Amaphuzu Aphenduka Izinto: 1960, 1976 no-1990
Iminyaka emithathu eyashintsha iNingizimu Afrika - iSharpeville, ukuvukela kwaseSoweto, kanye nokukhululwa kukaMandela endleleni eya entandweni yeningi (democracy).
Speaker notes
Qala ngokuchaza ukuthi 'iphuzu eliphendula izinto' liyini - yisikhathi esishintsha indlela umlando obhekise kuyo. Buka kuqala amaphuzu amathathu aphenduka izinto kule yunithi: iSharpeville (1960), ukuvukela kwaseSoweto (1976) kanye nokususwa kwenqubo yokuvinjelwa kwezinhlangano zenkululeko nokukhululwa kukaMandela (1990). Buza abafundi ukuthi yini abasazi kakade ngomnyaka ngamunye.
INingizimu Afrika ngo-1960
Ngo-1960 imithetho yobandlululo (apartheid) yayilawula cishe zonke izingxenye zezimpilo zabantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika - futhi ukumelana kwakukhula.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1950 uhulumeni weNational Party wayakhe ubandlululo (apartheid) waba ngumthetho. Imithetho yamapasi (pass laws) yayiphakathi kwezinto ezazizondwa kakhulu: yayiphoqa abantu abansundu ukuthi baphathe incwadi yepasi ngazo zonke izikhathi, ilawula lapho babengahlala, basebenze, futhi bahambe khona.
- I-African National Congress (ANC) yayihola ukumelana ngemikhankaso efana ne-Defiance Campaign yango-1952.
- Ngo-1959 i-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), eyayiholwa u-Robert Sobukwe, yahlukana ne-ANC.
- Zombili lezi zinhlangano zazihlela imibhikisho emelene nemithetho yamapasi ekuqaleni kuka-1960.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa nemfundo yangaphambilini (u-1948 kanye neminyaka yawo-1950). Gcizelela ukuthi imithetho yamapasi yisisusa esibalulekile salokho okwenzeka ngokulandelayo. Chaza ukwahlukana: i-PAC yayikholelwa endleleni ye-Africanist futhi ifuna ukuhola umkhankaso wayo omelene namapasi, ohlukene nombhikisho oyayihlelwe yi-ANC. Lokhu kuncintisana kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani iSharpeville yenzeka ngesikhathi eyenzeka ngaso.
Isibhicongo saseSharpeville
Amaphoyisa adubula umbhikisho onokuthula omelene namapasi, abulala abantu abangu-69.
Ngo-21 Mashi 1960 i-PAC yamemezela ukuthi abantu bashiye izincwadi zamapasi ekhaya futhi baqoqane ngokuthula eziteshini zamaphoyisa, bezinikela ukuba baboshwe. E-Sharpeville, ilokishi endaweni yaseVaal eningizimu yeGoli, isixuku esikhulu saqoqana ngaphandle kwesiteshi samaphoyisa.
- Ngaphandle kwesixwayiso esicacile, amaphoyisa adubula isixuku esasingahlomile.
- Abantu abangu-69 babulawa kanti abacishe babe ngu-180 balimala; abaningi badutshulwa emhlane besabaleka.
- Umbhikisho ofanayo eLanga eduze kweKapa nawo waphetha ngodlame lwamaphoyisa.
Speaker notes
Phatha lokhu ngobunono - kuyisehlakalo esibuhlungu. Ukulandelana kwezehlakalo okucacile kuyaphikiswana ngakho, kodwa i-SAHO ibhala abangu-69 ababulawa nabacishe babe ngu-180 abalimala, abaningi babo bedutshulwa emhlane. [SME] Izibalo zabafileyo nabalimeleyo ziyahluka kancane phakathi kwemithombo; qinisekisa izibalo ofuna abafundi bazibhale. Gcizelela ukuthi umbhikisho wawunokuthula futhi abantu babengahlomile. Lesi yisikhathi lapho udlame lobandlululo lwaboniswa umhlaba wonke.
Isimo esiphuthumayo (State of emergency) kanye nokuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC
Uhulumeni waqinisa isandla kakhulu futhi wenza izinhlangano ezinkulu zenkululeko zibe ezingekho emthethweni.
ISharpeville yabangela imibhikisho ezweni lonke kanye nokwethuka emhlabeni wonke. Uhulumeni wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo (state of emergency), waboshwa izinkulungwane zamalungu, waphuthumisa umthetho omusha ephalamende.
- I-Unlawful Organisations Act (1960) yasetshenziswa ukuvimbela zombili i-ANC ne-PAC ngo-Ephreli 1960.
- Abaholi baboshwa, futhi abaningi bangena ngaphansi (baba yimfihlo) noma baya ekudingisweni.
- Umbhikiso onokuthula, osemthethweni manje wawusucishe ungenzeki - iphuzu elibalulekile eliphendula izinto emzabalazweni.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukubaluleka ngokucacile: ukuvinjelwa kwakusho ukuthi i-ANC ne-PAC azisakwazi ukusebenza obala, ukushicilela, ukubamba imihlangano noma ukuqoqa amalungu ngokusemthethweni. Ukuvalwa kwezindlela zokuthula kwaphushela izinhlangano ekusebenziseni amasu amasha, okuyisihloko seslayidi esilandelayo. Qaphela ukuthi isimo esiphuthumayo sanikeza amaphoyisa amandla abanzi okubopha abantu ngaphandle kokuquliswa kwamacala.
Kusuka embhikishweni onokuthula kuya emzabalazweni ohlomile
Njengoba umbhikisho onokuthula wase uvinjelwe, izinhlangano zashintsha izindlela zazo.
Ngaphansi (Imfihlo)
Izinhlangano ezavinjelwa zaqhubeka zisebenza ngasese futhi zamisa izisekelo ngaphandle kwezwe.
Amaphiko ahlomile
I-ANC yasungula i-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ngo-1961; i-PAC yasungula i-Poqo.
Ukuquliswa kwecala laseRivonia
Ngo-1964 u-Nelson Mandela nabanye bagwetshwa udilikajele (ukuboshwa impilo yabo yonke).
Speaker notes
Gcina lokhu ezingeni leBanga 9: ngemuva kweSharpeville nokuvinjelwa kwezinhlangano, izishoshovu eziningi zabona ukuthi umbhikisho onokuthula wodwa awusakwazi ukusebenza, base bejikela ekuciciyeleni (sabotage) nasemzabalazweni ohlomile. I-MK (esho 'Umkhonto weSizwe') yasungulwa ngoDisemba 1961. Ecaleni laseRivonia (1963-64) uMandela nabanye abayisikhombisa bagwetshwa udilikajele. Lokhu kuqala iminyaka engu-27 kaMandela ejele, exhumene no-1990.
IBantu Education kanye nesimemezelo sesiBhunu (Afrikaans)
Intukuthelo ngemfundo ephansi elawulwayo yaphuphuma ezikoleni.
I-Bantu Education Act (1953) yanikeza izingane ezimnyama imfundo eyayenzelwe ngamabomu ukuba iphansi, ehloselwe ukuzilungiselela umsebenzi wezandla kuphela. Ngeminyaka yawo-1970 izikole zaziminyene futhi zingaxhaswa ngokwanele, futhi inhlangano entsha, i-Black Consciousness, eyayiholwa u-Steve Biko, yakhuthaza intsha ukuthi iziqhenye ngokuba yiyo futhi imelane.
- Ngo-1974 uhulumeni wayala ukuthi kusetshenziswe isiBhunu (Afrikaans) ukufundisa uhhafu wezifundo zesikole.
- Abafundi bakubona isiBhunu njengolimi lomcindezeli wabo futhi babengeke bafunde kahle ngaso.
- Intukuthelo yakhula ezikoleni zaseSoweto kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-1976.
Speaker notes
Leli slayidi liyibhuloho elisuka ephuzwini lokuqala eliphendula izinto liye kwelesibili. Yenza izimbangela zicace: (1) isikhalo eside seBantu Education, (2) i-Afrikaans Medium Decree yango-1974 njengesisusa esisheshayo, kanye (3) ne-Black Consciousness enika abafundi ukuzethemba kokwenza. Chaza ukuthi kungani ukuphoqa isiBhunu kwazondwa kangaka - iningi labafundi ngisho nothisha abaningi babengasazi kahle.
Ukuvukela kwaseSoweto
Izinkulungwane zezingane zesikole zabhikisha - zahlangatshezwana nezinhlamvu zamaphoyisa.
Ekuseni ngo-16 Juni 1976, izinkulungwane zabafundi baseSoweto babhikisha ngokuthula bemelene nokufundiswa ngesiBhunu. Amaphoyisa avimba lo mbhikisho adubula. Phakathi kwabokuqala ababulawa kwaku-Hector Pieterson oneminyaka engu-12, isithombe sakhe esethusa umhlaba wonke.
- Umbhikisho wawuhlelwe kakhulu abafundi ngokwabo.
- Ukuvukela kwasabalala kusuka eSoweto kuya emadolobheni ayo yonke iNingizimu Afrika.
- Amakhulu abantu, abaningi babo bebasha, babulawa ezinyangeni ezalandela.
Speaker notes
U-Hector Pieterson uvame ukubhalwa njengoneminyaka engu-12 noma engu-13; isithombe sikaSam Nzima somzimba wakhe uthwelwe, u-Antoinette Sithole egijima eceleni, saba uphawu lomhlaba wonke. [SME] Izibalo zabafileyo zango-Juni 1976 nangemuva ziyaphikiswana - izibalo ezisemthethweni zanikeza cishe u-176, kanti ezinye izilinganiso zifika ku-600 noma ngaphezulu; khetha inombolo nendlela yokuveza okuvunywa yi-SME yakho. Gcizelela ukuthi laba kwakuyizingane zesikole ezazibhikishela imfundo enhle.
Kungani iSoweto yaba yiphuzu eliphendula izinto
Ukuvukela kwashintsha umzabalazo futhi kwaphendula umbono womhlaba wonke wamelana nobandlululo.
Ukuvukela kwaseSoweto kwakhombisa ukuthi isizukulwane esisha ngeke sivume ubandlululo. Abasha abaningi bashiya izwe beyojoyina i-ANC ne-PAC ekudingisweni, beqinisa umzabalazo ohlomile. Ngo-1977 umholi we-Black Consciousness u-Steve Biko washona ngemuva kokuhlukunyezwa esiboshelweni samaphoyisa, okwabangela intukuthelo enkulu.
- Umhlaba wabona izithombe zezingane zidutshulwa, futhi ingcindezi eNingizimu Afrika yakhula.
- Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene (United Nations) namazwe amaningi anyusa izijeziso zezomnotho (sanctions) ngokumelene nobandlululo.
- U-16 Juni manje ukhunjulwa minyaka yonke eNingizimu Afrika njengeYouth Day (uSuku Lwentsha).
Speaker notes
Veza imbangela nomphumela: ukuvukela kwenza isizukulwane sashisekela, kwaqinisa izinhlangano ezisekudingisweni, futhi kwashintsha umbono wamazwe ngokuqinile. Ukushona kukaBiko ngoSepthemba 1977 kwaba yisisusa esinye sokuhlangana. Xhumanisa nesikhathi samanje - uYouth Day (16 Juni) uwusuku lomatasa oluvaliwe, ngakho lo mlando uyingxenye yekhalenda labafundi, njengeWomen's Day evela emfundweni yangaphambilini.
Kusuka eSharpeville kuya entandweni yeningi, 1960-1994
- 1960 Isibhicongo saseSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC zavinjelwa
- 1964 UMandela wagwetshwa udilikajele ecaleni laseRivonia
- 1976 Ukuvukela kwaseSoweto kwaqala ngo-16 Juni
- 1983 Kwasungulwa i-United Democratic Front (UDF)
- 1990 I-ANC ne-PAC zasuswa ekuvinjelweni; uMandela wakhululwa
- 1994 Ukhetho lokuqala lwentando yeningi ngo-27 Ephreli
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa leli slayidi ukuhlanganisa yonke le yunithi ngaphambi kwesigaba sokugcina. Cela abafundi bathole igebe elide phakathi kokuboshwa kukaMandela (1964) nokukhululwa kwakhe (1990) - iminyaka engu-26 - futhi baxhumanise ukukhula kokumelana kweminyaka yawo-1980 (i-UDF, umbhikisho wesixuku, izimo eziphuthumayo) nesinqumo sokugcina sikahulumeni sokuxoxisana.
Ubandlululo lungaphansi kwengcindezi
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980 uhulumeni wayengasakwazi ukulawula izwe njengakuqala.
Ngo-1983 izinhlangano eziningi zahlangana ndawonye ku-United Democratic Front (UDF) ukuze zimelane nobandlululo ngaphakathi ezweni. Imibhikisho, ukungeni kwezisebenzi (strikes) kanye nokugwema (boyikoti) kwenza izindawo eziningi 'zingalawuleki', futhi uhulumeni wamemezela izimo eziphuthumayo kaningi.
- Izijeziso zezomnotho (sanctions) zomhlaba wonke zalimaza umnotho futhi zavalela iNingizimu Afrika ngaphandle.
- Izimemezelo zokuthi 'Khululani uNelson Mandela' zakhula ngamandla ekhaya naphesheya.
- Ngo-1989 u-F.W. de Klerk waba nguMongameli Wombuso (State President), ozimisele ukuxoxisana.
Speaker notes
Chaza amandla amaningi ayephushela uhulumeni etafuleni: ukumelana kwesixuku kwangaphakathi (i-UDF nezinyunyana zabasebenzi), umonakalo wezomnotho ovela ezijezisweni nasekuhoxisweni kwezimali, kanye nesimo somhlaba esishintshayo njengoba i-Cold War yaphela. U-De Klerk, oba ngumongameli ngo-1989, wabona ukuthi ukuguqula nokuxoxisana kwakuyiyona ndlela kuphela eyayibonakala. Lokhu kubeka izehlakalo ezimangazayo zango-1990.
Ukususwa ekuvinjelweni nokukhululwa kukaMandela
Ngo-2 Februwari 1990 uhulumeni wasusa ukuvinjelwa; ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye uMandela wakhululeka.
Ngiyanibingelela nonke egameni loxolo, intando yeningi nenkululeko yabo bonke. Nelson Mandela, iKapa, 11 Februwari 1990
Enkulumeni ephalamende ngo-2 Februwari 1990, uMongameli Wombuso u-F.W. de Klerk wasusa ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC, i-PAC nezinye izinhlangano wakhulula iziboshwa zezepolitiki. Ngo-11 Februwari 1990, ngemuva kweminyaka engu-27 ejele, u-Nelson Mandela wakhululwa.
- Abaholi ababesekudingisweni base bengabuya futhi izinhlangano zazingasebenza obala futhi.
- UMandela wanxusa uxolo nezingxoxo zokwakha iNingizimu Afrika enentando yeningi.
- Indlela manje yase ivulekile yezingxoxo zokuqeda ubandlululo.
Speaker notes
Leli yiphuzu lesithathu eliphendula izinto futhi liyisiqongo somzwelo waleyunithi. Inkulumo kaDe Klerk ka-2 Februwari ivame ukubizwa njengesikhathi lapho ubandlululo laqala khona ukuphela. UMandela wakhululwa ngo-11 Februwari futhi wakhuluma ngalobo busuku esuka ebhalekhoni ye-Cape Town City Hall esixukwini esikhulu. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama aqondile anoma iyiphi ingcaphuno kaMandela ngokumelene nomthombo we-SAHO ngaphambi kokuphrinta. Gcizelela ukuthi ukukhululwa kwakungasho inkululeko yabo bonke okwamanje - izingxoxo zazisezoza.
Ukuxoxisana ngeNingizimu Afrika entsha
Izitha ezindala kwakumele zixoxisane, naphezu kokungathembani okujulile nodlame oluqhubekayo.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-1991 uhulumeni, i-ANC nezinye izinhlangano bahlangana ku-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) ukuhlela izwe elisha, elingabandlululi ngokwebala. Izingxoxo zazinzima futhi zisatshiswa udlame lwezepolitiki, kodwa zaqhubeka.
- Kureferendum yabamhlophe kuphela yango-1992, abavoti abamhlophe basekela ukuqhubeka kwezingxoxo.
- Izingxoxo zamaqembu amaningi zavuma umthethosisekelo wesikhashana (interim constitution) kanye nosuku lokhetho.
- Wonke umuntu ongaphezu kweminyaka engu-18, yanoma yiliphi ibala, wayezokwazi ukuvota okokuqala.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi ukuxoxisana kwakusho ukuyekethisa - akukho hlangothi olwathola konke olwalukufuna. I-CODESA I yahlangana ngoDisemba 1991; i-CODESA II yama ngo-1992, futhi inqubo yacishe yawohloka phakathi kodlame, kodwa izingxoxo zamaqembu amaningi zaqhubeka futhi zakhiqiza umthethosisekelo wesikhashana ngo-1993. I-referendum yango-1992 yabuza abavoti abamhlophe ukuthi ukuguqula kufanele kuqhubeke yini; cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zavota u-yebo. Gcizelela ukuthi kwakuyisimangaliso kangakanani ukuthi kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni sokuthula.
Ukhetho lokuqala lwentando yeningi
Okokuqala, bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika base bengavota - futhi bakhetha inkululeko.
Ngo-27 Ephreli 1994, izigidi zabantu baseNingizimu Afrika bazo zonke izinhlanga bavota okhethweni lokuqala lwentando yeningi ezweni. Abantu bema emigqeni emide, benobekezelo, abaningi bevota okokuqala empilweni yabo. I-ANC yawina, futhi u-Nelson Mandela waba ngumongameli wokuqala waseNingizimu Afrika okhethwe ngentando yeningi.
- U-27 Ephreli manje ugujwa minyaka yonke njengeFreedom Day (uSuku Lwenkululeko).
- Umthethosisekelo omusha ngo-1996 waqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kuwo wonke umuntu.
- Amaphuzu aphenduka izinto ka-1960, 1976 no-1990 ase eholele, ekugcineni, entandweni yeningi.
Speaker notes
Vala indaba yomlando ngethemba kodwa ngeqiniso. Ukhetho luka-27 Ephreli 1994 (Freedom Day) lwaqeda umbuso wobandlululo; uMandela wafungiswa njengomongameli ngo-10 Meyi 1994. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi intando yeningi kwakuyisiqalo, hhayi isiphetho - umthethosisekelo ka-1996 wabeka amalungelo abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abasasebenza ukuwavikela namuhla. Bese udlulela emibuzweni yokubuyekeza.
Esikufundile - nemibuzo okumele siyiphendule
Amaphuzu amathathu aphenduka izinto - 1960, 1976 no-1990 - ahambisa iNingizimu Afrika kusuka ebandlululweni kuya entandweni yeningi.
ISharpeville (1960) yaveza udlame lobandlululo futhi yaholela ekuvinjelweni kwe-ANC ne-PAC. ISoweto (1976) yaletha isizukulwane esisha emzabalazweni futhi yaphendula umbono womhlaba wonke wamelana nobandlululo. Ukususwa ekuvinjelweni nokukhululwa kukaMandela (1990) kwavula indlela yezingxoxo futhi, ngo-1994, yaya entandweni yeningi.
Q. Kungani isibhicongo saseSharpeville sango-1960 sichazwa njengephuzu eliphendula izinto emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza ukuthi yini eyabangela ukuvukela kwaseSoweto ngo-1976 futhi unikeze imiphumela emibili yakho. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza izehlakalo ezimbili phakathi kuka-1990 no-1994 ezasiza iNingizimu Afrika ukuba ibe yintando yeningi. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhalwayo noma ingxoxo yekilasi; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa izitayela zeCAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokubhala okwengeziwe. Khuthaza abafundi ukuthi basebenzise islayidi sokulandelana kwezikhathi lapho behlela izimpendulo zabo. Njengokucabanga kokugcina, buza ukuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuthi uYouth Day noFreedom Day basayizinsuku zomatasa ezivaliwe namuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Turning points in South African history: 1960, 1976 and 1990
- Resource type
- Presentation