Indlela umhlaba wetigodzi letimbili (bipolar) wanga-1989 lowavulela ngayo kuwohloka kwe-Soviet Union nga-1991 - kanye nesikhatsi lesihlanganisiwe emhlabeni wonkhe (globalised) lesinesikhulu semandla sinye kuphela.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekukhumbuta loko bafundzi lasebavele bakwati ngeMphi Lebandzako esihlokweni sesi-3: kubangisana lokwatsatsa emashumi eminyaka emkhatsini weNtshonalanga yecapitalism (leyayiholwa yi-USA) neMphumalanga yebucommunism (leyayiholwa yi-USSR), lokwalwelwa ngetimphi letilwelwa ngalabanye (proxy wars), kuncintiswana ngetikhali kanye nemcondvo (ideology) esikhundleni sekulwa ngco. Nika sishwankatselo semibuto lemibili lemikhulu yalesihloko: (1) Kungani licembu le-Soviet lawohloka masinyane kangaka emkhatsini wa-1989 na-1991? (2) Nguluphi luhlobo lwekuhleleka kwemhlaba lolwatsatsa indzawo yalo?
Sikhatsi lesengcile emashumini lamane eminyaka tikhulu temandla letimbili tehlukanisa umhlaba taba ngemakamu labangisanako.
Ngemuva kwa-1945 umhlaba bewu wetigodzi letimbili (bipolar): i-United States yayihola iNtshonalanga yecapitalism, yentsandvo-yebunyenti, nge-NATO, kantsi i-Soviet Union yayihola iMphumalanga yebucommunism nge-Warsaw Pact. I-Europe yayehlukaniswe nguloko Churchill labekubita nge-Likhetho Lensimbi (Iron Curtain), lokwamelelwa Lubondza LwaseBerlin (Berlin Wall) (lolwakhiwa nga-1961).
- Kuncintiswana kwatsatsa sakhiwo sekuncintiswana ngetikhali, kuncintiswana ngemkhatsi (space race) kanye netimphi letilwelwa ngalabanye (Korea, Vietnam, Angola).
- Womabili lamacembu abefuna bangani kuyo yonkhe i-Afrika, i-Asia kanye ne-Latin America.
- Kwesatjiswa kwemphi yenyukliya kwenta kungezwani kwetikhulu temandla ngco kwaba yingoti kakhulu - ngaleyo ndlela imphi 'lebandzako'.
Speaker notes
Cinisa emagama bafundzi labatawawadzinga: bipolar, sikhulu semandla, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Likhetho Lensimbi, imphi lelwelwa ngalabanye. Gcizelela kutsi ngeminyaka yabo-1980 lokwehlukana bekubonakala kungunaphakadze - cishe kute lowabikezela kutsi kutawuphela ngekhatsi kwelishumi leminyaka. Loku kwenta lijubane lekuwohloka kwa-1989-1991 libe yinkinga lesemtsanyeni walesihloko.
Ngesigaba semkhatsi seminyaka yabo-1980 buthakathaka lobujulile bekwakheka ngekhatsi kwe-USSR.
Umnotfo lomile
Kuhlela lokusembandzeni (central planning) akukhonanga kulingana netinga tekuphila teNtshonalanga; bekunekushoda kwetimphahla nekusunguleka lokuncane.
Tindleko tembhoja
Kuncintiswana ngetikhali kanye nemphi lebita eAfghanistan (1979-1989) kwacophula sabelomali se-Soviet.
Kulahlekelwa kukholwa
Inkhohlakalo nekuvinjelwa kwemibono (censorship) kwaguguleka kwetsemba kwesive kubucommunism kuyo yonkhe i-USSR ne-Eastern Europe.
Speaker notes
Beka loku njengetimbangela tesikhatsi lesidze (structural), lokufanele kwehlukaniswe nesisusa sesikhatsi lesifushane setinguculo taGorbachev esitiketini lesilandzelako. Kuhlatiya lokucinile kwe-FET kwehlukanisa timbangela letisemtsanyeni netisusa letiseceleni. Buta bafundzi kutsi bacabange: bekungasindzisa yini kuguculwa kwodvwa loluhlelo, nobe letinkinga betivele tibulala?
Tinguculo lebetihloselwe kusindzisa i-Soviet Union tagcina tisheshisa kuwohloka kwayo.
Mikhail Gorbachev waba nguNobhala-Jikelele weCommunist Party ngaMashi 1985. Kute avuselele luhlelo lolwaluwohloka, wetfula tinguculo letimbili: glasnost ('kuvuleka' - inkhululeko lenkhulu yenkhulumo nekugxeka) kanye ne-perestroika ('kwakha kabusha' - tinguculo temakethe letinemkhawulo).
- I-glasnost yavumela bantfu kutsi baveze tikhalo umbuso lobewutivimbele sikhatsi lesidze.
- I-perestroika yakhulula kulawula lokusembandzeni kepha yaphindze yaphazamisa umnotfo ngalokwengetiwe.
- Gorbachev waphindze wacedza i-Brezhnev Doctrine, akhombisa kutsi i-USSR ngeke isasebentisa emandla kusekela bohulumende bebucommunism base-Eastern Europe.
Speaker notes
Liphuzu lekuhlatiya lelibalulekile: Gorbachev bekahlose kuGUCULA bucommunism, hhayi kubucedza. Ngekuvumela kugxeka (glasnost) nangekulahla i-Brezhnev Doctrine, wasusa kokubili kwesaba nemandla lobekubambe licembu ndzawonye. Lesi sibonelo lesidzala semiphumela lengahloselwanga - lokusita ekubhaleni indzatjana ngembangela.
Kwatsi lapho iMoscow seyingeke isangenela, bohulumende bebucommunism bawa munye ngemuva kwalomunye.
Nga-1989 ligagasi letimvukela letatiningi tato tibe nekuthula lasakateka kuyo yonkhe i-Eastern Europe. I-Poland yaba nelukhetfo loluncenye lwaluvulekile lolwancotjwa yi-Solidarity; i-Hungary yavula umngcele wayo; futsi nga-9 Novemba 1989 Lubondza LwaseBerlin lwawa, tikhungo tato tekuhlola tacwiliswa yinyandzaleyo yebantfu.
- Imvukela Yendvwangu (Velvet Revolution) lenekuthula yeCzechoslovakia yacedza kubusa kwebucommunism.
- E-Romania umashiqela Nicolae Ceausescu wagujulwa wabulawa.
- Titfombe tebantfu labavamile babhidlita Lubondza LwaseBerlin taba luphawu lwekuphela kweMphi Lebandzako.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela emandla ebantfu (agency): letatiyimvukela letatiningi tato tibe nekuthula, letiholwa ngebantfu, hhayi tehlakalo letatiyalwa ngetulu. Nota umphumela wedomino - kwatsi lapho iMoscow seyicacisile kutsi ngeke itfumele emathange (njengoba yayente eHungary 1956 naseCzechoslovakia 1968), kuwohloka ngakunye kwakhutsata lokulandzelako. Kuwa kweLubondza nga-9 Novemba 1989 lusuku lolulodzwa lokungenteka kakhulu luvele embutweni losekelwe emtfonjeni. [SME] Cinisekisa kutsi ufuna kufaka imininingwane yekubulawa kwaCeausescu kulelikilasi; kuphatse ngebunono.
- June 1989 I-Solidarity yancoba lukhetfo loluncenye lwaluvulekile e-Poland
- 9 Nov 1989 Lubondza LwaseBerlin luyawa
- Dec 1989 Timvukela kuyo yonkhe i-Eastern Europe; Ingcikitsi yaseMalta (Malta Summit)
- Oct 1990 IGermany iyahlanganiswa kabusha
- July 1991 I-Warsaw Pact iyachitfwa
- Aug 1991 Umbhukusho lolucinile kuGorbachev uyehluleka
- 26 Dec 1991 I-Soviet Union ichitfwa ngokusemtsetfweni
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesi sitiketi kucinisa kulandzelana ngembi kwekuhlatiya imiphumela. Khombisa lijubane lelisheshako: tinguculo kusukela nga-1985, timvukela nga-1989, kanye ne-USSR ngekwayo isindze ngasekupheleni kwa-1991 - iminyaka lesitfupha kuphela. Bafundzi kufanele bakhone kubeka okungenani Lubondza (1989) nekuchitfwa kwe-USSR (1991) ngendlela lecondzile.
Njengoba umbhoja wangaphandle wawa, i-USSR ngekwayo yehlukana yaba ngemave lalishumi nesihlanu latimele.
I-glasnost yayivuse futsi buve (nationalism) ngekhatsi kwe-USSR. Emave e-Baltic (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) nalamanye afuna inkhululeko. Nga-Agasti 1991 labacinile bebucommunism benta umbhukusho kuGorbachev; wawohloka ngekhatsi kwemalanga lambalwa, walahlwa kakhulu kwatsi tinyandzaleyo tebantfu na-Boris Yeltsin bawumelana.
- Umbhukusho lowehlulekile wabhidlita ligunya kokubili le-Communist Party naGorbachev.
- Munye ngamunye emave e-Soviet amemetela inkhululeko.
- Nga-26 Disemba 1991 i-USSR yachitfwa ngokusemtsetfweni, Gorbachev wesula; iMphi Lebandzako beyiphelile.
Speaker notes
Dweba umehluko emkhatsini wekuwohloka kwelicembu langaphandle (Eastern Europe, 1989) nekuhlakateka kwe-USSR ngekwayo (1991). Buve lobebukhululwe yi-glasnost bekumcondvo lonembeka ngekhatsi kwenhlangano. Kukhuphuka kwaYeltsin nekuwa kwaGorbachev kukhombisa kwedluliselwa kwemandla e-Russia lensha. Gcizelela kutsi loku akucedzanga hulumende kuphela kepha sikhulu semandla kanye nemsebenti wonkhe wemcondvo (ideological project).
Ngekungabikho kwe-USSR, i-United States yema njengesikhulu semandla sinye kuphela emhlabeni - 'sikhatsi setigodzi sinye (unipolar moment)'.
Kuhleleka lokusha kwemhlaba... lokukhululeke kakhulu ekwesatjisweni kwebugebengu, lokucinile ekufuneni bulungiswa, nalokuphephe kakhulu ekufuneni kuthula. Mengameli wase-US George H. W. Bush, inkhulumo eCongress, 11 Septemba 1990
Baholi bakhuluma nge kuhleleka lokusha kwemhlaba lapho tive betitawubambisana nge-United Nations (Tinhlangano Letihlangene) esikhundleni sekwehlukana taba ngemacembu labhekene ngetitsa. Labanye labacabangi baze bamemetela kunchoba kwentsandvo-yebunyenti lekhululekile netimakethe letikhululekile njengesibonelo selikusasa.
- I-USA yaba ngemandla labusako kwesotja, kwemnotfo nakwesiko.
- Kucineka lokudzala kwanyamalala, kwavela kungezwani lokusha (kwebutfo, kwesigodzi).
- Labagxeki batsi 'kuhleleka lokusha' kwakhonta kakhulu tifiso teNtshonalanga.
Speaker notes
Yetfula umcondvo wemhlaba wetigodzi sinye (unipolar) kanye nenkhulumo-mpikiswano ngawo. Sicaphuno saBush ngumtfombo wekucala lweliciniso losita embutweni losekelwe emtfonjeni. Sho i-thesis yaFrancis Fukuyama 'yekuphela kwemlando' njengembono wetsemba, uyecatsanise nalabanetifelane labebabona kungatinati lokusha (sibonelo, timphi taseYugoslavia tabo-1990). Khutsata bafundzi kutsi balinganise tincazelo letincintisanako. [SME] Cinisekisa emagama/lusuku lolucondze lweliphuzu laBush uphambanisa netincwadzi tekucala ngembi kwekukhicita.
Kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako kwasheshisa kuhlanganiswa kwemnotfo nemasiko emhlaba.
Kwemnotfo
Kuhweba lokukhululeke kakhulu, tinkampani letisemaveni lamanyenti kanye netinhlangano letifana ne-WTO (Inhlangano Yekuhweba Yemhlaba) kwabophela iminotfo yetive ndzawonye.
Kwetheknoloji
I-internet, imithombo yeliphephandzaba ye-satellite kanye nekuchumana lokushibhile kwanciphisa emabanga cishe ngobusuku bunye.
Kwelisiko
Imibono, ema-brand kanye nelisiko lelidvumile kwasakateka emhlabeni wonkhe, kwavusa tinkhulumo-mpikiswano ngebunikati (identity) nekungalingani.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-globalisation njengekuchumana lokukhulako kweminotfo, tetheknoloji nemasiko emhlaba. Gcizelela kutsi ayizange icale nga-1989 - kepha kuwohloka kwelicembu lebucommunism kwasusa sitfiyo lesikhulu kwavulela emave lasebekulicembu le-Eastern kutsi angene emaketeni yemhlaba. Veta kokubili tinzuzo (kukhula, kuchumana) nekugxekwa (kungalingani, kulahlekelwa kulawula kwasekhaya), ulungiselela bafundzi impikiswano lelinganisiwe.
Kuwohloka kwelicembu le-Soviet kwabumba kabusha tepolitiki teminyaka yekugcina ye-apartheid.
Hulumende we-apartheid bekabe achaza sikhatsi lesidze kucindzetela njengekutivikela kulokwesatjiswa nge-rooi gevaar ('ingoti lebovu') yebucommunism. Njengoba iMphi Lebandzako yaphela, lengcikitsi yalahlekelwa incenye lenkhulu yemandla ayo, futsi kucindzeteleka kwekutsi kube nekuncumana kwakhula. Nga-2 Febhuwari 1990 F. W. de Klerk wasusa umvimbelo ku-ANC, PAC ne-SACP, futsi nga-11 Febhuwari 1990 Nelson Mandela wakhululwa.
- I-Soviet Union beyingumsekeli lobalulekile we-ANC ne-SACP.
- Kuwohloka kwayo kwatsatsa emandla ekusekelweni kwe-ANC kwangaphandle kepha kwaphindze kwasusa kwesaba kweNtshonalanga 'kwekutsatfwa kwembuso ngebucommunism' eNingizimu Afrika.
- Bochwepheshe bemlando labanyenti babona kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako njengesinye sesisusa lesasita kwenta sivumelwane lesincunywe ngenkhulumo saba nekwenteka.
Speaker notes
Lesi sitiketi senta sihloko semlando wemhlaba sibe sasekhaya - lokubalulekile ku-SAHO nakuCAPS, lokuhlanganisa kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako netjintjo lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Yenta sicelo sembangela ngekucophelela: kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako bekuSINYE sesisusa letinyenti (kanye nekumelana kwangekhatsi, tijeziso kanye nekucindzeteleka kwemnotfo) letabumba tingcikitsi. Gwema kukugcizelela ngalokwengeta njengembangela leyodvwa. [SME] Emandla ekuhlanganisa kwembangela emkhatsini wekuphela kweMphi Lebandzako nekususwa kwemivimbelo kwa-1990 kuyaphikiswana emkhatsini webochwepheshe bemlando - khombisa i-SME kutsi ilinganise emagama kuze kube neliciniso lekuhlolwa.
Bochwepheshe bemlando abavumelani ngaloko lokwakubaluleke kakhulu - kuhlatiya lokucinile kulinganisa kokubili.
Speaker notes
Bonisa kucabanga kwendlela yekubhala umlando (historiography): kuyivelakancane kutsi kube nembangela yinye. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi bahlanganise - bochwepheshe bemlando labanyenti bahlanganisa kokubili, bebona kucindzeteleka kwangaphandle KANYE nebutsakatsaka bangekhatsi. Loluhlobo lwesehlulelo lesilinganisiwe, lesisekelwe ebufakazini yiko kanye i-FET essay rubric lekunika emamaki. Buta bafundzi kutsi nguwuphi umbono lababuwona ukholeka kakhulu nekutsi kungani.
Tehlakalo ta-1989-1991 tabumba kabusha tepolitiki, temnotfo kanye nekuphila kwemihla ngayo yonkhe indzawo emhlabeni.
Kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako kwavala sahluko lesibalulekile selikhulu lemashumi lamabili leminyaka. Kwacedza kumelana kwenyukliya emkhatsini wetikhulu temandla, kwavulela emave lekwake aba bebucommunism entsandvweni-yebunyenti nasemaketeni, kwaphindze kwasheshisa i-globalisation (kuhlanganiswa kwemhlaba) - kepha akuzange kulete kuthula lokusimako lekwakwetsenjelwe ngulabanyenti.
- Kwavela kungezwani lokusha, kufaka netimphi tebutfo e-Yugoslavia yakadzeni.
- I-United States yaba ngemandla labusako emhlabeni, okungenani sikhashana.
- Tinkhulumo-mpikiswano ngekungalingani, kufudvuka kanye nebunikati tisabumba umhlaba wanamuhla lohlanganisiwe.
Speaker notes
Yetsa sihloko kuze kufike kulesikhatsi samanje ('1989 kuya kulamuhla' esihlokweni se-CAPS). 'Kuhleleka lokusha kwemhlaba' kwaba matima kakhulu futsi kwaphikiswana kwendlula loko labanetsemba bekucala labakubikezela. Lesi sitiketi sihlanganisa emuva netitiketi tekuhleleka lokusha kwemhlaba ne-globalisation futsi silungiselela imibuto yekubuketa. Mema bafundzi kutsi bahlanganise letingcikitsi netehlakalo tamanje labatatiko.
Sebentisa lemibuto yesitayela se-CAPS kuhlola imbangela, kuhlatiya umtfombo kanye nekubhala lokwendlulele.
Sishwankatselo: Emkhatsini wa-1989 na-1991 licembu le-Soviet lawohloka - liciniwe butsakatsaka bemnotfo, tinguculo taGorbachev kanye netimvukela tebantfu - lacedza iMphi Lebandzako. Umphumela bekungumhlaba lonesikhulu semandla sinye, lohlanganiswako, futsi, eNingizimu Afrika, incenye yesimo lesatjintjako setjintjo lwekuya entsandvweni-yebunyenti.
Q. Chaza tizatfu LETIMBILI tekutsi kungani i-Soviet Union yawohloka emkhatsini wa-1989 na-1991. (4 marks)
Q. Usebentisa Lubondza LwaseBerlin njengesibonelo, chaza kutsi kungani 1989 libonwa njengeliphuzu lekutjintja (turning point) emlandvweni wemhlaba. (6 marks)
Q. 'Kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako kwasita kwenta sivumelwane lesincunywe ngenkhulumo eNingizimu Afrika saba nekwenteka.' Uyavuma yini? Sekela imphendvulo yakho ngebufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu emsebentini lobhaliwe nobe engcocweni; kwabiwa kwemamaki kubonisa titayela te-CAPS tempendvulo lemfushane, indzima kanye nekubhala lokwendlulele. Umbuto 3 uvuleke ngemabomu kuze bafundzi bakhone kuphikisana nomangayiphi indlela, inqobo nabe basebentisa bufakazi - klomelisa sehlulelo lesilinganisiwe kunemphendvulo 'lecondzile' lemisiwe. Vala ngekuhlanganisa nengcenye lelandzelako yemsebenti kanye netjintjo lwaseNingizimu Afrika lolufundzwa kwalenye indzawo kuhlelombhalo.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The end of the Cold War and a new world order
- Resource type
- Presentation