Indlela umhlaba owawuhlukene phakathi ngo-1989 owavula ngayo indlela yokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991 - kanye nesikhathi somhlaba ohlangene onezwe elilodwa elinamandla amakhulu (single-superpower).
Speaker notes
Qala ngokukhumbula lokho abafundi asebekwazi ngeMpi Yomqando kusuka ku-Sihloko 3: ukuncintisana kweminyaka eminingi phakathi kweNtshonalanga yobungxiwankulu (eyayiholwa yi-USA) neMpumalanga yobukhomanisi (eyayiholwa yi-USSR), okwalwelwa ngezimpi ezenziwa ngabanye (proxy wars), umjaho wezikhali kanye nemibono yezombusazwe kunokulwa ngokuqondile. Bonisa kusengaphambili imibuzo emibili emikhulu yalesi sihloko: (1) Kungani iqembu leSoviet lawa ngokushesha kangaka phakathi kuka-1989 no-1991? (2) Yiluphi uhlobo lohlelo lomhlaba olwathatha indawo yalo?
Iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amane amazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu (superpowers) ahlukanisa umhlaba waba ngamaqembu aphikisanayo.
Ngemva kuka-1945 umhlaba wawuhlukene phakathi (bipolar): i-United States yayihola iNtshonalanga yobungxiwankulu neyentando yeningi nge-NATO, kanti iSoviet Union yayihola iMpumalanga yobukhomanisi nge-Warsaw Pact. IYurophu yayihlukaniswe yilokho uChurchill akubiza ngokuthi Ikhethini Lensimbi (Iron Curtain), okwakufanekiselwa uDonga LaseBerlin (Berlin Wall) (owakhiwa ngo-1961).
- Ukuncintisana kwaba sesimweni somjaho wezikhali, umjaho wemikhathi (space race) nezimpi ezalwelwa ngabanye (Korea, Vietnam, Angola).
- Womabili amaqembu ayefuna abangane e-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America.
- Usongo lwempi yenuzi (nuclear) lwenza ukungqubuzana okuqondile kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu kube yingozi enkulu kakhulu - yingakho kwabizwa ngempi 'yomqando'.
Speaker notes
Qinisa amagama abafundi abazowadinga: ukuhlukana phakathi (bipolar), izwe elinamandla amakhulu (superpower), i-NATO, i-Warsaw Pact, Ikhethini Lensimbi (Iron Curtain), impi elwelwa ngabanye (proxy war). Gcizelela ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-1980 lokhu kuhlukana kwakubonakala kungapheli - cishe akekho owabikezela ukuthi kuzophela phakathi kweminyaka eyishumi. Lokhu kwenza ijubane lokuwa kuka-1989 kuya ku-1991 kube yinkinga eyisisekelo yalesi sihloko.
Maphakathi neminyaka yawo-1980 ubuthakathaka obujulile besakhiwo base bakhile ngaphakathi e-USSR.
Umnotho ongathuthuki
Ukuhlela okuphakathi (central planning) akukwazanga ukufinyelela emazingeni okuphila aseNtshonalanga; kwakukhona ukushoda kwezimpahla nentuthuko encane.
Izindleko zombuso
Umjaho wezikhali kanye nempi ebiza kakhulu e-Afghanistan (1979-1989) kwakhipha imali eningi kwisabelomali seSoviet.
Ukulahlekelwa ukholo
Inkohlakalo nokuvimbela ukukhuluma (censorship) kwadicilela ukwethemba komphakathi kubukhomanisi kulo lonke i-USSR neYurophu eseMpumalanga.
Speaker notes
Hlela lezi njengezimbangela zesikhathi eside (zesakhiwo), okumele zihlukaniswe nembangela yesikhathi esifushane yezinguquko zikaGorbachev esilaydini esilandelayo. Ukuhlaziya kwe-FET okuqinile kuhlukanisa izimbangela ezizisekelo nezimbangela ezisheshayo. Cela abafundi bacabange: ngabe izinguquko zodwa zaziyokwazi yini ukusindisa uhlelo, noma lezi zinkinga zase zibulala kakade?
Izinguquko ebezihloselwe ukusindisa iSoviet Union zagcina zisheshisa ukuwa kwayo.
UMikhail Gorbachev waba nguNobhala-Jikelele weQembu lamaKhomanisi ngoMashi 1985. Ukuze avuselele uhlelo olwaluwohloka, waqalisa izinguquko ezimbili: i-glasnost ('ukuvuleka' - inkululeko yokukhuluma nokugxeka eyandisiwe) ne-perestroika ('ukwakha kabusha' - izinguquko ezilinganiselwe zemakethe).
- I-glasnost yavumela abantu ukuba baveze izikhalo umbuso owawuzithulise isikhathi eside.
- I-perestroika yaxegisa ukulawula okuphakathi kodwa yaphazamisa umnotho nakakhulu.
- UGorbachev waphinde waqeda i-Brezhnev Doctrine, ebonisa ukuthi i-USSR yayingeke isasebenzisa amandla ukusekela ohulumeni bamakhomanisi baseYurophu eseMpumalanga.
Speaker notes
Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuhlaziya: uGorbachev wayehlose ukuGUQULA ubukhomanisi, hhayi ukubuqeda. Ngokuvumela ukugxekwa (i-glasnost) nangokushiya i-Brezhnev Doctrine, wasusa kokubili ukwesaba namandla okwakubambe iqembu ndawonye. Lesi yisibonelo esidumile semiphumela engahlosiwe - siwusizo ekubhaleni i-eseyi ngezimbangela.
Kwathi iMoscow ingasangeneleli, ohulumeni bamakhomanisi bawa omunye emva komunye.
Ngo-1989 igagasi lezinguquko ezinkulu ezazicishe zonke zaba nokuthula lasakaza kulo lonke iYurophu eseMpumalanga. I-Poland yabamba ukhetho olwaluvuleke ngokwengxenye olwawinwa yi-Solidarity; i-Hungary yavula umngcele wayo; kwathi ngomhla ka-9 Novemba 1989 uDonga LaseBerlin lwawa, izikhungo zalo zokuhlola zagxotshwa yizixuku.
- 'IVelvet Revolution' enokuthula yaseCzechoslovakia yaqeda ukubusa kwamakhomanisi.
- E-Romania umashiqela uNicolae Ceausescu wagumbuqelwa wabulawa.
- Izithombe zabantu abavamile bebhidliza uDonga LaseBerlin zaba uphawu lokuphela kweMpi Yomqando.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela igalelo labantu: lezi kwakuyizinguquko ezicishe zonke zazinokuthula, ezishukunyiswa abantu, hhayi izehlakalo ezaziyalelwa ngenhla. Qaphela umphumela we-domino - kwathi iMoscow isicacisile ukuthi ngeke ithumele amathangi (njengoba yayenzile eHungary 1956 naseCzechoslovakia 1968), ukuwa ngakunye kwakhuthaza okulandelayo. Ukuwa koDonga ngomhla ka-9 Novemba 1989 yilona langa elilodwa okungenzeka kakhulu livele embuzweni osekelwe emithonjeni. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuthi uyafuna ukufaka imininingwane yokubulawa kukaCeausescu kulesi sigaba; kuphathe ngobunono.
- June 1989 I-Solidarity iwina ukhetho oluvuleke ngokwengxenye e-Poland
- 9 Nov 1989 UDonga LaseBerlin luyawa
- Dec 1989 Izinguquko kulo lonke iYurophu eseMpumalanga; iNgqungquthela yaseMalta
- Oct 1990 IJalimane libuye lihlangane
- July 1991 I-Warsaw Pact iyachithwa
- Aug 1991 Umzamo wokuketula uGorbachev wabaqinile uyahluleka
- 26 Dec 1991 ISoviet Union ichithwa ngokusemthethweni
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi silaydi ukuqinisa ukulandelana kwezehlakalo ngaphambi kokuhlaziya imiphumela. Veza ijubane elikhulayo: izinguquko kusukela ku-1985, izinguquko ezinkulu ngo-1989, kanye ne-USSR ngokwayo esiphelile ekupheleni kuka-1991 - iminyaka eyisithupha kuphela. Abafundi kufanele bakwazi ukubeka okungenani uDonga (1989) nokuchithwa kwe-USSR (1991) ngokunembile.
Njengoba umbuso wangaphandle uwa, i-USSR ngokwayo yahlukana yaba ngamazwe azimele ayishumi nanhlanu.
I-glasnost yayivuse futhi ubuzwe (nationalism) ngaphakathi e-USSR. Amazwe aseBaltic (iLithuania, iLatvia, i-Estonia) namanye afuna inkululeko. Ngo-Agasti 1991 amakhomanisi aqinile enza umzamo wokuketula uGorbachev; wawa phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa, wehliswa isithunzi kakhulu lapho izixuku no-Boris Yeltsin bewumelana nawo.
- Umzamo wokuketula owahluleka wadiliza igunya kokubili leQembu lamaKhomanisi noGorbachev.
- Ngokulandelana amariphabhulikhi eSoviet amemezela inkululeko.
- Ngomhla ka-26 Disemba 1991 i-USSR yachithwa ngokusemthethweni futhi uGorbachev wesula; iMpi Yomqando yayisiphelile.
Speaker notes
Dweba umehluko phakathi kokuwa kweqembu langaphandle (iYurophu eseMpumalanga, 1989) nokuhlakazeka kwe-USSR ngokwayo (1991). Ubuzwe obakhululwa yi-glasnost baba nesandla esikhulu ngaphakathi enyunyaneni. Ukuphakama kukaYeltsin nokuwa kukaGorbachev kubonisa ukudluliselwa kwamandla eRussia entsha. Gcizelela ukuthi lokhu akuqedanga uhulumeni kuphela kodwa izwe elinamandla amakhulu kanye nephrojekthi yonke yombono wezombusazwe.
Ngokuhamba kwe-USSR, i-United States yasala iyilona zwe kuphela emhlabeni elinamandla amakhulu - 'isikhathi somandla amunye (unipolar moment)'.
Uhlelo olusha lomhlaba... olukhululeke kakhulu osongweni lobuphixiphixi, oluqine kakhulu ekufuneni ubulungiswa, futhi oluvikeleke kakhulu ekufuneni ukuthula. UMongameli wase-US uGeorge H. W. Bush, inkulumo kwiCongress, 11 Septhemba 1990
Abaholi bakhuluma ngohlelo olusha lomhlaba lapho izizwe zaziyobambisana nge-United Nations (Izizwe Ezihlangene) kunokuhlukana zibe ngamaqembu anobutha. Abanye abacabangi baze bamemezela ukunqoba kwentando yeningi ekhululekile nemakethe ekhululekile njengesibonelo sekusasa.
- I-USA yaba ngamandla abusayo kwezempi, kwezomnotho nakumasiko.
- Iziqiniseko ezindala zanyamalala kwavela izingxabano ezintsha (zobuhlanga, zesifunda).
- Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi 'uhlelo olusha' ikakhulukazi lwasebenzela izidingo zaseNtshonalanga.
Speaker notes
Ethula umqondo womhlaba onamandla amunye (unipolar) nempikiswano emayelana nawo. Isicaphuno sikaBush singumthombo wangempela oyisisekelo (primary source) oluwusizo embuzweni osekelwe emithonjeni. Sho ngombono kaFrancis Fukuyama 'wokuphela komlando' (end of history) njengombono othembayo, uwuqhathanise nababukela phansi ababona kusengaphambili ukungazinzi okusha (isibonelo izimpi zaseYugoslavia zawo-1990). Khuthaza abafundi ukuba balinganise izincazelo eziphikisanayo. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama/usuku olunembile lwesicaphuno sikaBush ngokusekelwe embhalweni wangempela ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa.
Ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando kwasheshisa ukuhlangana komnotho namasiko omhlaba.
Kwezomnotho
Uhwebo olukhululeke kakhulu, izinkampani ezisebenza emazweni amaningi kanye nezinhlangano ezifana ne-WTO kwabophela ndawonye iminotho yezizwe.
Kwezobuchwepheshe
I-inthanethi, imidiya yamasathelayithi kanye nokuxhumana okushibhile kwanciphisa amabanga cishe ngobusuku obubodwa.
Kwamasiko
Imibono, amabhrendi kanye namasiko adumile kwasakazeka emhlabeni wonke, kuvusa izimpikiswano ngobunikazi nokungalingani.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-globalisation njengokuhlangana okukhulayo kweminotho, ubuchwepheshe namasiko omhlaba. Gcizelela ukuthi ayiqalanga ngo-1989 - kodwa ukuwa kweqembu lamakhomanisi kwasusa isithiyo esikhulu futhi kwavulela amazwe ayekade engaphansi kweqembu laseMpumalanga emakethe yomhlaba. Veza kokubili izinzuzo (ukukhula, ukuxhumana) nokugxekwa (ukungalingani, ukulahlekelwa ukulawula kwendawo), ulungisela abafundi impikiswano elinganiselwe.
Ukuwa kweqembu leSoviet kwaguqula ubunjalo bezombusazwe eminyakeni yokugcina yobandlululo.
Uhulumeni wobandlululo wayekade eyethula incindezelo njengokuzivikela ku-rooi gevaar ('ingozi ebomvu') yobukhomanisi. Njengoba iMpi Yomqando iphela, le mpikiswano yalahlekelwa ingxenye enkulu yamandla ayo, futhi ingcindezi yokuxoxisana yakhula. Ngomhla ka-2 Februwari 1990 u-F. W. de Klerk wasusa umvimbo ku-ANC, i-PAC ne-SACP, kwathi ngomhla ka-11 Februwari 1990 uNelson Mandela wakhululwa.
- ISoviet Union yayikade ingumsekeli obalulekile we-ANC ne-SACP.
- Ukuwa kwayo kwabuthakathisa ukwesekwa kwe-ANC okuvela ngaphandle kodwa kwaphinde kwasusa ukwesaba kweNtshonalanga 'kokuthathwa kwamandla ngamakhomanisi' eNingizimu Afrika.
- Izazi-mlando eziningi zibona ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando njengesinye sezinto ezasiza ekwenzeni ukuba isivumelwano esixoxisanwe ngaso sikwazeke.
Speaker notes
Lesi silaydi senza isihloko somlando womhlaba sibe ngesendawo - kubalulekile kwi-SAHO nakwi-CAPS, exhumanisa ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando noguquko lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Yenza isimangalo sembangela ngokucophelela: ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando kwakuyisinye sezinto eziningi (kanye nokumelana kwangaphakathi, izijeziso zomnotho nengcindezi yomnotho) ezabumba izingxoxo. Gwema ukukukhulisa ngokweqile njengembangela eyodwa. [SME] Amandla oxhumano lwembangela phakathi kokuphela kweMpi Yomqando nokususwa kwemivimbo ngo-1990 kuyaphikiswana ngakho phakathi kwezazi-mlando - phawula ukuze i-SME ilungise amagama ukuze kube nokunemba kwezivivinyo.
Izazi-mlando azivumelani ngokuthi yini eyayibaluleke kakhulu - ukuhlaziya okuqinile kulinganisa kokubili.
Speaker notes
Bonisa ukucabanga kwezazi-mlando: kuyivelakancane ukuthi kube nembangela eyodwa. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlanganise - izazi-mlando eziningi zihlanganisa kokubili, zibona ingcindezi yangaphandle KANYE nobuthakathaka bangaphakathi. Lolu hlobo lwesahlulelo esilinganiselwe, esilinganiswe ngobufakazi yilokho kanye i-rubric ye-eseyi ye-FET ekuklomelisayo. Buza abafundi ukuthi yimuphi umbono abawuthola ukholisa kakhulu nokuthi kungani.
Izehlakalo zika-1989-1991 zaguqula ezombusazwe, ezomnotho nempilo yansuku zonke emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando kwavala isahluko esibalulekile sekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka. Kwaqeda ukubhekana ngezikhali zenuzi phakathi kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu, kwavulela amazwe ayekade engawamakhomanisi entando yeningi nasezimakethe, kwasheshisa i-globalisation - kodwa akuzange kulethe ukuthula okuhlala njalo abaningi ababekulindele.
- Kwavela izingxabano ezintsha, kuhlanganise nezimpi zobuhlanga eYugoslavia yangaphambili.
- I-United States yaba ngamandla abusayo omhlaba, okungenani okwesikhathi esithile.
- Izimpikiswano ngokungalingani, ukufuduka nobunikazi zisabumba umhlaba wanamuhla ohlangene (globalised).
Speaker notes
Yisa isihloko kuze kube manje ('1989 kuya kwamanje' esihlokweni se-CAPS). 'Uhlelo olusha lomhlaba' lwaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi lwaphikiswa kakhulu kunalokho ababekade bethembile bekubikezela ekuqaleni. Lesi silaydi sixhumanisa emuva nezilaydi zohlelo olusha lomhlaba ne-globalisation futhi silungisela imibuzo yokubuyekeza. Mema abafundi ukuba baxhumanise le mikhakha nezehlakalo zamanje abazaziyo.
Sebenzisa le mibuzo esitayeleni se-CAPS ukuvivinya izimbangela, ukuhlaziya imithombo nokubhala okwandisiwe.
Isifinyezo: Phakathi kuka-1989 no-1991 iqembu leSoviet lawa - lishukunyiswa ubuthakathaka bomnotho, izinguquko zikaGorbachev kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu ezazixhaswa ngabantu - kuphela iMpi Yomqando. Umphumela kwaba umhlaba onezwe elilodwa elinamandla amakhulu, ohlangana ngokushesha, kanye, eNingizimu Afrika, kwaba yingxenye yesimo esishintshayo soguquko oluya entandweni yeningi.
Q. Chaza izizathu EZIMBILI zokuthi kungani iSoviet Union yawa phakathi kuka-1989 no-1991. (4 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa uDonga LaseBerlin njengesibonelo, chaza ukuthi kungani u-1989 ubonwa njengephuzu eliguqula umlando womhlaba. (6 marks)
Q. 'Ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando kwasiza ekwenzeni isivumelwano esixoxisanwe ngaso eNingizimu Afrika sibe nokwenzeka.' Uyavumelana? Sekela impendulo yakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu emsebenzini obhaliwe noma engxoxweni; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa izitayela ze-CAPS zempendulo emfushane, zesigaba nezokubhala okwandisiwe. Umbuzo 3 wenziwe ngamabomu uvuleke ukuze abafundi baphikise nganoma yiluphi uhlangothi, uma nje besebenzisa ubufakazi - klomelisa isahlulelo esilinganiselwe kunempendulo 'elungile' emisiwe. Vala ngokuxhumanisa nesigaba esilandelayo somsebenzi noguquko lwaseNingizimu Afrika olufundwa kwenye indawo kuhlelo lwezifundo.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The end of the Cold War and a new world order
- Resource type
- Presentation