Amaphuzu Wokutjhugulula: 1960, 1976 no-1990
Iminyaka emithathu etjhugulule iSewula Afrika - iSharpeville, ukuvukela kweSoweto, nokutjhatjhululwa kwaka-Mandela endleleni eya entandwenikoloko.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokuhlathulula bona 'iphuzu lokutjhugulula' liyini - umzuzu otjhugulula indlela yomlando. Bonisa amaphuzu amathathu wokutjhugulula wale-unit: iSharpeville (1960), ukuvukela kweSoweto (1976) nokususwa kwesivimbelo emihlanganweni yenkululeko nokutjhatjhululwa kwaka-Mandela (1990). Buza abafundi bona bazini ngomnyaka ngamunye.
ISewula Afrika ngo-1960
Nakufika u-1960 imithetho yobandlululo (apartheid) beyilawula hlangana koke ekuphileni kwabantu abanzima beSewula Afrika - begodu ukujamelana bekukhula.
Ngeminyaka yabo-1950 urhulumende weNational Party bewakhe ubandlululo waba mthetho. Imithetho yamapasi (pass laws) beyihlangana neyihloyeka khulu: beyibophelela abantu abanzima bona bathwale ipasi ngaso soke isikhathi, ilawula lapha bangahlala, basebenze bebakhambe khona.
- I-African National Congress (ANC) beyihola ukujamelana ngemikhankaso efana neDefiance Campaign yango-1952.
- Ngo-1959 i-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), eholwa nguRobert Sobukwe, yehlukana ne-ANC.
- Yomibili imibutho beyihlela imikhankaso yokujamelana nemithetho yamapasi ekuthomeni kwabo-1960.
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa nale-unit yangaphambili (1948 nabo-1950). Gcizelela bona imithetho yamapasi mvubukelo oqakathekileko wokuvusa lokho okulandelako. Hlathulula ukwehlukana: i-PAC beyikholelwa endleleni yobu-Africanist begodu ifuna ukuzihola umkhankaso wayo wokujamelana namapasi, ohlukene nomtjhagalo ohlelwe yi-ANC. Ukuncintisana lokhu kusiza ukuhlathulula bona kubayini iSharpeville yenzeka ngesikhathi eyenzeka ngaso.
Ukubulawa kwabantu eSharpeville
Amapholisa adubula umtjhagalo onokuthula wokujamelana namapasi, abulala abantu abama-69.
Ngo-21 kuMatjhi 1960 i-PAC yabiza abantu bona batjhiye amapasi wabo emakhaya bahlangane ngokuthula emakhotweni wamapholisa, bazinikela bona baboptjhwe. E-Sharpeville, ilokitjhi endaweni yeVaal eseningizimu yeGoli, isiqubuthu esikhulu sahlangana ngaphandle kwekhotho lamapholisa.
- Ngaphandle kwesixwayiso esicacileko, amapholisa adubula isiqubuthu esingahlomileko.
- Abantu abama-69 babulawa begodu abama-180 balimala; abanengi badutjulwa ngemva njengombana babaleka.
- Umtjhagalo ofanako eLanga eduze neKapa nawo waphela ngobudlhula bamapholisa.
Speaker notes
Phatha lokhu ngokutjheja - kusehlakalo esibuhlungu. Ukulandelana okuqinisekileko kuyaphikiswa, kodwana i-SAHO irekhoda abama-69 ababulewe nabama-180 abalimeleko, abanengi babo badutjulwa ngemva. [SME] Amanani wabahlongakeleko nabalimeleko ayahluka phakathi kwemithombo; qinisekisa amanani ofuna abafundi bawarekhode. Gcizelela bona umtjhagalo bewunokuthula begodu abantu bebangahlomanga. Nguwo umzuzu ubudlhula bobandlululo bakhonjiswa iphasi loke.
Isimo seemergency nokuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC
Urhulumende wagandelela ngamandla wenza imibutho ekulu yenkululeko yaba ngengekekho emthethweni.
ISharpeville yabanga imitjhagalo enarheni yoke nokuthuka ephasini loke. Urhulumende wamemezela isimo seemergency (state of emergency), wabopha izinkulungwane zeenlweli, wagijimisa umthetho omutjha ngaphakathi kwephalamende.
- I-Unlawful Organisations Act (1960) yasetjenziselwa ukuvimbela zombili i-ANC ne-PAC ngo-Aprhili 1960.
- Abaholi baboptjhwa, abanengi baya ngaphasi (underground) namkha bathutha baya emandleni wangaphandle (exile).
- Umtjhagalo onokuthula, osemthethweni bewungasese bulula - iphuzu elikhulu lokutjhugulula emzabalazweni.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula ukuqakatheka ngokucacileko: ukuvinjelwa bekutjho bona i-ANC ne-PAC angeze zisebenza ebaleni, zishicilele, zibambe imihlangano namkha zithatha amalunga ngokusemthethweni. Ukuvala kwezindlela ezinokuthula kwaqhubela imibutho eendleleni ezitjha, okusihloko seslayidi elilandelako. Tjheja bona isimo seemergency sanikela amapholisa amandla ahle wokubopha abantu ngaphandle kwekhorho.
Ukusuka emtjhagalweni onokuthula ukuya emzabalazweni onezikhali
Njengombana umtjhagalo onokuthula uvinjelwe, imibutho yatjhugulula iindlela zayo.
Ngaphasi (Underground)
Imibutho evinjelweko yaraga isebenza ngesifihlo yakha iindawo ngaphandle kwenarha.
Amaphiko anezikhali
I-ANC yakha i-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ngo-1961; i-PAC yakha i-Poqo.
IRivonia Trial
Ngo-1964 uNelson Mandela nabanye bagwetjelwa isigwebo sokuphila ejele.
Speaker notes
Gcina lokhu ezingeni le-Grade 9: ngemva kweSharpeville nokuvinjelwa, iinlweli ezinengi zafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umtjhagalo onokuthula wodwa angeze usasebenza, zaphendukela ekusabotageni nokujamelana okunezikhali. I-MK (etjho 'iSpear of the Nation') yakhiwa ngoDisemba 1961. E-Rivonia Trial (1963-64) uMandela nabanye abarhandlombili bagwetjelwa isigwebo sokuphila ejele. Lokhu kuthoma iminyaka ka-Mandela ema-27 ejele, ehlangana no-1990.
IBantu Education nesatjancabango se-Afrikaans
Ukusilingeka ngefundo ephasi, elawulwako kwaphuphuma eemtjhinini.
I-Bantu Education Act (1953) yanikela abantwana abanzima ifundo ephasi ngamabomu ebeyihloswe ukubabandulela umsebenzi kwaphela. Nakufika abo-1970 iimtjhini beyigcwele khulu inganamali eyaneleko, begodu umbutho omutjha, i-Black Consciousness, oholwa nguSteve Biko, wakhuthaza abantu abatjha bona baziqhenye baphendule.
- Ngo-1974 urhulumende walayela bona i-Afrikaans isetjenziswe ukufundisa isiquntu seemfundo zesikolo.
- Abafundi babona i-Afrikaans njengelimi lomcindezeli wabo begodu bebangakghoni ukufunda kuhle ngayo.
- Ukusilingeka kwakhula eemtjhinini zeSoweto ngokuthoma kwabo-1976.
Speaker notes
Islayidi leli libhuloho elisuka ephuzwini lokuthoma lokutjhugulula ukuya kwelesibili. Yenza imbangela zicace: (1) ukusilingeka kwesikhathi eside kwe-Bantu Education, (2) i-Afrikaans Medium Decree yango-1974 njengomvubukelo osmasinyana, (3) i-Black Consciousness enikela abafundi isibindi sokusebenza. Hlathulula bona kubayini ukukatelela i-Afrikaans bekusilingeka khulu - abafundi abanengi ngitjho neentitjhere ezinengi bezingayikhulumi kuhle.
Ukuvukela kweSoweto
Izinkulungwane zabantwana beemtjhini zatjhagala zijamelana - zahlangatjezanwa ngeembhamu zamapholisa.
Ekuseni ngo-16 kuJuni 1976, izinkulungwane zabafundi beSoweto zatjhagala ngokuthula zijamelana nokufundiswa nge-Afrikaans. Amapholisa avimbela umtjhagalo adubula. Phakathi kwabokuthoma ababulawa bekunguHector Pieterson oneminyaka eli-12, ababelesitjhwamiso saso satjhogo iphasi.
- Umtjhagalo bewuhlelwe khulu babafundi bona ngokwabo.
- Ukuvukela kwasabalala kusuka eSoweto ukuya emadorobheni woke weSewula Afrika.
- Amakhulu wabantu, abanengi babo batjha, babulawa eenyangeni ezalandelako.
Speaker notes
UHector Pieterson uvame ukurekhodwa aneminyaka eli-12 namkha eli-13; isitjhwamiso sikaSam Nzima somzimba wakhe uthwelwe, u-Antoinette Sithole agijima eqadi, saba luphawu lwephasi loke. [SME] Amanani wabahlongakeleko ngoJuni 1976 nangemva kwalapho ayaphikiswa - amanani asemthethweni banikele malungana no-176, kunye namanye amanani afika ku-600 namkha ngaphezulu; khetha inani nendlela ye-SME ekuvumako. Gcizelela bona bebabantwana beemtjhini abajamelana nefundo enehlonipho.
Kubayini iSoweto beyiphuzu lokutjhugulula
Ukuvukela kwatjhugulula umzabalazo kwaphendulela umbono wephasi ekujameleni nobandlululo.
Ukuvukela kweSoweto kwatjengisa bona isizukulwana esitjha angeze samukela ubandlululo. Abantu abatjha abanengi batjhiya inarha bona bajoyine i-ANC ne-PAC emandleni wangaphandle (exile), bekuqinisa umzabalazo onezikhali. Ngo-1977 umholi we-Black Consciousness u-Steve Biko wahlongakala ngemva kokutlhoriswa aboptjhwe mapholisa, okwabanga ilaka elikhulu.
- Iphasi labona iimfanekiso zabantwana abadutjulwako, ingcindezi eSewula Afrika yakhula.
- I-United Nations neenarha ezinengi zanyusa iimijamiselwano (sanctions) ekujameleni nobandlululo.
- U-16 kuJuni namhlanjesi ukhunjulwa qobe mnyaka eSewula Afrika njenge-Youth Day.
Speaker notes
Veza imbangela nomphumela: ukuvukela kwenza isizukulwana saba nomzabalazo obukhali, kwakhulisa imibutho esemandleni wangaphandle, kwatjhugulula umbono wephasi ngokuqinileko. Ukuhlongakala kukaBiko ngoSeptemba 1977 kwaba lelinye iphuzu lokuhlanganisa. Hlanganisa nesikhathi samanje - i-Youth Day (16 kuJuni) liholideyi lomphakathi, ngalokho umlando lo uyingcenye yekhalenda yabafundi ngokwabo, njenge-Women's Day yale-unit yangaphambili.
Kusuka eSharpeville ukuya entandwenikoloko, 1960-1994
- 1960 Ukubulawa kwabantu eSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC zavinjelwa
- 1964 UMandela wagwetjelwa ukuphila ejele e-Rivonia Trial
- 1976 Ukuvukela kweSoweto kuthoma ngo-16 kuJuni
- 1983 I-United Democratic Front (UDF) yakhiwa
- 1990 I-ANC ne-PAC zisuselwa isivimbelo; uMandela watjhatjhululwa
- 1994 Ikhetho lokuthoma lentandwenikoloko ngo-27 ku-Aprhili
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa islayidi leli ukuhlanganisa i-unit yoke ngaphambi komkhawulo. Buza abafundi bona batjheje isikhala eside phakathi kokuboptjhwa kukaMandela (1964) nokutjhatjhululwa (1990) - iminyaka ema-26 - bahlanganise ukukhula komzabalazo wabo-1980 (i-UDF, umtjhagalo womphakathi, isimo seemergency) nesiphetho sikarhulumende sokuxoxisana.
Ubandlululo ngaphasi kwengcindezi
Nakufika ekugcineni kwabo-1980 urhulumende bewungasakghoni ukulawula inarha njengangaphambili.
Ngo-1983 imibutho eminengi yahlangana yaba yi-United Democratic Front (UDF) ukujamelana nobandlululo ngaphakathi kwenarha. Imitjhagalo, iimtayika (strikes) namaboycott kwenza iindawo ezinengi 'ezingalawulekiko', begodu urhulumende wamemezela isimo seemergency kanenginengi.
- Iimijamiselwano (sanctions) yephasi yalimaza umnotho yahlukanisa iSewula Afrika.
- Iimbizo zokuthi 'Khululani uNelson Mandela' zakhula khulu ekhaya nangaphandle.
- Ngo-1989 u-F.W. de Klerk waba nguMongameli weMbuso (State President), otjhugulukileko ekuxoxisaneni.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula amandla amanengi asunduza urhulumende etafuleni: umzabalazo womphakathi wangaphakathi (i-UDF nemibutho yabasebenzi), umonakalo womnotho ovela emijamiselwaneni nasekususweni kwezimali (disinvestment), nokutjhuguluka kwephasi njengombana i-Cold War iphela. U-De Klerk, aba mongameli ngo-1989, wabona bona ukulungisa nokuxoxisana kungiyo indlela kwaphela ekhona. Lokhu kubeka izehlakalo ezikarako zango-1990.
Ukususwa kwesivimbelo nokutjhatjhululwa kwaka-Mandela
Ngo-2 kuFebruwari 1990 urhulumende wasusa iimvimbelo; ngemva kwamalanga alithoba uMandela wakhamba akhululekile.
I greet you all in the name of peace, democracy and freedom for all. Nelson Mandela, iKapa, 11 kuFebruwari 1990
Ekukhulumeni ephalamende ngo-2 kuFebruwari 1990, uMongameli weMbuso u-F.W. de Klerk wasusa isivimbelo ku-ANC, i-PAC neminye imibutho wakhulula iimboxwa zepolotiki. Ngo-11 kuFebruwari 1990, ngemva kweminyaka ema-27 ejele, u-Nelson Mandela watjhatjhululwa.
- Abaholi bemandleni wangaphandle bebangabuya begodu imibutho yebe ingasebenza ebaleni godu.
- UMandela wabiza ukuthula neenkulumo zokwakha iSewula Afrika yentandwenikoloko.
- Indlela beyivulekile nje yeenkulumo zokuqeda ubandlululo.
Speaker notes
Leli liphuzu lesithathu lokutjhugulula neqophelo lemizwa eliphezulu le-unit. Ikulumo ka-De Klerk yango-2 kuFebruwari ivame ukubizwa njengomzuzu ubandlululo bathoma ukuphela. UMandela watjhatjhululwa ngo-11 kuFebruwari wakhuluma ngalobo busuku asuka esakhiweni seKapa City Hall esiqubuthwini esikhulu. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama aqinisekileko wanoma yikuphi ukucaphuna kwaka-Mandela ngokuvumelana nomthombo we-SAHO ngaphambi kokuprinta. Gcizelela bona ukutjhatjhululwa akutjho inkululeko yabo boke okwesikhatjhana - iinkulumo bezisesekhona ngaphambili.
Ukuxoxisana ngeSewula Afrika etjha
Amanaba akade kwafanele akhulume, nanyana kunokungathembani okukhulu nobudlhula oburagako.
Kusukela ekugcineni kwabo-1991 urhulumende, i-ANC namanye amaqembu bahlangana e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) ukuhlela inarha etjha, engakhethi ngokwebala. Iinkulumo bezibudisi begodu zisatjiswa bubudlhula bepolotiki, kodwana zaraga phambili.
- Ku-referendum yabamhlophe kwaphela yango-1992, abavoti abamhlophe basekela ukuragela phambili kweenkulumo.
- Iinkulumo zamaqembu amanengi zavumelana nge-mthethosisekelo wesikhatjhana (interim constitution) nelanga lekhetho.
- Woke umuntu ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-18, wanoma ngiliphi ibala, bekazokghona ukuvota okokuthoma.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona ukuxoxisana bekutjho ukuvumelana - akukho ihlangothi elathola koke ebelilifuna. I-CODESA I yahlangana ngoDisemba 1991; i-CODESA II yajama ngo-1992, begodu inqubo yaphuruphutha ihlangana nobudlhula, kodwana iinkulumo zamaqembu amanengi zabuya zathoma zakhipha umthethosisekelo wesikhatjhana ngo-1993. I-referendum yango-1992 yabuza abavoti abamhlophe bona ukulungisa kufanele kuraghelele phambili na; malungana nezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu bavota iye. Gcizelela bona bekumangaza kangangani bona kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni esinokuthula.
Ikhetho lokuthoma lentandwenikoloko
Okwesikhathi sokuthoma, boke abantu beSewula Afrika bebangavota - bakhetha inkululeko.
Ngo-27 ku-Aprhili 1994, iingidi zabantu beSewula Afrika bawo woke amabala bavota ekhethweni lokuthoma lentandwenikoloko lenarha. Abantu bajama emalayinini amade, anesineke, abanengi bavota okokuthoma ekuphileni kwabo. I-ANC yaphumelela, begodu u-Nelson Mandela waba nguMongameli wokuthoma weSewula Afrika okhethwe ngokwentandwenikoloko.
- U-27 ku-Aprhili nje ugidingelwa qobe mnyaka njenge-Freedom Day.
- Umthethosisekelo omutjha ngo-1996 waqinisekisa amalungelo alinganako kuwo woke umuntu.
- Amaphuzu wokutjhugulula wango-1960, 1976 no-1990 abanga, ekugcineni, intandwenikoloko.
Speaker notes
Vala indaba yomlando ngethemba kodwana ngeqiniso. Ikhetho lango-27 ku-Aprhili 1994 (Freedom Day) laqeda umbuso wobandlululo; uMandela wafungiswa njengomongameli ngo-10 kuMeyi 1994. Khumbuza abafundi bona intandwenikoloko beyisithomo, ingasi isiphetho - umthethosisekelo wango-1996 wabeka amalungelo abantu beSewula Afrika abasasebenzela ukuwavikela namhlanjesi. Bese-uya emibuzweni yokubuyekeza.
Esikufundileko - nemibuzo ekufuze ipendulwe
Amaphuzu amathathu wokutjhugulula - 1960, 1976 no-1990 - asusa iSewula Afrika ebandlululweni ayisa entandwenikoloko.
ISharpeville (1960) yaveza ubudlhula bobandlululo yaholela ekuvinjelweni kwe-ANC ne-PAC. ISoweto (1976) yaletha isizukulwana esitjha emzabalazweni yaphendula umbono wephasi ekujameleni nobandlululo. Ukususwa kwesivimbelo nokutjhatjhululwa kukaMandela (1990) kwavula indlela yeenkulumo, kwathi ngo-1994, intandwenikoloko.
Q. Kubayini ukubulawa kwabantu eSharpeville ngo-1960 kuhlathululwa njengephuzu lokutjhugulula emlandweni weSewula Afrika? (4 marks)
Q. Hlathulula bona yini eyabanga ukuvukela kweSoweto ngo-1976 begodu nikela imiphumela yayo emibili. (6 marks)
Q. Hlathulula izehlakalo ezimbili phakathi ko-1990 no-1994 ezasiza iSewula Afrika ukuba yintandwenikoloko. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi otloliweko namkha ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabelwa kwamamaki kutjengisa iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokutlola okwandisiweko. Khuthaza abafundi bona basebenzise islayidi lomugca wesikhathi nabahlela iimpendulo zabo. Njengokucabanga kokuvala, buza bona kubayini kuqakathekile bona i-Youth Day ne-Freedom Day zisese maholideyi womphakathi namhlanjesi.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Turning points in South African history: 1960, 1976 and 1990
- Resource type
- Presentation