Indlela iphasi leempondo ezimbili (bipolar) lango-1989 elavula ngayo indlela emonakalweni we-Soviet Union ngo-1991 - nesikhathi sephasi elihlangeneko (globalised) elinegunya elilodwa elikhulu.
Speaker notes
Thoma ngokukhumbula lokho abafundi abasele bakwazi ngePi eBandako esuka eSihlokweni 3: umzabalazo owathatha imitjhumi yeemnyaka phakathi kweTjhingalanga yobunjinga (capitalist, edoswa yi-USA) neTlhagwini yobukhomanisi (communist, edoswa yi-USSR), owalwiwa ngeempi zabajanyeleli (proxy wars), umncwabo weembhamu neembono endaweni yokulwa ngokunqophileko. Nikela isibonakaliso semibuzo emikhulu emibili yesihlokwesi: (1) Kubayini iSoviet bloc yawohloka msinyana kangaka phakathi kwa-1989 no-1991? (2) Yihlelo elinjani lephasi elayithatha indawo?
Isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka ematjhumi amane amagunya amabili amakhulu ahlukanisa iphasi laba ziinkambu ezingqalene.
Ngemva kwa-1945 iphasi belineempondo ezimbili (bipolar): i-United States yadosa iTjhingalanga yobunjinga nedemokrasi nge-NATO, kukulapho i-Soviet Union yadosa iTlhagwini yobukhomanisi nge-Warsaw Pact. IYurophu yahlukaniswa yilokho uChurchill akubiza ngeKarteni Yensimbi (Iron Curtain), efanekiselwa yi-Berlin Wall (eyakhiwa ngo-1961).
- Umncintiswano watjengiswa ngumncwabo weembhamu, umncintiswano wemkhathini neempi zabajanyeleli (iKorea, iVietnam, i-Angola).
- Iinkambu zombili bezifuna abalingani kilo loke i-Afrika, i-Asia ne-Latin America.
- Isongo lepi yenyukliya lenza ukungqubuzana okunqophileko phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu kuba yingozi khulu - kungakho beyi 'bandako' ipi.
Speaker notes
Qinisa amagama abafundi abazowatlhoga: iimpondo ezimbili (bipolar), igunya elikhulu (superpower), i-NATO, i-Warsaw Pact, iKarteni Yensimbi (Iron Curtain), ipi yabajanyeleli (proxy war). Gandelela bona ngeminyaka yabo-1980 ukwahlukaniswa lokhu bekubonakala kungaphelo - kusesenjalo, phose akakho owaphrofita bona kuzokuphela ngaphakathi kwesigaba somnyaka. Lokhu kwenza isivinini somonakalo we-1989-1991 sibe yindumbuluhloko yesihloko.
Ngaphakathi kwabo-1980 ubuthakathaka obunzulu bokwakheka bakhula ngaphakathi kwe-USSR.
Umnotho ongakhambiko
Ukuhlela okuhlangeneko akhenge kukghone ukulingana neenzinga zokuphila zeTjhingalanga; bekunokutlhayela kweempahla nento encani yokusungula.
Iindleko zombuso omkhulu
Umncwabo weembhamu nepi ebiza khulu e-Afghanistan (1979-1989) kwaphungula ibhajethi yeSoviet.
Ukulahlekelwa kukukholwa
Ukhohlakalo nokuvinjelwa kwelwazi kwaqeda ithemba labantu ebukhomanisini kilo yoke i-USSR neYurophu yeTlhagwini.
Speaker notes
Ethula lezi njengeembangela zesikhathi eside (zokwakheka), okufuze zihlukaniswe nomtjhinga wesikhathi esifitjhani weenguquko zikaGorbachev eslayidini elilandelako. Ukuhlaziya okuqinileko kwe-FET kwahlukanisa iimbangela ezisisekelo emitjhingeni esheshako. Buza abafundi bacabange: kghani ukuguqula kwaphela bekungasindisa ihlelo, namkha bese ziyingozi kangako iinkinga lezi?
Iinguquko ebezizakusindisa i-Soviet Union zagcina zisheshisa umonakalo wayo.
U-Mikhail Gorbachev waba nguNobhala-mkhulu weCommunist Party ngoMatjhi 1985. Ukuvuselela ihlelo elehlulekako wethula iinguquko ezimbili: glasnost ('ukuvuleka' - itjhaphuluko engeziweko yokukhuluma nokusola) ne-perestroika ('ukwakha kabutjha' - iinguquko zemarago ezikhawulelweko).
- IGlasnost yavumela abantu bona baveze iinsolo umbuso obeziwalisile isikhathi eside.
- IPerestroika yakhulula ukulawula okuhlangeneko kodwana yaphazamisa umnotho khudlwana.
- UGorbachev godu waqeda i-Brezhnev Doctrine, atjengisa bona i-USSR angeze isasebenzisa amandla ukusekela borhulumende bobukhomanisi baseYurophu yeTlhagwini.
Speaker notes
Iphuzu eliqakathekileko lokuhlaziya: uGorbachev bekafuna uKUGUQULA ubukhomanisi, ingasi ukubuqeda. Ngokuvumela ukusola (glasnost) nangokulisa i-Brezhnev Doctrine, wasusa kokubili ukwesaba namandla ebekabambe iSoviet bloc ndawonye. Lesi sibonelo esidumileko semiphumela engahlosiweko - esisiza ekutloleni isihloko ngezokubangela (causation).
Ngokuthi iMoscow ingasangeneli, borhulumende bobukhomanisi bawa munye ngemva komunye.
Ngo-1989 igagasi leenguquko ebezirhelebhe ngokuthula lakhukhula iYurophu yeTlhagwini. I-Poland yaba nekhetho eliyingcenye elitjhaphulukileko elaphunyelelwa yi-Solidarity; i-Hungary yavula umngcele wayo; kwathi ngo-9 Noveniba 1989 iBerlin Wall yawa, iindawo zayo zokuhlola zikhukhulwa ziinqhema zabantu.
- I-'Velvet Revolution' yenokuthula yeCzechoslovakia yaqeda ukubusa kobukhomanisi.
- E-Romania umbusi onerhaladu uNicolae Ceausescu waketulwa wabulawa.
- Iinthombe zabantu abavamileko badiliza iBerlin Wall zaba luphawu lokuphela kwePi eBandako.
Speaker notes
Gandelela igunya labantu (agency): lezi bezizinguquko ezirhelebhe ngokuthula, ezidoswa babantu, ingasi izehlakalo ezitjhwiwa ngaphezulu. Tjheja umphumela wedomino - ngokuthi iMoscow yenza kukhanye bona angeze ithumela amatanka (njengombana yenza eHungary 1956 nase-Czechoslovakia 1968), umonakalo ngamunye wakhuthaza olandelako. Ukuwa kweBhoda ngo-9 Noveniba 1989 kulanga elilodwa elinelifu lokuvela embuzweni ngomthombo. [SME] Qinisekisa bona uyafuna ukufaka umniningwana wokubulawa kukaCeausescu kilekhilasi; kuphathe ngokuzwela.
- June 1989 I-Solidarity iphumelela ekhethweni eliyingcenye elitjhaphulukileko e-Poland
- 9 Nov 1989 IBerlin Wall iyawa
- Dec 1989 Iinguquko kilo loke iYurophu yeTlhagwini; iMalta Summit
- Oct 1990 IGermany iyahlanganiswa kabutjha
- July 1991 I-Warsaw Pact iyaqedwa
- Aug 1991 Ukuketula okunerhaladu ngokuphambene noGorbachev kuyehluleka
- 26 Dec 1991 I-Soviet Union iyaqedwa ngokusemthethweni
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa islayidi lokhu ukudibanisa ukulandelana kwesikhathi ngaphambi kokuhlaziya imiphumela. Khombisa isivinini esikhulako: iinguquko ukusuka ngo-1985, iinguquko ngo-1989, ne-USSR ngokwayo isele iphelile ekupheleni kwa-1991 - iminyaka esithandathu kwaphela. Abafundi kufuze bakghone ukubeka okunganani iBhoda (1989) nokuqedwa kwe-USSR (1991) ngokunembileko.
Njengombana umbuso wangaphandle uwa, i-USSR ngokwayo yahlukana yaba mazwe alitjhumi nahlanu azibusako.
IGlasnost yavusa godu ubuzwe (nationalism) ngaphakathi kwe-USSR. Amazwe weBaltic (iLithuania, iLatvia, i-Estonia) namanye afuna ukuzibusa. Ngo-Arhostosi 1991 abanerhaladu bobukhomanisi baketula uGorbachev; kwawohloka ngaphakathi kwamalanga ambalwa, kwahlazwa khulu ngokuthi iinqhema zabantu no-Boris Yeltsin bajamelane nakho.
- Ukuketula okwehlulekako kwaphahlaza igunya kokubili leCommunist Party nelikaGorbachev.
- Munye ngemva komunye amazwe weSoviet abhengeza ukuzibusa.
- Ngomhla ka-26 Disemba 1991 i-USSR yaqedwa ngokusemthethweni begodu uGorbachev warhoxa; iPi eBandako beyiphelile.
Speaker notes
Dweba umahluko phakathi komonakalo weSoviet bloc yangaphandle (iYurophu yeTlhagwini, 1989) nokuhlakazeka kwe-USSR ngokwayo (1991). Ubuzwe obakhutjhulwa yiglasnost baba nesiqunto ngaphakathi kwe-USSR. Ukukhula kukaYeltsin nokuwa kukaGorbachev kutjengisa ukudluliselwa kwamandla eRussia entjha. Gandelela bona lokhu akhenge kuqede urhulumende kwaphela kodwana igunya elikhulu nomsebenzi woke weembono.
Ngokuthi i-USSR iphele, i-United States yasala iligunya elilodwa elikhulu lephasi - 'unipolar moment'.
Ihlelo elitjha lephasi... elitjhaphulukileko esongweni lokuthusa, eliqinileko ekufuneni ubulungiswa, nelivikelekileko ekufuneni ukuthula. UMongameli we-US uGeorge H. W. Bush, ikulumo eyabekwa eKhongresini, 11 Septemba 1990
Abadosiphambili bakhuluma ngehlelo elitjha lephasi lapho iintjhaba bezizakusebenzisana nge-United Nations endaweni yokwahlukana zibe ziinkambu ezinobutha. Abanye abacabangi baze babhengeza nokuphumelela kwedemokrasi enetjhaphuluko neemarago ezitjhaphulukileko njengomhlobo wengomuso.
- I-USA yaba ligunya elikhulu kwezomkhosi, kwezomnotho nakwezamasiko.
- Iimfihlo zakade zanyamalala begodu kwavela ukungqubuzana okutjha (kobuhlanga, kobujameli).
- Abasoli bathi 'ihlelo elitjha' belisebenzela khulu iinzuzo zeTjhingalanga.
Speaker notes
Ethula umqondo wephasi elinegunya elilodwa (unipolar) nempikiswano ngawo. Ikulumo kaBush imthombo weqophelo woqobo osebenzako embuzweni ngomthombo. Khuluma ngombono kaFrancis Fukuyama 'wokuphela komlando' njengombono onethemba, uwumadanise nabanethando elibi ababona ukungazinzi okutjha (isibonelo, iimpi zeYugoslavia zeminyaka yabo-1990). Khuthaza abafundi bona balinganise iindlela zokutjho ezingqalene. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama nedatha eqinileko yekulumo kaBush ngokuqhathanisa netranscript yoqobo ngaphambi kokukhiqiza.
Ukuphela kwePi eBandako kwasheshisa ukuhlangana komnotho namasiko wephasi.
Kwezomnotho
Ukurhweba okutjhaphulukileko khudlwana, iinkampani zamazwe amanengi namabandla anjenge-WTO (World Trade Organisation) abopha imnotho yamazwe ndawonye.
Kwezobuchwepheshe
I-inthanethi, iimidiya yamasatelayithi nokukhulumisana okutjhiphileko kwenza iindawo zikhaphuke phose ngobusuku obunye.
Kwezamasiko
Imibono, amabhrendi namasiko wabantu asabalala kilo loke iphasi, kuvusa iimpikiswano ngobujameli nokungalingani.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula ukuhlangana kwephasi (globalisation) njengokwanda kokuxhumana komnotho, ubuchwepheshe namasiko wephasi. Gandelela bona akhenge kuthome ngo-1989 - kodwana umonakalo weSoviet bloc wasusa ithiyo elikhulu wavulela amazwe akade angeSoviet bloc emarageni wephasi. Veza kokubili iinzuzo (ukukhula, ukukhulumisana) neensolo (ukungalingani, ukulahlekelwa kulawulo lwangekhaya), ulungiselela abafundi ngokuphikisana okulinganiselweko.
Umonakalo weSoviet bloc wabumba kabutjha ipolitiki yeminyaka yokugcina yobandlululo.
Urhulumende wobandlululo bekasolo asebenzisa ukucindezela njengevikeleko elijamelene nerooi gevaar ('ingozi ebovu') yobukhomanisi. Njengombana iPi eBandako iphela, iphuzu leli lalahlekelwa mandla wayo amanengi, begodu umtjhikwana wokubawa iimbizo wakhula. Ngomhla ka-2 Febherbari 1990 u-F. W. de Klerk wasusa ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC, i-PAC ne-SACP, kwathi ngomhla ka-11 Febherbari 1990 uNelson Mandela wakhutjhwa.
- I-Soviet Union beyingumsekeli oqakathekileko we-ANC ne-SACP.
- Umonakalo wayo waphungula isekelo lange le-ANC kodwana godu wasusa ukwesaba kweTjhingalanga 'kokuthathwa kobukhomanisi' eSewula Afrika.
- Abatloli-mlando abanengi babona ukuphela kwePi eBandako njengomunye wemitjhinga owasiza ukwenza isivumelwano sokubawa sikghonakale.
Speaker notes
Islayidi lokhu lenza isihloko somlando wephasi sibe sekhaya - okuqakathekileko ku-SAHO nakuKABV (CAPS), ehlanganisa ukuphela kwePi eBandako nokutjhuguluka kweSewula Afrika. Yenza isitatimende sokubangela ngokuqaphela: ukuphela kwePi eBandako bekumunye wemitjhinga eminengi (kanye nokujamelana kwangaphakathi, iinjeziso zomnotho nomtjhikwana womnotho) owabumba iimbizo. Balekela ukuqakathekisa khulu njengembangela yodwa. [SME] Amandla wokuxhumana kwembangela phakathi kokuphela kwePi eBandako nokususwa kokuvinjelwa kwa-1990 kuyaphikiswana phakathi kwabatloli-mlando - kubeke phambili bona i-SME ilungise amagama bona anembe ehlolweni.
Abatloli-mlando bayaphikisana ngokuthi yini ebekaqakatheke khulu - ukuhlaziya okuqinileko kulinganisa kokubili.
Speaker notes
Bonisa ukucabanga ngendlela yomlando (historiographical): akukavami ukuba nembangela yinye. Khuthaza abafundi bona bahlanganise - abatloli-mlando abanengi bahlanganisa kokubili, babona umtjhikwana wangaphandle KANYE nobuthakathaka bangaphakathi. Uhlobo lokwahlulela olulinganisiweko, olusekelwe ebufakazini yikho khulu okuvuzwa yisikili sesihloko se-FET. Buza abafundi bona ngimuphi umbono abawubona ukholelisa khudlwana nokobana kubayini.
Iziga zango-1989-1991 zabumba kabutjha ipolitiki, umnotho nepilo yangamalanga kilo loke iphasi.
Ukuphela kwePi eBandako kwavala isahluko esiqakathekileko sekhulu lamatjhumi amabili leemnyaka. Kwaqeda ukujamelana ngenyukliya phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu, kwavulela amazwe akade abukhomanisi idemokrasi neemarago, begodu kwasheshisa ukuhlangana kwephasi (globalisation) - kodwana akhenge kulethe ukuthula okuhlalako abanengi ebebakuthemba.
- Kwavela ukungqubuzana okutjha, kuhlanganise iimpi zobuhlanga eYugoslavia yakade.
- I-United States yaba ligunya elikhulu lephasi, okungasenani isikhathi esithileko.
- Iimpikiswano ngokungalingani, ukufuduka nobujameli zisabumba iphasi elihlangeneko lanamhlanjesi.
Speaker notes
Letha isihloko ukufika kwanjesi ('1989 ukufika kwanjesi' esihlokweni se-KABV). 'Ihlelo elitjha lephasi' lavela linzima godu liphikiswana khulu kunalokho abanethando bokuthoma abakuphrofitha. Islayidi lokhu lixhumana emuva emaslayidini wehlelo elitjha lephasi nokuhlangana kwephasi begodu lilungiselela imibuzo yokubuyekeza. Mema abafundi bona baxhumanise iindingo lezi neziga zanjesi abazaziko.
Sebenzisa imibuzo le enendlela ye-KABV ukuhlola ukubangela, ukuhlaziya imithombo nokutlola okwandisiweko.
Isirhunyezo: Phakathi kwa-1989 no-1991 iSoviet bloc yawohloka - iqhutjhwa bubuthakathaka bomnotho, iinguquko zikaGorbachev neenguquko zabantu - kwaqeda iPi eBandako. Umphumela waba liphasi elihlangeneko elinegunya elilodwa elikhulu, kwathi eSewula Afrika, waba yingcenye yesimo esitjhugulukako sokutjhugululukela kwedemokrasi.
Q. Hlathulula iimbangela EZIMBILI zokobana kubayini i-Soviet Union yawohloka phakathi kwa-1989 no-1991. (4 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa iBerlin Wall njengesibonelo, hlathulula bona kubayini u-1989 ubonwa njengesikhathi sokutjhuguluka emlandweni wephasi. (6 marks)
Q. 'Ukuphela kwePi eBandako kwasiza ukwenza isivumelwano sokubawa eSewula Afrika sikghonakale.' Uyavumelana? Sekela ipendulo yakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu emsebenzini otloliweko namkha ekucocweni; ukwabelwa kwamamaki kufuzisa iindlela ze-KABV zependulo efitjhani, isigaba nokutlola okwandisiweko. Umb3 uvulekile ngamabomu ukuze abafundi baphikisane nangayiphi indlela, nakabana basebenzisa ubufakazi - vuza ukwahlulela okulinganisiweko ngaphezu kwependulo 'elungileko' engatjhentjhiko. Phetha ngokuxhumanisa esigabeni esilandelako somsebenzi nasekutjhugulukeni kweSewula Afrika okufundwa kwenye indawo esilabhusini.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The end of the Cold War and a new world order
- Resource type
- Presentation