Indlela ihlabathi elinamacala amabini lika-1989 elavulela ngayo ukuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991 - nakwixesha lehlabathi elidibeneyo, elinegunya elinye elikhulu.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokukhumbula oko abafundi sele bekwazi ngeMfazwe Ebandayo kwiSihloko 3: ukhuphiswano lweminyaka emininzi phakathi kweNtshona yobungxowankulu (ekhokelwa yi-USA) neMpuma yobukomanisi (ekhokelwa yi-USSR), olwaliwa ngeemfazwe zabameli, ugqatso lwezixhobo kunye nengcamango endaweni yokulwa ngokuthe ngqo. Bonisa kwangaphambili imibuzo emibini emikhulu yesi sihloko: (1) Kutheni iqela leSoviet lawa ngokukhawuleza kangaka phakathi kuka-1989 no-1991? (2) Loluphi uhlobo lolawulo lwehlabathi olwathatha indawo yalo?
Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane amagunya amabini amakhulu ahlula ihlabathi laba ziinkampu eziphikisanayo.
Emva ko-1945 ihlabathi lalinamacala amabini (bipolar): i-United States yayikhokela iNtshona yobungxowankulu neyedemokhrasi nge-NATO, ngelixa iSoviet Union yayikhokela iMpuma yobukomanisi nge-Warsaw Pact. iYurophu yayahlulwe yiloo nto uChurchill wayeyibiza ngokuba yiSikhuselo Sentsimbi (Iron Curtain), efuziselwa yiDonga laseBerlin (Berlin Wall, elakhiwa ngo-1961).
- Ukhuphiswano lwaba ngugqatso lwezixhobo, ugqatso lwendawo ephakamileyo (space race) neemfazwe zabameli (Korea, Vietnam, Angola).
- Omabini amaqela ayefuna abalingane kulo lonke elase-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America.
- Isongelo semfazwe yenyukliya senza ukungqubana ngokuthe ngqo kwamagunya amakhulu kwaba yingozi kakhulu - yiloo nto yayiyimfazwe 'ebandayo'.
Speaker notes
Qinisa isigama esiya kufuneka kubafundi: bipolar (amacala amabini), igunya elikhulu, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Iron Curtain (iSikhuselo Sentsimbi), imfazwe yabameli. Gxininisa ukuba ngeminyaka yee-1980 olu lwahlulo lwalubonakala luhlala ngonaphakade - phantse akukho mntu waqikelela ukuba luya kuphela kwiminyaka elishumi. Oku kwenza isantya sokuwa kuka-1989-1991 sibe yingxaki ephambili yesi sihloko.
Phakathi kweminyaka yee-1980 ubuthathaka obunzulu bolwakhiwo babusele buqokelelene ngaphakathi kwi-USSR.
Uqoqosho olungahambiyo
Ucwangciso oluphakathi lwalungenako ukulinganisa umgangatho wobomi waseNtshona; kwakukho ukunqongophala kweempahla nokusweleka kwezinto ezintsha.
Iindleko zobukhosi
Ugqatso lwezixhobo nemfazwe ebiza kakhulu e-Afghanistan (1979-1989) zawuphelisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lweSoviet.
Ukuphelelwa lukholo
Urhwaphilizo nokucinywa kolwazi kwaluhlutha uluntu ukholo kubukomanisi kulo lonke i-USSR neMpuma yeYurophu.
Speaker notes
Zibonise ezi njengezizathu zexesha elide (zolwakhiwo), ezimele zohlulwe kunobangela wexesha elifutshane wezinguqu zikaGorbachev kwislayidi esilandelayo. Uhlalutyo olomeleleyo lwe-FET lwahlula izizathu ezisisiseko kwiimbangeli ezikhawulezayo. Cela abafundi ukuba bacinge: ngaba uhlaziyo lodwa lwalunokuyisindisa inkqubo, okanye le migushuzo yayisele iyingozi ebulalayo?
Izinguqu ebezijoliswe ekusindiseni iSoviet Union zagqibela ngokukhawulezisa ukuwa kwayo.
UMikhail Gorbachev waba nguNobhala-Jikelele weQela lamaKomanisi ngoMatshi 1985. Ukwenza inkqubo ehlulekayo ibe yeyanamhlanje, waqalisa izinguqu ezimbini: iglasnost ('ukuvuleleka' - inkululeko yokuthetha nokugxeka eyongezelelweyo) kunye neperestroika ('ukwakhiwa ngokutsha' - izinguqu zemarike ezinomda).
- Iglasnost yavumela abantu ukuba baphakamise izikhalazo urhulumente awayekade ezicimile.
- Iperestroika yakhulula ulawulo oluphakathi kodwa yaphazamisa uqoqosho ngakumbi.
- UGorbachev waphelisa neBrezhnev Doctrine, ebonisa ukuba i-USSR yayingasayi kusebenzisa amandla ukuxhasa oorhulumente bobukomanisi baseMpuma yeYurophu.
Speaker notes
Ingongoma ephambili yohlalutyo: uGorbachev wayejonge ukuHLAZIYA ubukomanisi, hayi ukubuphelisa. Ngokuvumela ukugxeka (iglasnost) nokushiya iBrezhnev Doctrine, wasusa kokubini uloyiko namandla awayebambe iqela lidibene. Lo ngumzekelo omhle weziphumo ebezingajolwanga - oluncedo ekubhaleni isincoko ngonobangela.
Ukuba iMoscow yayingasayi kungenelela, oorhulumente bobukomanisi bawa omnye emva komnye.
Ngo-1989 iliza leenguqu ezazisoloko zizolile latshayela iMpuma yeYurophu. IPoland yabamba unyulo olwalukhululekile ngokuyinxenye owaphunyelelwa yi-Solidarity; iHungary yavula umda wayo; kwaye ngomhla we-9 kaNovemba 1989 iDonga laseBerlin lawa, iindawo zayo zokuhlola zoyiswa zizihlwele.
- 'IVelvet Revolution' ezolileyo yaseCzechoslovakia yaphelisa ulawulo lobukomanisi.
- ERomania umzwilakhe uNicolae Ceausescu wabhukuqwa waza wabulawa.
- Imifanekiso yabantu abaqhelekileyo bediliza iDonga laseBerlin yaba luphawu lokuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa igunya labantu: ezi yayizezinguqu ezazizolile ubukhulu becala, eziqhutywa ngabantu, hayi iziganeko ezimiselwe ngasentla. Qaphela isiphumo se-domino - emva kokuba iMoscow yenza kucace ukuba yayingazukuthumela iitanki (njengoko yayenzile eHungary ngo-1956 naseCzechoslovakia ngo-1968), ukuwa ngakunye kwakhuthaza okulandelayo. Ukuwa kweDonga ngomhla we-9 kaNovemba 1989 ngowona mhla unokuvela kumbuzo osekelwe kwimithombo. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuba ufuna ukubandakanya iinkcukacha zokubulawa kukaCeausescu kule klasi; siphathe ngobunono.
- June 1989 I-Solidarity iphumelela unyulo olukhululekile ngokuyinxenye ePoland
- 9 Nov 1989 IDonga laseBerlin liyawa
- Dec 1989 Iinguqu kuyo yonke iMpuma yeYurophu; iNgqungquthela yaseMalta
- Oct 1990 IJamani iyadityaniswa kwakhona
- July 1991 IWarsaw Pact iyachithwa
- Aug 1991 Umvukelo ongqongqo ochasene noGorbachev uyasilela
- 26 Dec 1991 ISoviet Union ichithwa ngokusesikweni
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi slayidi ukuqinisa ulandelelwano phambi kokuhlalutya iziphumo. Bonisa isantya esikhulayo: izinguqu ukususela ngo-1985, iinguqu ngo-1989, kunye ne-USSR ngokwayo ingasekho ekupheleni kuka-1991 - iminyaka nje emithandathu. Abafundi kufuneka bakwazi ukubeka ubuncinane iDonga (1989) nokuchithwa kwe-USSR (1991) ngokuchanekileyo.
Njengoko ubukhosi bangaphandle busiwa, i-USSR ngokwayo yaqhekeka yaba ngamazwe alishumi elinesihlanu azimeleyo.
Iglasnost yayivuse ubuzwe (nationalism) ngaphakathi kwi-USSR. Amazwe aseBaltic (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) namanye afuna inkululeko. Ngo-Agasti 1991 amakomanisi angqongqo enza umvukelo ochasene noGorbachev; wawa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, ubukhulu becala ungabinasidima xa izihlwele kunye noBoris Yeltsin bawuchasa.
- Umvukelo osileleyo waqhekeza igunya kokubini iQela lamaKomanisi noGorbachev.
- Ngamnye ngamnye amazwe eSoviet abhengeza inkululeko.
- Ngomhla wama-26 kuDisemba 1991 i-USSR yachithwa ngokusesikweni waza uGorbachev warhoxa; iMfazwe Ebandayo yaphela.
Speaker notes
Yenza umahluko phakathi kokuwa kweqela langaphandle (iMpuma yeYurophu, 1989) nokuqhekeka kwe-USSR ngokwayo (1991). Ubuzwe obakhululwa yiglasnost baba nesigqibo esiphambili ngaphakathi kwimanyano. Ukunyuka kukaYeltsin nokuwa kukaGorbachev kubonisa ukudluliselwa kwamandla kwiRashiya entsha. Gxininisa ukuba oku akuphelisanga urhulumente kuphela kodwa negunya elikhulu kunye nephulo lonke lengcamango.
Ngokungabikho kwe-USSR, i-United States yema njengelona gunya likhulu lodwa ehlabathini - 'ixesha lecala elinye' (unipolar moment).
Ulawulo olutsha lwehlabathi... olukhululekile ngakumbi kwisongelo logrogriso, olomelele ngakumbi ekufuneni ubulungisa, nolukhuselekile ngakumbi ekuphuthumeni uxolo. UMongameli wase-US uGeorge H. W. Bush, intetho eCongress, 11 kaSeptemba 1990
Iinkokeli zathetha ngolawulo olutsha lwehlabathi apho izizwe zaziya kusebenzisana nge-United Nations (iZizwe eziManyeneyo) endaweni yokwahlukana zibe ngamaqela alwayo. Abanye abacinga bade babhengeza uloyiso lwedemokhrasi yenkululeko neemarike ezikhululekileyo njengomzekelo wexesha elizayo.
- I-USA yaba ligunya elilawulayo kwezomkhosi, kwezoqoqosho nakwinkcubeko.
- Izinto ebeziqinisekile zakudala zanyamalala kwaye kwavela iingxabano ezintsha (zobuhlanga, zengingqi).
- Abagxeki baxoxa ukuba 'ulawulo olutsha' ubukhulu becala lwalusebenzela iinzuzo zaseNtshona.
Speaker notes
Yazisa ingqikelelo yehlabathi lecala elinye (unipolar) nengxoxo emalunga nayo. Isicaphulo sikaBush ngumthombo wokuqala wokwenene oluncedo kumbuzo osekelwe kwimithombo. Khankanya ithisisi ka-Francis Fukuyama ethi 'ukuphela kwembali' njengembono onethemba, uze uyithelekise nabo bathandabuzayo ababona ukungazinzi okutsha (umzekelo iimfazwe zaseYugoslavia zeminyaka yee-1990). Khuthaza abafundi ukuba balinganise iintlaselo ezikhuphisanayo. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama achanekileyo nomhla wesicaphulo sikaBush ngokuchasene nombhalo wokuqala phambi kokuvelisa.
Ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo kwakhawulezisa udibaniso loqoqosho nenkcubeko yehlabathi.
Ezoqoqosho
Urhwebo olukhululekileyo ngakumbi, iinkampani zamazwe amaninzi kunye namaqumrhu afana ne-WTO abopha uqoqosho lwezizwe kunye.
Ezobuchwepheshe
I-intanethi, imithombo ye-satellite kunye nonxibelelwano olutshiphu zanciphisa imigama phantse ngobusuku obunye.
Ezenkcubeko
Iingcamango, iimpawu zeempahla nenkcubeko edumileyo zasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela, ziphakamisa iingxoxo malunga nesazisi nokungalingani.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-globalisation njengonxulumano olukhulayo loqoqosho, ubuchwepheshe neenkcubeko zehlabathi. Gxininisa ukuba ayiqalanga ngo-1989 - kodwa ukuwa kweqela lobukomanisi kwasusa umqobo omkhulu kwaza kwavulela amazwe angaphambili eqela leMpuma kwimarike yehlabathi. Bonisa kokubini iinzuzo (ukukhula, unxibelelwano) nezigxeko (ukungalingani, ukulahleka kolawulo lwasekhaya), ulungiselela abafundi ingxoxo elinganisiweyo.
Ukuwa kweqela leSoviet kwatshintsha inkqubo yezopolitiko yeminyaka yokugqibela yocalucalulo (apartheid).
Urhulumente wocalucalulo wayekade ethethelela ingcinezelo njengokuzikhusela kwi-rooi gevaar ('ingozi ebomvu') yobukomanisi. Njengoko iMfazwe Ebandayo yayiphela, le ngxoxo yaphulukana namandla ayo amaninzi, waza uxinzelelo lokuba kuxoxwe lwakhula. Ngomhla we-2 kuFebruwari 1990 u-F. W. de Klerk wasusa isithintelo kwi-ANC, PAC ne-SACP, kwaye ngomhla we-11 kuFebruwari 1990 uNelson Mandela wakhululwa.
- ISoviet Union yayikade ingumxhasi obalulekileyo we-ANC ne-SACP.
- Ukuwa kwayo kwathoba inkxaso yangaphandle ye-ANC kodwa kwakhona kwasusa uloyiko lweNtshona 'lokuthathwa ngamakomanisi' eMzantsi Afrika.
- Uninzi lweembali-mbali lubona ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo njengenye yeenkohla eyanceda ekwenzeni sibe nokwenzeka isivumelwano esixoxelweyo.
Speaker notes
Esi slayidi senza isihloko sembali yehlabathi sibe sesasekhaya - sibaluleke kakhulu kwi-SAHO nakwi-CAPS, edibanisa ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo notshintsho lwaseMzantsi Afrika. Yenza ibango lonobangela ngononophelo: ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo yayiYENYE yeenkohla ezininzi (kunye nenkcaso yangaphakathi, izohlwayo noxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho) ezayilayo iingxoxo. Phepha ukuyibalula ngokugqithisileyo njengonobangela owodwa. [SME] Amandla oqhagamshelwano lonobangela phakathi kokuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo nokususwa kwezithintelo zango-1990 kuxoxwa phakathi kweembali-mbali - phawula ukuze i-SME ilungelelanise amagama ukuze kuchaneke kwiimviwo.
Iimbali-mbali azivumelani ngokona kwakubaluleke kakhulu - uhlalutyo olomeleleyo luyazikala zombini.
Speaker notes
Bonisa ukucinga kwembali-mbali: kunqabile ukuba kubekho unobangela omnye kuphela. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba badibanise - uninzi lweembali-mbali ludibanisa zombini, lubona uxinzelelo lwangaphandle KUNYE nobuthathaka bangaphakathi. Olu hlobo lwesigwebo esilinganisiweyo, esikala ubungqina, yiyo kanye into evuzwa yirubriki yesincoko se-FET. Buza abafundi ukuba yeyiphi imbono abayifumana ikholisayo ngakumbi kwaye ngoba.
Iziganeko zika-1989-1991 zatshintsha ezopolitiko, uqoqosho nobomi bemihla ngemihla kwihlabathi liphela.
Ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo kwavala isahluko esibalulekileyo senkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kwaphelisa ungquzulwano lwenyukliya phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu, kwavulela amazwe angaphambili obukomanisi kwidemokhrasi neemarike, kwaza kwakhawulezisa i-globalisation (udibaniso lwehlabathi) - kodwa akuzange kuzise uxolo oluhlalayo abaninzi ababelethembile.
- Kwavela iingxabano ezintsha, kubandakanya iimfazwe zobuhlanga kwiYugoslavia yangaphambili.
- I-United States yaba ligunya elilawulayo lehlabathi, ubuncinane okwexeshana.
- Iingxoxo malunga nokungalingani, ukufuduka nesazisi zisayila ihlabathi elidibeneyo lanamhlanje.
Speaker notes
Yiza nesihloko kude kufike kwixesha langoku ('ukusuka ku-1989 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku' kwisihloko se-CAPS). 'Ulawulo olutsha lwehlabathi' lwazibonakalisa lunzima kwaye luphikiswa ngaphezu koko abanethemba bokuqala babekuqikelele. Esi slayidi sinxulumanisa emva kwiislayidi zolawulo olutsha lwehlabathi neze-globalisation kwaye simisela imibuzo yokuphinda-phinda. Mema abafundi ukuba banxulumanise le mixholo neziganeko zangoku abazaziyo.
Sebenzisa le mibuzo yohlobo lwe-CAPS ukuvavanya unobangela, uhlalutyo lwemithombo nokubhala okwandisiweyo.
Isishwankathelo: Phakathi kuka-1989 no-1991 iqela leSoviet lawa - liqhutywa bubuthathaka boqoqosho, izinguqu zikaGorbachev neenguqu ezixhaswa ngabantu - laphelisa iMfazwe Ebandayo. Isiphumo yayilihlabathi elinegunya elinye elikhulu, elidibanayo, kwaye, eMzantsi Afrika, iyinxalenye yemeko etshintshayo yotshintsho oluya kwidemokhrasi.
Q. Chaza izizathu EZIBINI zokuba kutheni iSoviet Union yawa phakathi kuka-1989 no-1991. (4 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa iDonga laseBerlin njengomzekelo, chaza ukuba kutheni u-1989 ebonwa njengexesha lotshintsho kwimbali yehlabathi. (6 marks)
Q. 'Ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo kwanceda ukwenza isivumelwano esixoxelweyo eMzantsi Afrika sibe nokwenzeka.' Uyavuma? Xhasa impendulo yakho ngobungqina. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu kumsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kubonisa iindlela ze-CAPS zempendulo emfutshane, zomhlathi nezokubhala okwandisiweyo. U-Q3 uvulekile ngabom ukuze abafundi baxoxe nangayiphi na indlela, ukuba nje basebenzisa ubungqina - vuza isigwebo esilinganisiweyo endaweni yempendulo 'echanekileyo' emiselweyo. Vala ngokunxulumanisa nesahluko esilandelayo somsebenzi kunye notshintsho loMzantsi Afrika oluqhelekileyo olufundwa kwenye indawo kwikharityhulam.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The end of the Cold War and a new world order
- Resource type
- Presentation