Emaphuzu Lashintja Umlandvo: 1960, 1976 na-1990
Iminyaka lemitsatfu leyashintja iNingizimu Afrika - iSharpeville, kuvukela kwaseSoweto, nekukhululwa kwaMandela endleleni leya kuntsandvo yebantfu (idemokhrasi).
Speaker notes
Cala ngekuchaza kutsi liyini 'liphuzu lelashintja umlandvo' (turning point) - umzuzu loshintja indlela lehamba ngayo umlandvo. Beka embili emaphuzu lamatsatfu ekuvukela kwalesifundvo: iSharpeville (1960), kuvukela kwaseSoweto (1976) nekususwa kwekuvinjelwa kwetinhlangano tenkhululeko nekukhululwa kwaMandela (1990). Buta bafundzi kutsi yini labase bayayati ngemnyaka ngamunye.
INingizimu Afrika nga-1960
Ngo-1960 imitsetfo yelubandlululo (apartheid) beyilawula cishe onkhe ingcenye yekuphila kwebantfu labamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika - kantsi nekuphikisa bekukhula.
Ngeminyaka yabo-1950 hulumende weliNational Party wabeka lubandlululo (apartheid) waba ngumtsetfo. Imitsetfo yepasi (pass laws) beyiphakatsi kwaleyo lebeyitondvwa kakhulu: yaphocelela bantfu bemaAfrika kutsi baphatse ipasi (passbook) ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi, ilawula lapho bangahlala khona, basebente khona bahambe khona.
- I-African National Congress (ANC) yahola kuphikisa ngemikhankaso lenjenge-Defiance Campaign ya-1952.
- Ngo-1959 i-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), leyayiholwa nguRobert Sobukwe, yehlukana ne-ANC.
- Totimbili letinhlangano tahlela imibhikisho lemelene nemitsetfo yepasi ekucaleni kwa-1960.
Speaker notes
Chumanisa emuva nesifundvo lesendlulele (1948 neminyaka yabo-1950). Gcizelela kutsi imitsetfo yepasi ngumsuka lomkhulu waloko lokwentekako ngemuva. Chaza kwehlukana: i-PAC beyikholwa endleleni yebu-Africanist futsi ifuna kuhola umkhankaso wayo lomelene nemapasi, wehlukene nembhikisho lohleliwe we-ANC. Lokubangisana kusita kuchaza kutsi kungani iSharpeville yenteka ngaleso sikhatsi.
Kubulawa kwabantfu eSharpeville
Emaphoyisa avula umlilo embhikishweni lonesihle lomelene nemapasi, abulala bantfu labangu-69.
Nga-21 March 1960 i-PAC yamemetela kutsi bantfu bashiye emapasi abo ekhaya bese bahlangana ngekutfula etiteshini temaphoyisa, batinikela kuboshwa. E-Sharpeville, lidolobhana lelisendzaweni yaseVaal eningizimu yeJohannesburg, sicumbi lesikhulu sahlangana ngaphandle kwesiteshi semaphoyisa.
- Ngaphandle kwesexwayiso lesicacile, emaphoyisa avula umlilo esicunjini lesingahlomile.
- Bantfu labangu-69 babulawa kwatsi labangaba ngu-180 balimala; labanyenti badutjulwa emhlane nabababaleka.
- Umbhikisho lofanako eLanga edvutane neKapa nawo wagcina ngebudlova bemaphoyisa.
Speaker notes
Phatsa loku ngekunakekela - kwakuyintfo lebuhlungu. Kulandzelana kwezehlakalo kuyaphikiswa, kodvwa i-SAHO ibhala bantfu labangu-69 lababulawa nalabangaba ngu-180 lababalimele, labanyenti bebadutjulwa emhlane. [SME] Tibalo tekufa nekulimala tiyehlukana kancane emkhatsini wemitfombo; cinisekisa emanombolo lofuna bafundzi bawabhale. Gcizelela kutsi umbhikisho bewunesihle nekutsi bantfu bebangahlomile. Lona ngumzuzu lapho budlova belubandlululo bakhonjiswa emhlabeni wonkhe.
Simo salengoti nekuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC
Hulumende wabhekana kabuhlungu waze wenta tinhlangano letinkhulu tenkhululeko tingasemtsetfweni.
ISharpeville yabanga imibhikisho kulo lonkhe live nekwetfuka emhlabeni wonkhe. Hulumende wamemetela simo salengoti (state of emergency), wabopha bantfu labatinkhulungwane bebashisekeli, wase ushayela umtsetfo lomusha ngekushesha epalamende.
- I-Unlawful Organisations Act (1960) yasetjentiswa kuvimbela kokubili i-ANC ne-PAC nga-April 1960.
- Baholi baboshwa, labanyenti bahamba ngasese noma baya ekudingisweni.
- Umbhikisho lonesihle nalosemtsetfweni sewucishe wawungenako - liphuzu lelikhulu lelashintja emzabalazweni.
Speaker notes
Chaza kubaluleka ngalokucacile: kuvinjelwa kwachaza kutsi i-ANC ne-PAC bekungeke tisebente ngekukhanya, ngeke tishicilele, tibambe imihlangano noma titsatse emalunga ngekusemtsetfweni. Loku kuvala tindlela letinesihle kwacindzetela tinhlangano kutsi tibhekise emasu lamasha, lekungumbandzela weslayidi lesilandzelako. Yatisa kutsi simo salengoti sanika emaphoyisa emandla lamakhulu ekubopha bantfu ngaphandle kwecala.
Kusuka embhikishweni kuya emzabalazweni lohlomile
Njengoba umbhikisho lonesihle wawuvinjelwe, tinhlangano tashintja tindlela tato.
Ngaphansi (Underground)
Tinhlangano letivinjelwe tachubeka tisebenta ngasese futsi tamisa titiko ngaphandle kwelive.
Emaviyo lahlomile
I-ANC yasungula i-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ngo-1961; i-PAC yasungula i-Poqo.
Icala laseRivonia (Rivonia Trial)
Ngo-1964 Nelson Mandela nalabanye bagwetjwa lijele imphilo yabo yonkhe.
Speaker notes
Gcina loku ezingeni leLibanga 9: ngemuva kweSharpeville nekuvinjelwa, bashisekeli labanyenti bagcina baphetsa kutsi umbhikisho lonesihle wodvwa awusakhoni kusebenta, base babhekisa emalungiselelweni ekona (sabotage) nekuphikisa lokuhlomile. I-MK (lokusho 'Umkhonto weSizwe') yasungulwa ngoDecember 1961. E-Rivonia Trial (1963-64) Mandela nalabanye labasikhombisa bagwetjwa lijele imphilo yabo yonkhe. Loku kucala iminyaka lengu-27 kaMandela ejele, lechumana no-1990.
I-Bantu Education nemtsetfo weSiBhunu
Intfukutselo ngemfundvo lesetulu lelawulwako yagcwala yaphuma etikolweni.
I-Bantu Education Act (1953) yanika bantfwana labamnyama imfundvo lephansi ngenhloso lebeyihloselwe kubaceceshela kusebenta kuphela. Ngeminyaka yabo-1970 tikolo betigcwele ngalokwedlulele futsi tingatfoli imali leyanele, kwatsi umbutfo lomusha, i-Black Consciousness, lowawuholwa nguSteve Biko, wakhutsata bantfu labasha kutsi batigcabhe futsi baphikise.
- Ngo-1974 hulumende wayala kutsi SiBhunu (Afrikaans) sisetjentiswe kufundzisa incenye yetifundvo tesikolo.
- Bafundzi bebabona SiBhunu njengelulwimi lwalabo lababacindzetelako futsi bebangeke bafundze kahle ngaso.
- Intfukutselo yakhula etikolweni taseSoweto kuze kube sekucaleni kwa-1976.
Speaker notes
Lesislayidi silibhuloho lelisuka ephuzwini lekucala lelashintja liye eliphuzwini lesibili lelashintja. Yenta imisuka icace: (1) sikhalo lesidzala se-Bantu Education, (2) umtsetfo weSiBhunu (Afrikaans Medium Decree) wa-1974 njengembandzela losheshako, (3) i-Black Consciousness leyanika bafundzi kwetsemba kutsi bente. Chaza kutsi kungani kuphocelela SiBhunu bekutondvwa kangaka - bafundzi labanyenti nabothishela labanyenti bebangasazi kahle.
Kuvukela kwaseSoweto
Titinkhulungwane tebantfwana besikolo bahamba embhikishweni - bahlangatetwa tinhlamvu temaphoyisa.
Ekuseni kwa-16 June 1976, titinkhulungwane tebafundzi baseSoweto bahamba ngekutfula bamelene nekufundziswa ngeSiBhunu. Emaphoyisa avimba lumhambo avula umlilo. Emkhatsini walabo lababulawa kucala bekune-Hector Pieterson loneminyaka lengu-12, lesitfombe sakhe setfusa umhlaba wonkhe.
- Umbhikisho bewuhlelwe kakhulu ngebafundzi ngekwabo.
- Kuvukela kwasakateka kusuka eSoweto kuya emadolobheni kulo lonkhe live iNingizimu Afrika.
- Emakhulu ebantfu, labanyenti babo babasha, babulawa etinyangeni letalandzela.
Speaker notes
Hector Pieterson uvame kubhalwa aneminyaka lengu-12 noma lengu-13; sitfombe saSam Nzima lesikhombisa umtimba wakhe utfwalwa, no-Antoinette Sithole agijima eceleni, saba luphawu lwemhlaba wonkhe. [SME] Tibalo tekufa kwa-June 1976 nangemuva tiyaphikiswa - tibalo tasemtsetfweni betiveta cishe 176, kantsi letinye tilinganiso tifika ku-600 nangetulu; khetsa linombolo neluhlaka lolugunyatwe ngu-SME wakho. Gcizelela kutsi lababekutsi bebangebafundzi besikolo lababhikisha bafuna imfundvo lekahle.
Kungani iSoweto beliphuzu lelashintja
Kuvukela kwashintja umzabalazo futsi kwaguculela umbono wemhlaba umelene nelubandlululo.
Kuvukela kwaseSoweto kwakhombisa kutsi situkulwane lesisha bekungeke samukele lubandlululo. Bantfu labasha labanyenti bashiya live baya kutohlanganyela ne-ANC ne-PAC ekudingisweni, baciniseka umzabalazo lohlomile. Ngo-1977 umholi we-Black Consciousness, Steve Biko, wafa ngemuva kwekuhlukunyetwa ashiselwe ejele lemaphoyisa, lokwabanga intfukutselo lengetiwe.
- Umhlaba wabona titfombe tebantfwana bedutjulwa, kwatsi kucindzetelwa kweNingizimu Afrika kwakhula.
- I-United Nations nemave lamanyenti benyusa tijeziso temnotfo (sanctions) kulwa nelubandlululo.
- 16 June nyalo ikhunjulwa minyaka yonkhe eNingizimu Afrika njenge-Lilanga leBasha (Youth Day).
Speaker notes
Veta imbangela nemphumela: kuvukela kwenta situkulwane saba nemzabalazo lonemandla, kwaciniseka tinhlangano tasekudingisweni, kwaguculela umbono wemhlaba wonkhe ngalokucacile. Kufa kwaBiko ngoSeptember 1977 kwaba lelinye liphuzu lekuhlangana. Chumanisa nesikhatsi samanje - Lilanga leBasha (16 June) lilanga lemphumulo, ngako lomlandvo uyingcenye yekhalendra yebafundzi bakho, njenge-Lilanga leBomake kulesifundvo lesendlulele.
Kusuka eSharpeville kuya kuntsandvo yebantfu, 1960-1994
- 1960 Kubulawa kwabantfu eSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC tiyavinjelwa
- 1964 Mandela ugwetjwa lijele imphilo yakhe yonkhe e-Rivonia Trial
- 1976 Kuvukela kwaseSoweto kucala nga-16 June
- 1983 I-United Democratic Front (UDF) iyasungulwa
- 1990 I-ANC ne-PAC tiyakhululwa ekuvinjelweni; Mandela uyakhululwa
- 1994 Lukhetfo lwekucala lwentsandvo yebantfu nga-27 April
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesislayidi kucinisa sonkhe lesifundvo ngembi kwesigcamu sekugcina. Buta bafundzi kutsi babone sikhala lesidze emkhatsini wekuvalelwa kwaMandela (1964) nekukhululwa kwakhe (1990) - iminyaka lengu-26 - futsi bachumanise kuphikisa lokwakhula kweminyaka yabo-1980 (i-UDF, umbhikisho wesicumbi, simo salengoti) nesincumo sekugcina sahulumende sekutsi atingcocele.
Lubandlululo lucindzetelekile
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1980 hulumende bengasakhoni kulawula live njengekucala.
Ngo-1983 tinhlangano letinyenti tahlangana ku-United Democratic Front (UDF) kuphikisa lubandlululo ngaphakatsi kwelive. Imibhikisho, kuteka kwemsebenti (strikes) nekugwema (boyikoti) kwenta tindzawo letinyenti 'tingalawuleki', kwatsi hulumende wamemetela simo salengoti kaningi.
- Tijeziso temnotfo (sanctions) temhlaba wonkhe tonakalisa umnotfo tehlukanisa iNingizimu Afrika.
- Bumemetelo bekutsi 'Khululani Nelson Mandela' bakhula ngelivi ekhaya naphesheya.
- Ngo-1989 F.W. de Klerk waba nguMengameli weliVe, lobekatimisele kutsi angcoce.
Speaker notes
Chaza emandla lamanyenti labecindzetela hulumende kutsi eze etafuleni: umzabalazo wesicumbi wangaphakatsi (i-UDF nemabandla ebasebenti), kwonakala kwemnotfo ngenca yetijeziso nekukhishwa kwetimali, nesimo semhlaba lesasishintja njengoba iCold War yaphela. De Klerk, aba nguMengameli ngo-1989, wabona kutsi kutolongwa nekungcoca sekuyindlela yodvwa lekhonakalako. Loku kubeka embili tehlakalo letishaqisako ta-1990.
Kukhululwa ekuvinjelweni nekukhululwa kwaMandela
Nga-2 February 1990 hulumende wasusa kuvinjelwa; ngemuva kwemalanga layimfica Mandela waphuma wakhululeka.
Ngiyanibingelela nonkhe egameni lekuthula, intsandvo yebantfu nenkhululeko yabo bonkhe. Nelson Mandela, iKapa, 11 February 1990
Enkhulumeni yakhe epalamende nga-2 February 1990, Mengameli weliVe F.W. de Klerk wakhulula ekuvinjelweni i-ANC, i-PAC naletinye tinhlangano wase ukhulula tiboshwa tetepolitiki. Nga-11 February 1990, ngemuva kweminyaka lengu-27 ejele, Nelson Mandela wakhululwa.
- Baholi lababesekudingisweni bebangabuya kwatsi tinhlangano tibuye tisebente ngekukhanya.
- Mandela wamemetela kuthula nekutsi kube netingcoco tekwakha iNingizimu Afrika lenentsandvo yebantfu.
- Indlela seyivulekile kutsi kube netingcoco tekucedza lubandlululo.
Speaker notes
Leli liphuzu lesitsatfu lelashintja futsi liphuzu leliphakeme lemvelo yesifundvo. Inkhulumo ka-2 February kaDe Klerk ivame kubitwa umzuzu lapho lubandlululo lwacala khona kuphela. Mandela wakhululwa nga-11 February wase ukhuluma ngalobo busuku asebhalkhonini yeCape Town City Hall esicunjini lesikhulu. [SME] Cinisekisa emagama laciciyelekile enome ikhuluphi ikhoteshini yaMandela ngekwemtfombo we-SAHO ngembi kwekushicilela. Gcizelela kutsi kukhululwa akuchazi kutsi bonkhe base bakhululekile - tingcoco betisesembili.
Kutingcocela iNingizimu Afrika lensha
Titsa tekadeni bekufanele tikhulume, nakuba bekunekungetsembani lokujulile nebudlova lobuchubekako.
Kusukela ekupheleni kwa-1991 hulumende, i-ANC naletinye tinhlangano tahlangana e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) kuhlela live lelisha, lelingenabandlululo lwebuhlanga. Tingcoco betimatima futsi betisongelwa budlova betepolitiki, kodvwa tachubeka.
- E-referendamu yabamhlophe kuphela ya-1992, bavoti labamhlophe basekela kuchubeka kwetingcoco.
- Tingcoco temacembu lamanyenti tavumelana nge-mtsetfosisekelo wesikhashana (interim constitution) nelilanga lelukhetfo.
- Wonkhe umuntfu longetulu kweminyaka lengu-18, wanoma nguluphi luhlanga, bekayakuvota kwekucala.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi kungcoca bekusho kuvumelana - akukho lohlangotsi lolwatfola konkhe lelwakufuna. I-CODESA I yahlangana ngoDecember 1991; i-CODESA II yamisa nga-1992, kwatsi inchubo yacishe yawa phakatsi kwebudlova, kodvwa tingcoco temacembu lamanyenti tabuya taphindza taveta umtsetfosisekelo wesikhashana nga-1993. Ireferendamu ya-1992 yabuta bavoti labamhlophe kutsi ngabe kutolongwa kufanele kuchubeke yini; cishe titfupha ekhulwini tavota yebo. Gcizelela kutsi bekusimangaliso kangakanani kutfola sivumelwano lesinesihle.
Lukhetfo lwekucala lwentsandvo yebantfu
Kwekucala, bonkhe baseNingizimu Afrika bebangakhona kuvota - bakhetsa inkhululeko.
Nga-27 April 1994, tigidzi tebantfu baseNingizimu Afrika betonkhe tinhlanga bavota elukhetfweni lwekucala lwentsandvo yebantfu welive. Bantfu bema emgceni lomudze, benekubeketela, labanyenti bavota kwekucala emphilweni yabo. I-ANC yawina, kwatsi Nelson Mandela waba nguMengameli wekucala waseNingizimu Afrika lokhetjwe ngentsandvo yebantfu.
- 27 April nyalo ugujwa minyaka yonkhe njenge-Lilanga leNkhululeko (Freedom Day).
- UMtsetfosisekelo lomusha nga-1996 wacinisekisa emalungelo lalinganako kuwonkhe umuntfu.
- Emaphuzu lashintja umlandvo a-1960, 1976 na-1990 aholela, ekugcineni, entsandvweni yebantfu.
Speaker notes
Vala indzaba yemlandvo ngendlela lenetsemba kodvwa lecinisile. Lukhetfo lwa-27 April 1994 (Lilanga leNkhululeko) lwacedza umbuso welubandlululo; Mandela wabekwa esikhundleni sebumengameli nga-10 May 1994. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi intsandvo yebantfu bekusicalo, hhayi sigcino - uMtsetfosisekelo wa-1996 wabeka emalungelo baseNingizimu Afrika lasabasebentela kuwavikela lamuhla. Bese uya emibutweni yekubuketa.
Loko lesikufundzile - nemibuto lokufanele siyiphendvule
Emaphuzu lamatsatfu lashintja umlandvo - 1960, 1976 na-1990 - asusa iNingizimu Afrika elubandlululweni aya entsandvweni yebantfu.
ISharpeville (1960) yaveta budlova belubandlululo yaholela ekuvinjelweni kwe-ANC ne-PAC. ISoweto (1976) yaletsa situkulwane lesisha emzabalazweni yaguculela umbono wemhlaba umelene nelubandlululo. Kukhululwa ekuvinjelweni nekukhululwa kwaMandela (1990) kwavula indlela leya etingcocweni kwatsi, nga-1994, entsandvweni yebantfu.
Q. Kungani kubulawa kwabantfu eSharpeville kwa-1960 kuchazwa njengeliphuzu lelashintja umlandvo eNingizimu Afrika? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza kutsi yini leyabanga kuvukela kwaseSoweto kwa-1976 futsi niketa imiphumela yayo lemibili. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza tehlakalo letimbili emkhatsini wa-1990 na-1994 letasita iNingizimu Afrika kuba nentsandvo yebantfu. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe noma ingcoco yelikilasi; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulingisa tindlela te-CAPS letisekele kumtfombo nekubhala lokwendlulisiwe. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi basebentise islayidi seluhlelo lwetikhatsi (timeline) nabahlela timphendvulo tabo. Njengekubuketa kwekugcina, buta kutsi kungani kubalulekile kutsi Lilanga leBasha neLilanga leNkhululeko kusengemalanga emphumulo lamuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Turning points in South African history: 1960, 1976 and 1990
- Resource type
- Presentation