Amaxesha Otshintsho: 1960, 1976 no-1990
Iminyaka emithathu eyatshintsha uMzantsi Afrika - iSharpeville, uvukelo lwaseSoweto, kunye nokukhululwa kukaMandela endleleni eya kwidemokhrasi (democracy).
Speaker notes
Qala ngokucacisa ukuba 'ixesha lotshintsho' liyintoni - ngumzuzu otshintsha icala apho imbali ijonge khona. Bonisa kwangaphambili amaxesha amathathu otshintsho kule yunithi: iSharpeville (1960), uvukelo lwaseSoweto (1976) kunye nokususwa kwesithintelo kwimibutho yenkululeko nokukhululwa kukaMandela (1990). Buza abafundi ukuba yintoni abasele beyazi ngomnyaka ngamnye.
UMzantsi Afrika ngo-1960
Ngo-1960 imithetho yocalucalulo (apartheid) yayilawula phantse yonke inxalenye yobomi babantu abamnyama baseMzantsi Afrika - kwaye ukuchasa kwakukhula.
Ngexesha leminyaka yee-1950 urhulumente weNational Party wayeselakhe ucalucalulo (apartheid) wawenza umthetho. Imithetho yamapasi (pass laws) yayiphakathi kweyona yayithiyekile: yayinyanzelisa abantu abaNtsundu ukuba baphathe incwadana yepasi (passbook) ngamaxesha onke, ilawula apho babenokuhlala, basebenze baze bahambe khona.
- I-African National Congress (ANC) yakhokela ukuchasa ngamaphulo anjenge-Defiance Campaign ka-1952.
- Ngo-1959 i-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), eyayikhokelwa nguRobert Sobukwe, yahlukana ne-ANC.
- Yomibini le mibutho yayicwangcise uqhankqalazo oluchasene nemithetho yamapasi ekuqaleni kuka-1960.
Speaker notes
Nxulumanisa neyunithi yangaphambili (1948 kunye neminyaka yee-1950). Gxininisa ukuba imithetho yamapasi yeyona nto ibangela oku kulandelayo. Cacisa ukwahlukana: i-PAC yayikholelwa kwindlela yobu-Afrikanisti (Africanist) kwaye ifuna ukukhokela iphulo layo elichasene namapasi, elahlukileyo koluqhankqalazo lwalucwangciswe yi-ANC. Le mvalelwano incedisa ukucacisa ukuba kutheni iSharpeville yenzeka ngelo xesha.
Isixhaxha saseSharpeville (Sharpeville massacre)
Amapolisa adubula uqhankqalazo oluxolileyo oluchasene namapasi, abulala abantu abangama-69.
Ngomhla wama-21 Matshi 1960 i-PAC yabiza abantu ukuba bashiye iincwadana zabo zepasi ekhaya baze baqokelelane ngoxolo kumapolisa, bezinikela ukuba babanjwe. E-Sharpeville, ilokishi kwingingqi yaseVaal emazantsi eGoli (Johannesburg), isihlwele esikhulu saqokelelana ngaphandle kwesikhululo samapolisa.
- Ngaphandle kwesilumkiso esicacileyo, amapolisa adubula isihlwele esasingaxhobanga.
- Abantu abangama-69 babulawa kwaye malunga ne-180 benzakala; abaninzi badutyulwa emhlana ngethuba bebaleka.
- Uqhankqalazo olufanayo eLanga kufuphi neKapa (Cape Town) nalo lwaphela ngobundlobongela bamapolisa.
Speaker notes
Yiphathe ngovelwano le nto - sisiganeko esibuhlungu. Ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo luyaphikiswa, kodwa i-SAHO ibhala abangama-69 ababulawayo nabamalunga ne-180 abenzakalayo, abaninzi badutyulwa emhlana. [SME] Amanani abafileyo nabenzakeleyo ayahluka kancinci phakathi kwemithombo; qinisekisa amanani ofuna abafundi bawabhale. Gxininisa ukuba uqhankqalazo lwaluxolile kwaye abantu babengaxhobanga. Lo ngumzuzu apho ubundlobongela bocalucalulo baboniswa kwihlabathi liphela.
Imeko yongxamiseko (state of emergency) nokuvalwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC
Urhulumente wancakasela ngamandla waza wenza imibutho ephambili yenkululeko ingekho semthethweni.
ISharpeville yabangela uqhankqalazo kulo lonke ilizwe kunye nexhala kwihlabathi liphela. Urhulumente wabhengeza imeko yongxamiseko (state of emergency), wavalela amawaka amatshantliziyo, waza wangxamisa umthetho omtsha epalamente.
- I-Unlawful Organisations Act (1960) yasetyenziswa ukuvala zombini i-ANC ne-PAC ngo-Aprili 1960.
- Iinkokeli zabanjwa, kwaye abaninzi basebenza ngokufihlakeleyo okanye baya ebhacweni (exile).
- Uqhankqalazo oluxolileyo, olusemthethweni ngoku lwaluphantse lungenzeki - eli laba lixesha lotshintsho elikhulu emzabalazweni.
Speaker notes
Cacisa ukubaluleka ngokucacileyo: ukuvalwa kwakuthetha ukuba i-ANC ne-PAC azisenako ukusebenza ekuhleni, ukupapasha, ukubamba iintlanganiso okanye ukubhalisa amalungu ngokusemthethweni. Ukuvalwa kwezi ndlela zoxolo kwatyhalela imibutho kwiindlela ezintsha, oyingongoma yesilayidi esilandelayo. Qaphela ukuba imeko yongxamiseko yanika amapolisa amandla abanzi okuvalela abantu ngaphandle kwetyala.
Ukusuka kuqhankqalazo ukuya kumzabalazo oxhobileyo
Kuba uqhankqalazo oluxolileyo lwaluvaliwe, imibutho yatshintsha iindlela zayo.
Ngokufihlakeleyo
Imibutho evaliweyo yaqhubeka isebenza emfihlakalweni yaza yaseka iziseko ngaphandle kwelizwe.
Amaphiko axhobileyo
I-ANC yaseka uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ngo-1961; i-PAC yaseka i-Poqo.
Ityala laseRivonia (Rivonia Trial)
Ngo-1964 uNelson Mandela nabanye bagwetywa ubomi entolongweni.
Speaker notes
Yigcine kwinqanaba leBanga 9: emva kweSharpeville nokuvalwa, amatshantliziyo amaninzi agqiba ekubeni uqhankqalazo oluxolileyo lodwa alusenako ukusebenza, aza atyekela ekonakalisweni (sabotage) nasekuchaseni okuxhobileyo. UMK (othetha 'uMkhonto weSizwe') waseka ngoDisemba 1961. KwiTyala laseRivonia (1963-64) uMandela nabanye abasixhenxe bagwetywa ubomi entolongweni. Oku kuqalisa iminyaka engama-27 kaMandela entolongweni, edibanisa no-1990.
I-Bantu Education nommiselo wesiBhulu (Afrikaans decree)
Umsindo ngemfundo ephantsi, elawulwayo waphuphuma ezikolweni.
I-Bantu Education Act (1953) yanika abantwana abamnyama imfundo ephantsi ngabom eyayenzelwe ukubaqeqeshela umsebenzi wezandla kuphela. Ngeminyaka yee-1970 izikolo zazixinene kwaye zingaxhaswa ngokwaneleyo ngemali, kwaye umbutho omtsha, i-Black Consciousness, owawukhokelwa nguSteve Biko, wakhuthaza abantu abatsha ukuba baziqhayise baze bachase.
- Ngo-1974 urhulumente wayalela ukuba isiBhulu (Afrikaans) sisetyenziswe ukufundisa isiqingatha sezifundo zesikolo.
- Abafundi babebona isiBhulu njengolwimi lomcinezeli wabo kwaye babengakwazi ukufunda kakuhle ngaso.
- Umsindo wakhula ezikolweni zaseSoweto ukuza kuthi ga ekuqaleni kuka-1976.
Speaker notes
Esi silayidi sisibhloko esisuka kwixesha lotshintsho lokuqala ukuya kwelesibini. Yenza izizathu zicace: (1) ukukhalaza kwexesha elide nge-Bantu Education, (2) i-Afrikaans Medium Decree ka-1974 njengonobangela okhawulezileyo, kunye (3) ne-Black Consciousness enika abafundi isibindi sokwenza into. Cacisa ukuba kutheni ukunyanzelwa kwesiBhulu kwakuthiyekile kangako - uninzi lwabafundi nkqu nootitshala abaninzi babengasithethi ngokukhululekileyo.
Uvukelo lwaseSoweto (Soweto uprising)
Amawaka abantwana besikolo enza umngcelele woqhankqalazo - ahlangatyezwa ziimbumbulu zamapolisa.
Ngentsasa yomhla we-16 Juni 1976, amawaka abafundi baseSoweto enza umngcelele ngoxolo ukuqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nokufundiswa ngesiBhulu. Amapolisa avala umngcelele aza adubula. Phakathi kwabokuqala ababulawayo yayingu-Hector Pieterson oneminyaka eli-12, ofoto yakhe yothusa ihlabathi.
- Uqhankqalazo lwalucwangciswe kakhulu ngabafundi ngokwabo.
- Uvukelo lwasasazeka lusuka eSoweto ukuya kwiidolophu kulo lonke uMzantsi Afrika.
- Amakhulu abantu, abaninzi babo bebancinci, babulawa kwiinyanga ezalandelayo.
Speaker notes
UHector Pieterson udla ngokubhalwa njengoneminyaka eli-12 okanye eli-13; ifoto kaSam Nzima yomzimba wakhe uthwelwe, noAntoinette Sithole ebaleka ecaleni, yaba luphawu lwehlabathi liphela. [SME] Amanani abafileyo ngoJuni 1976 nasemva koko ayaphikiswa - amanani asemthethweni anika malunga ne-176, ngelixa amanye amaqashiso afika kuma-600 nangaphezulu; khetha inani nendlela yokuwabeka evunywa yiSME yakho. Gxininisa ukuba aba yayingabantwana besikolo abaqhankqalazela imfundo esemgangathweni.
Kutheni iSoweto yaba lixesha lotshintsho
Uvukelo lwatshintsha umzabalazo lwaza lwaguqula uluvo lwehlabathi lwachasa ucalucalulo.
Uvukelo lwaseSoweto lwabonisa ukuba isizukulwana esitsha sasingayi kwamkela ucalucalulo. Abantu abatsha abaninzi bemka elizweni ukuya kujoyina i-ANC ne-PAC ekubhacweni, beqinisa umzabalazo oxhobileyo. Ngo-1977 inkokeli ye-Black Consciousness uSteve Biko wasweleka emva kokungcungcuthekiswa eluvalelweni lwamapolisa, oku kwabangela umsindo ongakumbi.
- Ihlabathi labona imifanekiso yabantwana bedutyulwa, kwaye uxinzelelo kuMzantsi Afrika lwakhula.
- I-United Nations namazwe amaninzi anyusa izohlwayo (sanctions) ngokuchasene nocalucalulo.
- Umhla we-16 Juni ngoku ukhunjulwa nyaka ngamnye eMzantsi Afrika njenge-Youth Day (uSuku loLutsha).
Speaker notes
Veza unobangela nomphumela: uvukelo lwenza isizukulwana saba ngabazabalazi ngamandla, lwaphakamisa imibutho esekubhacweni, lwaza lwaguqula uluvo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukusweleka kukaBiko ngoSeptemba 1977 kwaba lelinye iphuzu lokuhlanganisa abantu. Nxulumanisa nanamhlanje - iYouth Day (16 Juni) yiholide karhulumente, ngoko le mbali iyinxalenye yekhalenda yabafundi ngokwabo, njenge-Women's Day yeyunithi yangaphambili.
Ukusuka eSharpeville ukuya kwidemokhrasi, 1960-1994
- 1960 Isixhaxha saseSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC zivaliwe
- 1964 UMandela ugwetywa ubomi kwiTyala laseRivonia
- 1976 Uvukelo lwaseSoweto luqala ngo-16 Juni
- 1983 Kwasekwa i-United Democratic Front (UDF)
- 1990 I-ANC ne-PAC zisuswe isithintelo; uMandela ukhululwa
- 1994 Unyulo lokuqala lwedemokhrasi ngomhla wama-27 Aprili
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi silayidi ukuqinisa yonke le yunithi phambi komgama wokugqibela. Cela abafundi baqaphele isithuba eside phakathi kokuvalelwa kukaMandela (1964) nokukhululwa (1990) - iminyaka engama-26 - baze banxulumanise ukuchasa okwakhulayo kweminyaka yee-1980 (i-UDF, uqhankqalazo lwesihlwele, iimeko zongxamiseko) kwisigqibo sokugqibela sikarhulumente sokuthetha-thethana.
Ucalucalulo phantsi koxinzelelo
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980 urhulumente wayengasakwazi ukulawula ilizwe njengangaphambili.
Ngo-1983 imibutho emininzi yamanyana kwi-United Democratic Front (UDF) ukuchasa ucalucalulo ngaphakathi kwelizwe. Uqhankqalazo, ugwayimbo kunye nokungathengi (boycotts) kwenza iindawo ezininzi 'zingalawuleki', kwaye urhulumente wabhengeza iimeko zongxamiseko ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
- Izohlwayo (sanctions) zamazwe ngamazwe zawonakalisa uqoqosho zaza zabekela bucala uMzantsi Afrika.
- Izikhalo zokuthi 'Free Nelson Mandela' (Khululani uNelson Mandela) zakhula ngamandla ekhaya naphesheya.
- Ngo-1989 uF.W. de Klerk waba nguMongameli weLizwe, ekulungele ukuthetha-thethana.
Speaker notes
Cacisa amandla amaninzi atyhalela urhulumente etafileni: ukuchasa kwesihlwele ngaphakathi (i-UDF nemanyano yabasebenzi), umonakalo woqoqosho ovela kwizohlwayo nasekurhoxisweni kotyalo-mali, kunye nemeko yehlabathi eyayitshintsha njengoko iMfazwe eBandayo (Cold War) yayiphela. UDe Klerk, esiba ngumongameli ngo-1989, wagqiba ekubeni uhlaziyo nothetha-thethano yiyo kuphela indlela esebenzayo ngoku. Oku kubeka isiseko seziganeko ezinkulu zika-1990.
Ukususwa kwesithintelo nokukhululwa kukaMandela
Ngomhla wesi-2 Februwari 1990 urhulumente wasusa izithintelo; emva kweentsuku ezilithoba uMandela wakhululwa.
Ndiyanibulisa nonke egameni loxolo, idemokhrasi nenkululeko kubo bonke. Nelson Mandela, eKapa, 11 Februwari 1990
Kwintetho epalamente ngomhla we-2 Februwari 1990, uMongameli weLizwe uF.W. de Klerk wasusa isithintelo kwi-ANC, kwi-PAC nakwezinye izibutho waza wakhulula amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Ngomhla we-11 Februwari 1990, emva kweminyaka engama-27 entolongweni, uNelson Mandela wakhululwa.
- Iinkokeli ezazisekubhacweni zazinokubuya kwaye imibutho yayinokusebenza ekuhleni kwakhona.
- UMandela wabiza uxolo kunye neengxoxo zokwakha uMzantsi Afrika onedemokhrasi.
- Indlela yayivulekile ngoku yothetha-thethano lokuphelisa ucalucalulo.
Speaker notes
Eli lixesha lotshintsho lesithathu kunye nesiphakamo semvakalelo seyunithi. Intetho kaDe Klerk yomhla wesi-2 Februwari ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba ngumzuzu apho ucalucalulo lwaqala ukuphela. UMandela wakhululwa ngomhla we-11 Februwari waza wathetha ngobo busuku esuka kwibhalkoni yeCape Town City Hall kwisihlwele esikhulu. [SME] Qinisekisa amazwi achanekileyo aso nasiphi na isicaphulo sikaMandela ngokwemvelaphi ye-SAHO phambi kokushicilela. Gxininisa ukuba ukukhululwa akuthethanga inkululeko kubo bonke okwangoku - uthetha-thethano lwaluseza phambili.
Ukuthetha-thethana ngoMzantsi Afrika omtsha
Iintshaba zakudala kwafuneka zithethe, nangona kwakukho ukungathembani okunzulu kunye nobundlobongela obuqhubekayo.
Ukususela ekupheleni kuka-1991 urhulumente, i-ANC namanye amaqela ahlangana kwi-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) ukucwangcisa ilizwe elitsha, elingacalulani ngokobuhlanga. Iingxoxo zazinzima kwaye zazisongelwa bubundlobongela bezopolitiko, kodwa zaqhubeka.
- Kwi-referendum yabamhlophe kuphela ka-1992 (whites-only referendum), abavoti abamhlophe baxhasa ukuqhubeka kothetha-thethano.
- Iingxoxo zamaqela amaninzi zavumelana nge-mgaqo-siseko wethutyana (interim constitution) kunye nomhla wonyulo.
- Wonke umntu ongaphezu kweminyaka eli-18, walo naluphi na uhlanga, wayeya kukwazi ukuvota okokuqala.
Speaker notes
Cacisa ukuba uthetha-thethano lwaluthetha ukulalanisa - akukho cala elifumene yonke into elayifunayo. I-CODESA I yahlangana ngoDisemba 1991; i-CODESA II yema ngo-1992, kwaye inkqubo yaphantse yawa phakathi kobundlobongela, kodwa iingxoxo zamaqela amaninzi zaqhutywa kwakhona zaza zavelisa umgaqo-siseko wethutyana ngo-1993. I-referendum ka-1992 yabuza abavoti abamhlophe ukuba uhlaziyo lumele luqhubeke na; malunga nesibini kwisithathu bavota ewe. Gxininisa indlela ekuqaphelekayo ngayo ukuba kwafikelelwa kwisisombululo esinoxolo.
Unyulo lokuqala lwedemokhrasi
Okokuqala, bonke abantu baseMzantsi Afrika babenokuvota - kwaye bakhetha inkululeko.
Ngomhla wama-27 Aprili 1994, izigidi zabantu baseMzantsi Afrika bazo zonke iintlanga bavota kunyulo lokuqala lwedemokhrasi lwelizwe. Abantu bema kwimigca emide, benomonde, abaninzi bevota okokuqala ebomini babo. I-ANC yaphumelela, kwaye uNelson Mandela waba ngumongameli wokuqala waseMzantsi Afrika onyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi.
- Umhla wama-27 Aprili ngoku ubhiyozelwa nyaka ngamnye njenge-Freedom Day (uSuku lweNkululeko).
- UMgaqo-siseko omtsha ngo-1996 waqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke.
- Amaxesha otshintsho ka-1960, 1976 no-1990 ekugqibeleni akhokelela kwidemokhrasi.
Speaker notes
Vala ibali lembali ngendlela enethemba kodwa enyanisekileyo. Unyulo lomhla wama-27 Aprili 1994 (Freedom Day) lwaphelisa ulawulo lwocalucalulo; uMandela wamiselwa njengomongameli ngomhla we-10 Meyi 1994. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba idemokhrasi yayisisiqalo, ingesiso isiphelo - uMgaqo-siseko ka-1996 wamisela amalungelo abantu baseMzantsi Afrika abasasebenzela ukuwakhusela nanamhlanje. Emva koko yiya kwimibuzo yophononongo.
Esikufundileyo - kunye nemibuzo ekufuneka siyiphendule
Amaxesha otshintsho amathathu - 1960, 1976 no-1990 - asusa uMzantsi Afrika kucalucalulo aya kwidemokhrasi.
ISharpeville (1960) yatyhila ubundlobongela bocalucalulo yaza yakhokelela ekuvalweni kwe-ANC ne-PAC. ISoweto (1976) yazisa isizukulwana esitsha emzabalazweni yaza yaguqula uluvo lwehlabathi ngokuchasene nocalucalulo. Ukususwa kwesithintelo nokukhululwa kukaMandela (1990) kwavula indlela eya kuthetha-thethano kwathi, ngo-1994, kweya kwidemokhrasi.
Q. Kutheni isixhaxha saseSharpeville ka-1960 sichazwa njengexesha lotshintsho kwimbali yaseMzantsi Afrika? (4 marks)
Q. Cacisa ukuba yintoni eyabangela uvukelo lwaseSoweto luka-1976 uze unike iziphumo zalo ezibini. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza iziganeko ezibini phakathi ko-1990 no-1994 ezancedisa uMzantsi Afrika ukuba abe yidemokhrasi. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le mibuzo mithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kubonisa iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe kwimithombo nezokubhala okwandisiweyo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise isilayidi somgca wexesha xa becwangcisa iimpendulo zabo. Njengengqiqo yokuvala, buza ukuba kutheni kubalulekile ukuba iYouth Day neFreedom Day zisengamaholide karhulumente nanamhlanje.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Turning points in South African history: 1960, 1976 and 1990
- Resource type
- Presentation