-dominion letibusako ngekhatsi Kwembuso Wema-British.
I-Union of South Africa (Bumbano LaseNingizimu Afrika) yahlanganisa iKapa, iNatal, iTransvaal ne-Orange Free State yaba yi-dominion linye. Louis Botha, bekungenjengeli lasekwaba yaphelela lemaBhunu, waba nguNdvunankhulu wekucala, na-Jan Smuts njengendvuna leyihamba embili - kubuyisana kwebamhlophe, lokwentiwe ngekulahlekelwa kwelinyenti lelimnyama.
- Emandla epolitiki abekwa ngokucinile ku-muva lomncane lomhlophe; linyenti lelimnyama lakhishwa kupolitiki lesemkhatsini.
- IPretoria yaba likomkhulu lekuphatsa, iKapa likomkhulu lekushaya umtsetfo, kanti iBloemfontein likomkhulu lekwehlulela.
- IBumbano labeka tisekelo tepolitiki letatawukhicita kwehlukaniswa (segregation) futsi, kusuka nga-1948, i-apartheid.
Speaker notes
Vala umdvwebo wepolitiki: bahlaseli labamhlophe bemphi (Botha, Smuts bebangemajenali emaBhunu) manje bebabusa i-dominion yema-British. Gcizelela kuhlekisa nekungabi nabulungiswa lokusemkhatsini - kubuyisana emkhatsini webamhlophe labakhuluma singisi nema-Afrikaans kwakhelwa ekukhishweni kwelinyenti lema-Afrika, emaKhaladi nemaNdiya. Sivumelwano semakomkhulu lamatsatfu sabonisa kubhinca emkhatsini wemakoloni. Dvweba layini leya embili kuNatives Land Act ya-1913 nasekugcineni i-apartheid.
Loko imphi neBumbano lakushiya
Tigameko ta-1899-1910 tabeka lisu leNingizimu Afrika lesekhulwini lema-20.
Umbuso lolawulwa bamhlophe
IBumbano lacinisa kubusa kwemuva lomncane futsi lakhipha linyenti lelimnyama kupolitiki yesive.
Kumelana kwema-Afrika kuyakhula
Kukhishwa kwasita kuvusa ipolitiki lensha lehleleke - i-SANNC, umtukulu we-ANC, yasungulwa nga-1912.
Inkhumbulo lehlukene
Emakamu ondla butive bemaBhunu, kanti kuhlupheka kwabamnyama kwahlala kunganakwa - imlando lophikiswanako.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lamakhadi lamatsatfu kwenta lekhono le-FET lekuhlola imiphumela kusikhatsi lesifisha nalesidze. Khombisa kutsi kukhishwa lokwakhelwa iBumbano kwavusa ngco kusungulwa kwe-South African Native National Congress (SANNC) ngo-1912. Buyela embutweni lohola lesifundvo: ngubani lozuzako futsi ngubani lolahlekelwako? Kubuyisana emkhatsini webamhlophe kwentiwa ngekubita kwemalungelo elinyenti, futsi loko kungabi nabulungiswa kwakha konkhe lokwalandzela.
Kubuketa: Imphi YaseNingizimu Afrika neBumbano
Imphi yegolide neyembuso yaphetsa ngekuthula nangeBumbano lelahlanganisa bamhlophe futsi lakhipha linyenti lelimnyama.
Emkhatsini wa-1899 na-1910 iNingizimu Afrika yasuka emphini yembuso lecekelako, yadlula emakamu ekuhlanganisela labulala tinkhulungwane letinyenti tetakhamiti tetinhlobo tonkhe, yaya embusweni lobumbene lowakhelwa emandleni epolitiki webamhlophe. Sebentisa imibuto lengaphansi kucinisa nekuphikisana nebufakazi.
Q. Chaza kutsi timbangela temnotfo netepolitiki tahlanganisa njani kudala Imphi YaseNingizimu Afrika ya-1899-1902. (8 marks)
Q. Hlola kwetsembeka nekusetjentiswa kwemibiko ya-Emily Hobhouse njengebufakazi ngemakamu ekuhlanganisela. (6 marks)
Q. Kufike kuliphi lizinga iBumbano lango-1910 lahlanganisa iNingizimu Afrika? Khuluma ngalowafakwa nalowakhishwa. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Lemibuto lemitsatfu ilingisa tindlela tekuhlola te-CAPS FET: inchazelo yembangela-nemphumela, umsebenti wekuhlola umtfombolwati, kanye nembikiso lolwelulekile 'kufike kuliphi lizinga'. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi basebentise bufakazi kuwo wonkhe lesifundvo futsi bafike esincumweni lesisekelwe kunekubala emaciniso. Bakhumbute kutsi lesihloko sibeka tisekelo temayunithi lelandzelako yekwehlukaniswa (segregation), iLand Act ya-1913 nekukhula kwebutive bema-Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The South African War and Union
- Resource type
- Presentation