IPi yeSewula Afrika neNyunyana, 1899-1910
Indlela ipi yegolide nombuso omkhulu (i-empire) eyatjhugulula ngayo iSewula Afrika, nendlela iNyunyana ka-1910 eyakha ngayo umbuso obuswa babamhlophe phezu kwamanceba wepi.
Speaker notes
Bekisisa isihloko njengeenkambiso ezimbili ezihlangeneko: ipi yombuso omkhulu ebulalako (1899-1902) nesivumelwano sezepolotiki (iNyunyana ka-1910). Buza abafundi bona babambe umbuzo owodwa wokuhlaziya isifundo soke: ngubani ozuzileko begodu ngubani olahlekelweko kilokho ngakunye? Gandelela bona ipi le ibizwa ngokuthi 'iPi yeSewula Afrika' babolando abanengi ngombana yathinta yalimaza boke abantu beSewula Afrika, ingasi kwaphela amaBrithani namaBhuru.
Igolide, umbuso omkhulu nombuzo wama-Uitlander
Ipi yavela ekungqubuzaneni phakathi kwesifiso sombuso omkhulu weBrithani nokuzibusa kwamariphabhliki wamaBhuru - igolide iphakathi kwakho koke.
Ukufunyanwa kwegolide eWitwatersrand ngo-1886 kwenza i-Riphabhliki yeSewula Afrika (iTransvaal) yaba mbuso onjingileko khulu esifundeni. IBrithani ifuna ukulawula ubunjinga lobo nokubusa iSewula Afrika soke.
- Ama-Uitlander (kanengi babe bafiki abavela eBrithani abasemasimini wegolide) baphungwa amalungelo aphelele wokuvota ngurhulumende kaMongameli Paul Kruger.
- Iimphathimandla zeBrithani, eziragwa nguHigh Commissioner Alfred Milner, zasebenzisa isikhalazo sama-Uitlander njengendlela yokuvusa ipi.
- Ihlaselo laseJameson (1895-96) elabhalelwako laselivele ligandelele ukungathembani kwamaBhuru neBrithani.
- Abaninimigodi neenfiso zombuso omkhulu bafuna umsebenzi nesistimu yerhwebo elawulwa yiBrithani ezinzileko eRandi.
Speaker notes
Rhola abafundi ngale kokuhlathulula ngembangela yinye kwaphela. Bakhuthaze bona balinganise iimbangelo zomnotho (igolide, imali yokumbiwa) neengqophamlando zezepolotiki neengqophamlando zamano (ubukhosi bombuso omkhulu, umbono we-'Cape-to-Cairo'). Indima kaMilner iqakathekile: bekafuna ipi bona aqede amandla wamaBhuru. Qaphela bona ama-Afrika, umhlaba wawo nomsebenzi wawo obeguqugutha umnotho, akhenge abe nelizwi ehlekeleleni eleletha ipi.
Amariphabhliki amabili amelene noMbuso omkhulu weBrithani
Ipi yathoma ngo-11 Oktoba 1899 ngemva kobana isivumelwano esiqinileko sikaKruger esifuna amasotja weBrithani asuke emikhawulweni siphelelwa sikhathi.
I-Riphabhliki yeSewula Afrika (iTransvaal) ne-Orange Free State zahlangana zamelana nombuso omkhulu khulu ephasini. Ekugcineni iBrithani yathumela hlanu kwama-450,000 wamasotja, avela kiwo woke umbuso omkhulu, amelene nabo-60,000-88,000 balwi bamaBhuru abakiliyo (ama-commando).
- Iimphumelelo zokuthoma zamaBhuru: ukuvinjezelwa kwe-Mafeking, Kimberley neLadysmith.
- 'IVeke Elinzima' (Disemba 1899) yabona iBrithani ihlulwa kabuhlungu eColenso, eMagersfontein naseStormberg.
- IBrithani yabe yathulula amasotja wesekelo ngaphasi kukaLord Roberts noLord Kitchener.
Speaker notes
Beka ubukhulu: inani labantu belincani leriphabhliki yamasimu limelene nombuso omkhulu ephasini loke. Iimphumelelo zokuthoma zamaBhuru zarara iphasi zagandelela nokuzethemba kweBrithani. Sebenzisa 'iVeke Elinzima' bona utjengise bona ipi bekungasi ukuhlula okulula okulindelwe yiBrithani. Amanani ahluka phakathi kwemithombo - awabeke njengeenlinganiso, ingasi amanani aqinileko. [SME] Qinisekisa iinlinganiso zamandla wamasotja ngokweenani ezikhethwa yi-SAHO.
Ukusuka emahlaselweni ahleliweko ukuya epini yamaguerilla
Ngemva kobana iBrithani ithumbe amadorobho amakhulu wamaBhuru, amaBhuru ala ukuzinikela atjhugulukela epini yamaguerilla yokuhlasela ubaleke.
Ngaphakathi konyaka ka-1900 iBrithani beyithethe iBloemfontein nePitori yathatha amariphabhliki ngokusemthethweni. Kodwana ama-commando wamaBhuru - abo-bittereinders ('abagcina umuntu abaphetha'), balwa baragela phambili elizweni loke, bahlasela iindlela zeporo neendlela zokuthumela izinto ngaphasi kwabarholi njengabo-De Wet, De la Rey noSmuts.
- UKitchener waphendula ngomthetho we-scorched-earth (ukutjhisa yoke into): ukutjhisa amasimu, ukubulala imfuyo nokutjhabalalisa iinlimo.
- Kwakhiwa inethiweki yamablockhouse newaya elinameva bona kubiyelwe ama-commando abanjwe.
- Iinakhamuzi - amaBhuru nama-Afrika - zasuswa emhlabeni zafakwa emakampeni.
Speaker notes
Le kuyindawo yokuhlaziya lapha ipi itjhuguluka khona. Hlathulula ukuthi kubayini kwasetjenziswa i-scorched-earth: ukwenzela ama-commando angafumani ukudla, indawo yokuhlala nesekelo emasimini. Gandelela ukuhlangana okunqophileko phakathi kwe-scorched-earth namakampe - iinakhamuzi ezitjhiselwe imizi bekufuze zifakwe endaweni ethileko. Lokhu kuqalisa iimpetjhana ezintathu ezilandelako ngamakampe wokugumbela. Yiba nesilinganiso begodu ube neqiniso; okulandelako kubuhlungu.
Amakampe wabomma nabantwana bamaBhuru
Amakhulu weenkulungwana zabomma nabantwana bamaBhuru bavalelwa emakampeni agcwele ngokweqileko lapho isifo esibulala ngobunengi obukhulu.
Njengombana amasimu atjhatjalaliswa, iBrithani yabuthelela iimndeni yamaBhuru emakampeni wokugumbela. Ukugcwala ngokweqileko, ukungahlanzeki, ukudla okunganeliko neenfo ezinjenge-measles, i-typhoid ne-dysentery kwenza amakampe abulala - khulu ebantwaneni.
- Malungana nabo-26,000-28,000 abavaleleki bamaBhuru bahlongakala, abanengi babo bebabantwana abangaphasi kweminyaka elisumi nesithandathu.
- Kwesinye isikhathi kwakncitjhwa ukudla kweemndeni lapho abesilisa babo basalwa.
- Amakampe aba linceba elihlala isikhathi eside emkhumbulweni nebukhosini bama-Afrikaner.
Speaker notes
Phatha lokhu ngokutjhejisisa nangehlonipho. Hlathulula igama elithi 'ikampe lokugumbela' ngokwemvelaphi yalo yomlando - iBrithani yalisebenzisa ukukhomba ukubuthelelwa (ukugumbela) kweenakhamuzi. Gandelela bona ukuhlongakala okunengi kubangelwa sifo nokunganakwa, ingasi ukubulala ngamabomu, kodwana umthetho weBrithani wenza iimbonelo ezibulalako. Qaphela ubuphilo bezepolotiki obulandelako: itlhuwo lamakampe laba yingcenye eqakathekileko yebukhosi bama-Afrikaner ngekhulu lama-20. Amanani wabahlongakeleko ayahluka; wabeke njengesilinganiso. [SME] Qinisekisa inani labahlongakeleko elikhethwa yi-SAHO.
Amakampe wokugumbela wabantu abanzima
Ama-Afrika avalelwa emakampeni ahlukileko ebekasolo anganakwa embalweni yepi.
Abantu abanzima beSewula Afrika bebangasi ababukeli nje. Abanengi babo basuswa yi-scorched-earth begodu bagandelelwa bafakwa emakampeni ahlukanisiweko, atjhejwa ngokwebala, lapho iimbonelo bezimbi khulu nokudla kuncani kunemakampeni wabamhlophe. Abanengi godu benziwa basebenza epini yeBrithani.
- Ubunye kubo-14,000-20,000 abavaleleki abanzima kutlolwe bona bahlongakala; inani leqiniso mhlamunye beliphakeme khulu begodu belitlolwe kabuthaka.
- Itlhuwo labo lakhutjhwa emlandweni osemthethweni wepi isikhathi esinengi sekhulu lama-20.
- Ukubuyisa umlando lo kuphikisana nombono wokuthi ipi beyi'pi yamadoda amhlophe' kwaphela.
Speaker notes
Iimpetjhana le ilungisa ukuthula okuside embalweni. Yenza kucace bona ama-Afrika bekuzizisulu, abasebenzi nababambe iqhaza epini, nokuthi amakampe wawo ahlukaniswa ngamabomu begodu angabi nemitjhinga eyaneleko. Gandelela imbala yomlando: kubayini umlando lo bewufihliwe, begodu ukubuyiswa kwawo kusitjelani ngokobana ngubani otlola umlando? Amanani wabahlongakeleko awaqinisekiswa begodu atlolwa kabuthaka ngesikhatheso - lokhu kugandelele obala. [SME] Qinisekisa iinlinganiso zabahlongakeleko emakampeni wabanzima ngokwe-SAHO.
U-Emily Hobhouse nokurhuwelela
Umlweli wenhlalakahle weBrithani wembula amakampe ephasini wagandelela iphenyo elisemthethweni.
Ukugcina amaKampe la asebenza kubulala abantwana. Emily Hobhouse, ngamakampe wokugumbela, 1901
U-Emily Hobhouse wavakatjhela amakampe ngo-1901 wabika iimbonelo ezimbi ebantwini beBrithani. Umgomo wakhe wahlazisa urhulumende wabangela iKomitjhi yakaFawcett, elizingcono zalo zanciphisa kabuthaka izinga labahlongakalako.
- Iimbiko zakhe zahlukanisa umbono wabantu beBrithani ngepi.
- Urhulumende wathoma wala, wabe wenza ingcenye ngokutholakele kwakhe.
- Usahlonitjhwa eSewula Afrika ngokwembula amakampe.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa uHobhouse bona wethule umbono wokuthembeka komthombo nombono: umgxeki weBrithani womthetho weBrithani. Buza abafundi bona kubayini ubufakazi bomuntu ophakathi bebunamandla kangaka. IKomitjhi yakaFawcett (iphenyo elisemthethweni labomma boke) yaqinisekisa okunengi kwalokho abikako. Lesi sikhathi esihle sekghono lokuhlaziya imithombo: ukuthembeka, ukuba lisizo neqiniso. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama akhona wesiqotjho sikaHobhouse ngaphambi kokukhiqiza; sebenzisa amanye amagama nayingakghoni ukuqinisekiswa.
Isivumelwano seVereeniging
AmaBhuru azinikela, aqeda ukuzibusa kwawo kodwana azuza iimthembiso ezavikela iinfiso zabamhlophe.
Ipi yaphela nge-Sivumelwano (soKuthula) seVereeniging, esatlolwa nge-31 Meyi 1902. Amariphabhliki amabili wamaBhuru aba makholoni weBrithani, kodwana iBrithani yanikela iimvumelwano ezinganeleko bona ibuyisane namaBhuru - kufaka hlangana imali yokuvuselela amasimu nesivumelwano sezepolotiki esiqakathekileko.
- ITransvaal ne-Orange Free State zaba makholoni weBrithani.
- IBrithani yathembisa iimigidi emithathu yesizo sokwakha kabutjha nokuzibusa ngokukhamba kwesikhathi.
- Okuqakathekileko kukuthi, umbuzo welungelo lokuvota lama-Afrika waraliswa bekwaba ngemva kokuzibusa - okwatjho bona watjhiywa ebadeni bamakholoni abamhlophe bona bakuquntele.
Speaker notes
Le kuyimpetjhana yokuhlaziya eqakathekileko. Ukuthula beku'nesihawu' ebaBhurini khona kanye ngombana iBrithani beyifuna ubunye babamhlophe nekholoni ezinzileko nenenzuzo - ngeqadi elinqophileko lamalungelo wezepolotiki wama-Afrika. Dweba umgca kusukela esifundweni selungelo lokuvota eleraliswa lapha ukuya emikhipheni eyakhiwa eNyunyaneni ka-1910. Buza: ngubani olahlekelwe ngokuthula ngokweqiniso? [SME] Qinisekisa inani lesizo sokwakha kabutjha lezigidi ezintathu namagama anqophileko welungelo lokuvota we-Article/Clause 8.
Ukusuka epini ukuya eNyunyaneni, 1899-1910
- 1899 Ipi iyathoma (11 Oktoba); ukuvinjezela kokuthoma kwamaBhuru
- 1900 IBrithani ithatha iBloemfontein nePitori; ipi yamaguerilla ne-scorched earth kuyathoma
- 1901 Amakampe wokugumbela abulala khulu; u-Emily Hobhouse uyawembula
- 1902 Isivumelwano seVereeniging siqeda ipi (31 Meyi)
- 1908-09 IKhomventjhini yeSizwe idweba umthethosisekelo
- 1910 INyunyana yeSewula Afrika iyasekelwa (31 Meyi)
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa ngaphambi kokutjhugulukela epini ukuya esivumelwaneni sezepolotiki. Veza ubulingano obenziwa yikhalenda: isivumelwano seVereeniging neNyunyana kokubili kwamenyezelwa nge-31 Meyi, iminyaka esibhozo hlukene. Sebenzisa ihlelo lesikhathi bona utjengise imbangela nomphumela - ipi yatjhabalalisa amariphabhliki, ukwakha kabutjha kwahlanganisa amakholoni, begodu iKhomventjhini yeSizwe yakhiqiza umthethosisekelo weNyunyana.
Ukwakha kabutjha ukuya embusweni owodwa
'Ukwakha kabutjha' kweBrithani kwakha kabutjha umnotho kwagandelela amakholoni amane bona ahlangane ngezepolotiki.
Ngemva kwepi, u-Alfred Milner nabaphathi bakhe abatjha (i-'Kindergarten') bathoma ukwenza amakholoni abe maNgisi nawesimanjemanje, ukuvuselela imigodi yegolide nokwakha kabutjha amasimu. Ukuhlanganiswa komnotho - isistimu efanako yeporo neyerhwebo - kwenza inyunyana yezepolotiki ibonakale njengegadango elilandelako elifaneleko.
- Umnotho wokumba wathonywa kabutjha, ekuthomeni ngengcenye ngabasebenzi baseChina abangeniswako.
- ITransvaal neOrange River Colony zanikelwa urhulumende ozibusako (wokuzibusa) ngo-1907.
- Abarholi berhwebo nezepolotiki bathoma ukutjho bona umbuso owodwa ohlangeneko ungaqina begodu ube nesajekiswa ngokusebenzisa imali encani.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula 'ukwakha kabutjha' njengephrojekthi yombuso omkhulu enemgomo, ingasi ukulungisa kwaphela. UMilner bekafuna iSewula Afrika ekhuluma isiNgisi nethembekileko eBrithani; ngokurara ukuhlanganiswa kwakhe komnotho kwasiza ukwakha iimbonelo zenyunyana leyo abosopolotiki bama-Afrikaner abazoyirhola msinya. Qaphela abasebenzi baseChina abangeniswako njengesigameko esiphikisanako. Iimpetjhana le iyaqhagamana phakathi kwepi nesivumelwano somthethosisekelo. [SME] Qinisekisa amalanga worhulumende ozibusako ekholoni ngayinye.
Ukudweba umthethosisekelo weNyunyana
Abajameli abamhlophe abavela emakholoni amane bahlangana bona badweba iSewula Afrika ehlangeneko - nokuquntela bona ngubani ozokufakwa kiyo.
Abajameli abavela e-Kapa, eNatali, eTransvaal nakuye-Orange River colonies bahlangana e-Khomventjhini yeSizwe bona badwebe umthethosisekelo. Woke umjameli bekamhlophe; ama-Afrika, amaKhaladi nama-Indiya akhutjhwa eengcocweni ezaquntela ikusasa lawo lezepolotiki.
- Bakhetha umbuso owodwa ohlangeneko (urhulumende ophakathi oqinileko) kunombuso ohlukene (ifederation).
- Ilungelo lokuvota beliyingxabano ebuhlungu: iKapa yagcina ivoti layo elinemibandela, elingakhethi ngebala, kukulapho amakholoni asetlhagwini avumela abamhlophe kwaphela.
- Umphumela watlolwa e-South Africa Act, eyaphasiswa yiPalamende yeBrithani ngo-1909.
Speaker notes
Le kuyihliziyo yokuhlaziya ye-ngcenye yeNyunyana yesifundo. Gandelela umkhipho: umthethosisekelo wabantu boke beSewula Afrika wadwetjwa kwaphela ngabantu abamhlophe besilisa nangokwabo. Isivumelwano selungelo lokuvota (ivoti elinemibandela leKapa maqhathaniswa nabamhlophe-kwaphela betlhagwini) siqakathekile - sitjengisa indlela umkhipho ngebala owafakwa ngayo esisekelweni sombuso. Qaphela bona isiqhema samaKhaladi nama-Afrika (kufaka hlangana uW.P. Schreiner) ngokukhamba kwesikhathi saya eLondon ukuyabhikitha, ngaphandle kwempumelelo. [SME] Qinisekisa imininingwana yesiqhema esabhikitha eLondon.
INyunyana yeSewula Afrika
Nge-31 Meyi 1910 amakholoni amane aba yinarha yinye - i-dominion ezibusako ngaphakathi kombuso omkhulu weBrithani.
I-Nyunyana yeSewula Afrika yahlanganisa iKapa, iNatali, iTransvaal ne-Orange Free State yaba i-dominion yinye. U-Louis Botha, obekayijenene lamaBhuru, waba nguNdunankulu wokuthoma, u-Jan Smuts anguminista ohlonatjhwako - ukubuyisana kwabamhlophe, okwafezwa ngeqadi lelinengi labantu abanzima.
- Amandla wezepolotiki abekwe ngokuqinileko elincani labamhlophe; ilinengi labantu abanzima lakhutjhwa ezepolotikini ephakathi.
- IPitori yaba lidorobho lokuphatha, iKapa idorobho lokwenza imithetho begodu iBloemfontein idorobho lomthetho.
- INyunyana yabeka iinsekelo zezepolotiki ezazokwaletha ukuhlukaniswa ngebala nokuthi, kusukela ngo-1948, i-apartheid.
Speaker notes
Vala umkhondo wezepolotiki: abalwi abamhlophe bepi (uBotha, uSmuts bebamajenene wamaBhuru) khesekele babusa i-dominion yeBrithani. Gandelela ukurara nokungabi nabulungiswa okuphakathi - ukubuyisana phakathi kwabakhuluma isiNgisi nesiBhunu kwakhiwe phezu komkhipho welinengi lama-Afrika, amaKhaladi nama-Indiya. Isivumelwano samadorobho amathathu wamakhulu satjengisa ukuthengiselana phakathi kwamakholoni. Dweba umgca oya phambili kuNatives Land Act ka-1913 nokugcina i-apartheid.
Lokho ipi neNyunyana ekutjhiya ngemva
Iimgameko yaka-1899-1910 yabeka iphetheni yeSewula Afrika yekhulu lama-20.
Umbuso obuswa babamhlophe
INyunyana yagxilisa ukubusa kwabalincani begodu yakhupha ilinengi labantu abanzima ezepolotikini yesizwe.
Ukuvukela kwama-Afrika kuyakhula
Umkhipho wasiza ukuvusa ipolotiki entja ehleliweko - i-SANNC, umanduleli we-ANC, yasekelwa ngo-1912.
Umkhumbulo ohlukaniweko
Amakampe adlisa ubukhosi bama-Afrikaner, kukulapho itlhuwo labantu abanzima belanganakwa isikhathi eside - umlando ophikiswanako.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa amakhaba amathathu la bona uzilolonge ikghono leFET lokuhlola imiphumela ngesikhathi esifitjhani neside. Veza bona umkhipho owadwetjwa eNyunyaneni wavusa ngokunqophileko ukusekelwa kweSouth African Native National Congress (SANNC) ngo-1912. Buyela embuzweni orholako wesifundo: ngubani ozuzileko begodu ngubani olahlekelweko? Ukubuyisana phakathi kwabamhlophe kweza ngendleko yamalungelo welinengi, begodu ukungabi nabulungiswa loko kwabumba koke okalandelako.
Ukubuyekeza: iPi yeSewula Afrika neNyunyana
Ipi yegolide nombuso omkhulu yaphela ngokuthula neNyunyana eyahlanganisa abamhlophe yakhupha ilinengi labantu abanzima.
Phakathi kwaka-1899 no-1910 iSewula Afrika yasuka epini ebulalako yombuso omkhulu, yadlula emakampeni wokugumbela abulala amakhulu weenkulungwana zeenakhamuzi zawo woke amabala, yaya embusweni owodwa owakhiwe phezu kwamandla wezepolotiki wabamhlophe. Sebenzisa imibuzo engaphasi bona uhlanganise begodu uphikisane nobufakazi.
Q. Hlathulula indlela iimbangelo zomnotho nezepolotiki ezahlangana ngayo ukubangela iPi yeSewula Afrika yaka-1899-1902. (8 marks)
Q. Hlola ukuthembeka nokuba lisizo kweembiko zika-Emily Hobhouse njengobufakazi ngamakampe wokugumbela. (6 marks)
Q. Kufikela kuphi iNyunyana yaka-1910 eyahlanganisa iSewula Afrika? Qalisela kilabo abafakwako nalabo abakhutjhwako. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Imibuzo emithathu itjengisa iindlela zokuhlola zeCAPS FET: ukuhlathulula kwembangela nomphumela, umsebenzi wokuhlola umthombo, nengxoxo enatjhaziweko ye-'kufikela kuphi'. Khuthaza abafundi bona basebenzise ubufakazi obuvela esifundweni soke begodu bafinyelele ekuquntweni okusekelweko kunokubala amaqiniso. Bakhumbuze bona isihloko lesi siqalisa amayunithi alandelako wokuhlukaniswa ngebala, iLand Act yaka-1913 nokukhula kobukhosi bama-Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The South African War and Union
- Resource type
- Presentation