Ukufika Kwentando Yeningi Nokubhekana Nomlando Odlule
Indlela iNingizimu Afrika eyaxazulula ngayo ukuphuma kobandlululo ngezingxoxo, yabamba ukhetho lwayo lwentando yeningi lokuqala ngo-1994, futhi yasebenzisa iKhomishana Yamaqiniso Nokubuyisana (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) ukubhekana nomlando wayo odlule.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka izingxenye ezimbili ezixhumene zalesi sihloko se-CAPS. Okokuqala, 'ukufika kwentando yeningi': isivumelwano esaxoxwa ngo-1990-1994 esadiliza ubandlululo ngaphandle kwempi yombango egcwele. Okwesibili, 'ukubhekana nomlando odlule': iKhomishana Yamaqiniso Nokubuyisana, indlela iNingizimu Afrika eyayikhethe yona yobulungiswa besikhathi soguquko. Cela abafundi ukuba baphathe umbuzo owodwa wokuhlaziya kuso sonke isifundo: ingabe lolu guquko 'kwakuyisimangaliso', isivumelwano esaxoxwa, noma inguquko engaqedwanga?
Kungani kuxoxwa? Ukuma kwezinto ngokungenampumelelo ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980
Kungekho phakathi kombuso wobandlululo nezinhlangano zenkululeko owawungawina ngokuphelele - okwaqhubela zombili izinhlangothi ezingxoxweni.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980 ubandlululo lwalusenkingeni enkulu. Ukuvukela emalokishini nezimo zaphuthuma eziphindaphindiwe kwakhombisa ukuthi umbuso wawungakwazi ukubuyisa ukuthula, kuyilapho i-sanctions (izijeziso), ukuhoxiswa kotshalomali kanye nokwehla komnotho kwabuthakathaka uHulumeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-ANC yayingakwazi ukuketula umbuso ngamandla. Umphumela kwaba ukuma kwezinto okulimaza zombili izinhlangothi (mutually hurting stalemate).
- Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi (Cold War) (kusukela ngo-1989) kwasusa isimangalo sikaHulumeni sokuthi wayelwa 'nokuhlaselwa okuphelele' kweSoviet.
- Izingxoxo eziyimfihlo phakathi kukaNelson Mandela owayeboshiwe noHulumeni zaqala ngaphansi kukaP.W. Botha ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980.
- U-F.W. de Klerk, owaba nguMongameli Wombuso ngo-1989, wathatha isinqumo sokuthi uguquko ngezingxoxo kwakuyiyona kuphela indlela esebenzayo.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela imbangela nezici eziningi: ukumelana ngaphakathi, ingcindezi yomnotho, izijeziso, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo somhlaba wonke ngemva kuka-1989 konke kwahlangana. Yethula umqondo 'wokuma kwezinto okulimaza zombili izinhlangothi (mutually hurting stalemate)' ovela ocwaningweni lwezingxabano - isikhathi lapho zombili izinhlangothi ziphetha khona ngokuthi ukuqhubeka nomzabalazo kudla kakhulu kunokuvumelana. Qaphela ukuthi uMandela waqala izingxoxo zokuhlola esejele; izingxoxo azizange ziqale ngoDe Klerk yedwa. [SME] Qinisekisa ukugcizelela okuncanyelwayo nezinsuku zomhlangano kaMandela-Botha (5 Julayi 1989).
UDe Klerk ususa ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlangano; uMandela uyakhululwa
Enkulumeni eyodwa ephalamende, u-F.W. de Klerk wavula umnyango wekusasa elaxoxwa ngezingxoxo.
Ngomhla ka-2 Februwari 1990 uDe Klerk wasusa ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC, PAC, SACP nezinye izinhlangano, wasusa imikhawulo kwabezindaba futhi wakhulula iziboshwa zezombusazwe eziningi. Emva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, ngomhla ka-11 Februwari 1990, u-Nelson Mandela waphuma ekhululekile emva kweminyaka engu-27 esejele.
- Abadingiswa base bengabuya futhi izinhlangano zenkululeko zase zingahleleka obala nangokusemthethweni.
- IGroote Schuur Minute (Meyi 1990) nePretoria Minute (Agasti 1990) zabeka imithetho eyisisekelo; i-ANC yamisa umzabalazo wezikhali.
- Ukususa ukuvinjelwa kwakuyimbandela ebalulekile yanoma yiziphi izingxoxo ezisemthethweni.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi libeka isikhathi esibalulekile soshintsho. Yenza kucace ukulandelana: ukususwa kokuvinjelwa kuqala (2 Februwari), bese kulandela ukukhululwa kukaMandela (11 Februwari). Chaza 'ama-Minutes' njengezivumelwano zokwakha ukwethembana ezenza izingxoxo zaba khona - iGroote Schuur nePretoria Minutes zabhekana nokubuya kwabadingiswa, ukukhululwa kweziboshwa nokumiswa komzabalazo wezikhali. Cela abafundi ukuthi kungani ukususwa kokuvinjelwa kwakumele kuze ngaphambi kwezingxoxo: inhlangano evinjelwe ayikwazi ukumela abantu bayo ngokusemthethweni etafuleni.
Kusukela ezingxoxweni kuya entandweni yeningi, 1990-1998
- 1990 Izinhlangano ziyasuswa ekuvinjelweni; uMandela uyakhululwa (Feb)
- 1991 I-CODESA I ihlangana eKempton Park (Dis)
- 1992 I-CODESA II iyavaleka (deadlock); ukubulawa kwabantu eBoipatong naseBisho; iRecord of Understanding
- 1993 iMultiparty Negotiating Forum; uChris Hani uyabulawa; umthethosisekelo wesikhashana uyavunyelwana (Nov)
- 1994 Ukhetho lokuqala lwentando yeningi (27 Ephreli); uMandela ubekwa esikhundleni (10 Meyi)
- 1996 Izingxoxo zomphakathi ze-TRC ziyaqala; uMthethosisekelo wokugcina wamukelwa
- 1998 I-TRC inikezela ngombiko wayo wokugcina (Okt)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lolu hlelo lwezikhathi njengomgogodla wesifundo. Veza iphethini abafundi okumele bayihlaziye: izingxoxo zazingenzeki kalula noma ngokuqonda. Zaphuka ngokuphindaphindiwe (1992) zase zisindiswa (Record of Understanding), yingakho izazi-mlando zichaza uguquko njengoluntekenteke noluncike ezimeni, hhayi olwaluzokwenzeka nakanjani. Buyela kulesi slayidi njengoba isehlakalo ngasinye sixoxwa.
Udlame nokungathembani cishe kwaphazamisa izingxoxo
Izingxoxo zenzeka ngaphansi kwesithombe sodlame lwezombusazwe okwathi zombili izinhlangothi zasolana ngokuluvusa.
Phakathi kuka-1990 no-1994 izinkulungwane zabantu zafa odlameni lwezombusazwe, ikakhulukazi ukushayisana phakathi kwabalandeli be-ANC ne-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), okusolwa ukuthi kwavuswa 'ibutho lesithathu' (third force) ngaphakathi kwezokuphepha. Ukubulawa kwabantu okubili ngo-1992 kwaletha izingxoxo emphethweni.
- Ukubulawa kwabantu eBoipatong (17 Juni 1992): cishe izakhamuzi ezingu-45 zabulawa; i-ANC yamisa izingxoxo.
- Ukubulawa kwabantu eBisho (7 Septhemba 1992): amasosha aseCiskei adubula abamashi be-ANC, abulala cishe abantu abangu-28.
- Amaqembu abamhlophe angakwesokudla nabaholi bamaHomeland basongela ukubhidliza noma yisiphi isivumelwano.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi sithuthukisa iphuzu lokuhlaziya lokuthi uguquko lwalungahluleka. Chaza isimangalo 'sebutho lesithathu' - ubufakazi bokuthi izingxenye zamabutho ezokuphepha zavusa udlame ngasese ukuze zibuthakathaka i-ANC. IBoipatong yabangela ukuphuma kwe-ANC ezingxoxweni kanye nesikhathi 'sokusebenza kwesixuku okuqhubekayo (rolling mass action)'. IBisho yaveza ingozi yezakhiwo zamaHomeland. Gcizelela ukuthi izinqumo zobuholi zokubuyela etafuleni, nakuba kunalezi zicunulo, yikho okwasindisa isivumelwano. [SME] Izibalo zabalimele eBoipatong zivame ukubekwa ngu-45; qinisekisa isibalo umnyango wakho osincamelayo.
CODESA I ne-CODESA II
IConvention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) kwakungumzamo wokuqala wamaqembu amaningi wokuxoxisana ngohlelo olusha lomthethosisekelo.
I-CODESA I yahlangana ngomhla ka-20-21 Disemba 1991 eWorld Trade Centre eKempton Park, lapho amaqembu amaningi asayina khona i-Declaration of Intent ezibophezela eNingizimu Afrika engahlukene, enentando yeningi. I-CODESA II (Meyi 1992) yase iwohloka ngokuvaleka (deadlock).
- Amaqembu ayengavumelani ngobuningi bamavoti obudingekayo ukwamukela umthethosisekelo omusha nangokwabelana ngamandla.
- UHulumeni wayefuna ukuvikeleka okuqinile kwabambalwa; i-ANC yayifuna ukubusa kweningi okucacile.
- I-IFP nabanye abaholi bamaHomeland babengakhululekile ngombuso omaphakathi oqinile.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-CODESA njengeyamaqembu amaningi (hhayi nje i-ANC noHulumeni): cishe izithunywa ezingu-19 zabamba iqhaza, kubandakanya nezakhiwo zamaHomeland namaqembu amancane. I-Declaration of Intent yayiyimpumelelo yangempela yendawo evamile. Kodwa i-CODESA II yaphuka ngenxa yombuzo obucayi-kodwa-obalulekile wobuningi bamavoti obukhethekile obudingekayo ukubhala umthethosisekelo - okwakumele umzabalazo ojulile phakathi kokubusa kweningi ne-veto yabambalwa. Xhuma ukuvaleka nesizathu sokuthi kungani kwadingeka enye inkundla (i-MPNF) ngo-1993.
IRecord of Understanding ne-MPNF
Emva kokuphuka kuka-1992, ukwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nenkundla entsha kwabuyisela uguquko emzileni.
Ngomhla ka-26 Septhemba 1992 uMandela noDe Klerk basayina i-Record of Understanding, isivumelwano phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili mayelana neziboshwa, amahostela nokuphathwa kwezikhali okwabuyisa amandla. Izingxoxo zaqhubeka ngo-1993 nge-Multiparty Negotiating Forum (MPNF).
- I-Record of Understanding yabekela eceleni i-IFP, eyahoxa ezingxoxweni ngokubhikisha isikhathi esithile.
- U-Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC) no-Roelf Meyer (uHulumeni) baba umgudu obalulekile phakathi kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu.
- Ukubulawa komholi we-SACP uChris Hani ngomhla ka-10 Ephreli 1993 kwakhuphula ingozi futhi kwaphoqa amaqembu ukuba abeke usuku lokhetho ngokushesha.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela inqubo: ukushintsha kusukela ku-CODESA yamaqembu amaningi eyahluleka kuya enhlanganweni yezivumelwano eziqinile zezinhlangothi ezimbili (Record of Understanding) kanye nenkundla ebanzi (MPNF). Gqamisa 'umgudu' kaRamaphosa-Meyer njengesibonelo sokuthi ukwethembana komuntu siqu phakathi kwabaxoxi kwakubaluleke kanjani. Hlaziya ukubulawa kukaHani njengepharadokisi - isikhathi esasingavusa impi yombango kodwa isicelo sikaMandela sokuzola esasakazwa kumabonakude sasiguqula saba yingcindezi yokubeka usuku lokhetho oluqinile (olwamenyezelwa ngokushesha emva kwalokho). [SME] Qinisekisa indlela yokwethula ukuphuma kwe-IFP nokubuya kwayo kamuva.
Ukuvumelana okwenza intando yeningi yakwazeka
Intando yeningi yavikeleka ngeziqinisekiso ezaxoxwa ezaqinisekisa umbuso owawuphuma.
Sunset clauses
Isiphakamiso sikaJoe Slovo sango-1992: uHulumeni Wobumbano Lukazwelonke kanye nokuvikeleka kwemisebenzi yezisebenzi zikahulumeni isikhathi esibekiwe, kudambisa ukwesaba kwabamhlophe koshintsho olusheshayo.
Umthethosisekelo wesikhashana
Wamukelwa ngomhla ka-18 Novemba 1993, wabeka imigomo engu-34 umthethosisekelo wokugcina okwakumele uyifeze futhi wakha uhlaka lokhetho luka-1994.
UHulumeni Wobumbano Lukazwelonke
Amaqembu anamavoti angaphezu kuka-5% athola izihlalo zekhabhinethi; lawo angaphezu kuka-20% ayengaqamba iphini likamongameli - ukwabelana ngamandla iminyaka emihlanu.
Speaker notes
Le yinhliziyo yokuhlaziya yokufika kwentando yeningi. Chaza 'ama-sunset clauses': umholi we-SACP uJoe Slovo waphikisa ngokuthi i-ANC kufanele inikeze ukuvumelana - ukwabelana ngamandla neziqinisekiso zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezikhona namabutho ezokuphepha - ukuze kususwe isishukumisi sohlangothi olwehlulwayo sokubhidliza isivumelwano. Xoxisana nabafundi: ingabe lokhu kuvumelana kwakuyintengo esebenzayo yokudlulisela amandla ngokuthula, noma kwaqinisa izingxenye zombuso omdala kwabambezela uguquko? [SME] Qinisekisa amazwi omkhawulo wezihlalo zekhabhinethi we-GNU (amaqembu angaphezu kuka-5% athole izihlalo zekhabhinethi; angaphezu kuka-20% athole iphini likamongameli).
Ukhetho lokuqala lwentando yeningi
Okokuqala ngqa, abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bazo zonke izinhlanga bavota okhethweni olulodwa lukazwelonke.
Ukuvota kwenzeka izinsuku eziningana, kanti u-27 Ephreli 1994 kwaba usuku olukhulu lokuvota - manje osugujwa njenge-Freedom Day (uSuku Lwenkululeko). I-IFP yavuma ukubamba iqhaza kuphela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokhetho, futhi igama layo lafakwa emavotini ngesitikha. Isibalo sabavoti sasikhulu, kunemigqa emide, ebekezelayo ezweni lonke.
- Cishe amavoti asemthethweni angu-19.7 million afakwa okhethweni oluthule.
- Kwakungukhetho olusungulayo, olungelona olobuhlanga ngaphansi kwelungelo lokuvota labo bonke abantu abadala.
- Ukhetho lwaletha ubufanele ubandlululo obabungenabo emashumini eminyaka obabusa.
Speaker notes
Dlulisa amandla obuntu nawophawu ka-27 Ephreli: izithombe zemigqa emide ngamakhilomitha, abantu abadala bevota okokuqala. Chaza ukubamba iqhaza kwe-IFP ngomzuzu wokugcina, okwavimbela ukugwema kanye nodlame olungenzeka KwaZulu-Natal. Xoxa ngobufanele njengomqondo obalulekile - ohulumeni bobandlululo abazange bakhethwe iningi labantu baseNingizimu Afrika, ngakho lolu khetho 'lwalusungula' ngoba lwadala umbuso iningi elaluwubona njengowalo. [SME] Isibalo esivame ukushiwo samavoti asemthethweni singaba yi-19.7 million; qinisekisa ngomthombo umnyango osincamelayo.
Umphumela noHulumeni Wobumbano Lukazwelonke
I-ANC yawina iningi elicacile, futhi uhulumeni wokwabelana ngamandla waqala ukusebenza ngaphansi kukaNelson Mandela.
I-ANC yawina cishe u-62.6% wamavoti, i-National Party cishe u-20.4%, kanti i-IFP cishe u-10.5%. Njengoba kwakuvunyelwene, kwakhiwa u-Hulumeni Wobumbano Lukazwelonke. UNelson Mandela wabekwa esikhundleni njengoMongameli ngomhla ka-10 Meyi 1994, noThabo Mbeki no-F.W. de Klerk bengamaphini kamongameli.
- I-ANC yawina iningi kodwa hhayi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu (two-thirds) ezazidingeka ukubhala umthethosisekelo wokugcina yodwa.
- I-NP ne-IFP zombili zathatha izihlalo ekhabhinethi ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokwabelana ngamandla.
- UMthethosisekelo wokugcina, ohlonipha imigomo eyavunyelwana ngayo, wamukelwa ngo-1996.
Speaker notes
Nikeza abafundi imiphumela emikhulu kodwa ugxile ekuhlaziyeni imiphumela yayo. Iningi le-ANC lalingafinyeleli ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu, okwakusho ukuthi umthethosisekelo wokugcina wawusadinga ukuxoxwa e-Constitutional Assembly - okwaqinisa ipolitiki yokuvumelana. Qaphela ukuthi i-NP kaDe Klerk yahoxa kamuva ku-GNU ngo-1996, okwakhombisa imikhawulo yokwabelana ngamandla okuphoqelelwe. Xhuma uMthethosisekelo wango-1996 emuva emigomeni engu-34 eyavunyelwana ngayo emthethweni-sisekelo wesikhashana. [SME] Amaphesenti amavoti (ANC 62.65%, NP 20.39%, IFP 10.54%) abikwa kabanzi; qinisekisa izibalo ezicacile.
Ukusungulwa kweKhomishana Yamaqiniso Nokubuyisana (Truth and Reconciliation Commission)
Esikhundleni sokuquliswa kwamacala njengaseNuremberg noma ukuxolelwa okuphelele, iNingizimu Afrika yakhetha ukubalana obala nomlando wayo.
Akukho kusasa ngaphandle kokuxolela. UMbhishobhi Omkhulu Desmond Tutu, uSihlalo we-TRC
I-TRC yasungulwa ngo-Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (Act 34 of 1995) futhi yayiholwa ngu-Mbhishobhi Omkhulu Desmond Tutu. Inhloso yayo kwakuwukwakha isithombe esiphelele ngangokunokwenzeka sokwephulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu okwenzeka phakathi kuka-1960 no-1994, nokukhuthaza ubumbano lukazwelonke nokubuyisana.
- Yanikeza 'indlela yesithathu' phakathi kokuquliswa kwecala kwawo wonke umuntu (ubulungiswa bempindiselo) nokukhohlwa (ukuxolelwa okuphelele).
- Indlela yayo yayithatha emibonweni yobulungiswa obubuyisayo (restorative justice) nomqondo we-ubuntu.
- Izisulu zanikwa ithuba obala lokuxoxa izindaba zazo nokwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni.
Speaker notes
Beka i-TRC njengobulungiswa besikhathi soguquko - izinqumo umphakathi ozenzayo ngokuziphendulela lapho usuka embusweni ongqongqo uya entandweni yeningi. Qhathanisa kafushane nezinye izindlela: ukuquliswa kwamacala ohlobo lwaseNuremberg (okwakungabeka engozini isivumelwano namabutho ezokuphepha) uma kuqhathaniswa nokuxolelwa okuvamile nokuthula (okwakwenqabela izisulu ubulungiswa namaqiniso). Chaza ubulungiswa obubuyisayo ne-ubuntu njengesisekelo sefilosofi uTutu asigcizelela. Qaphela ukuthi igunya lafaka ukwephulwa kwamalungelo yizo zonke izinhlangothi, kubandakanya nezinhlangano zenkululeko, hhayi umbuso wodwa.
Amakomiti amathathu, inqubo eyodwa
IKhomishana yaqoqa amaqiniso ngobufakazi obenziwa obala kanye nokuxolelwa okunemibandela.
Ukwephulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu
Lezwa ubufakazi bezisulu nabasindile ezinkundleni zomphakathi ezithinta imizwa ezazisakazwa esizweni kusukela ngo-1996.
Ukuxolelwa (Amnesty)
Lalinganikeza ukuxolelwa kwababone icala ababeveza konke ngokugcwele ngamacala aqhutshwa yizombusazwe - amaqiniso ashintshaniswa nenkululeko ekuqulisweni kwecala.
Ukubuyiselwa Nokuvuselelwa
Lanconyelwa ukuthi izisulu kufanele zisekelwe futhi zinxeshezelwe kanjani umbuso.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukushintshana okubalulekile nokuphikisanayo okusenhliziyweni ye-TRC: ukuxolelwa okunemibandela. Ukuxolelwa kwakungenzeki ngokuzenzakalelayo - abafakisicelo kwakumele baveze ngokugcwele amaqiniso ngezenzo ezazilinganisiwe futhi zaqhutshwa yizombusazwe. Qhathanisa izinkundla zezisulu ezithinta imizwa kakhulu (Komiti Yokwephulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu) nezinkundla zokuxolelwa ezisekelwe emthethweni kakhudlwana. Buza abafundi: ingabe ukushintshanisa ukuxolelwa ngamaqiniso kuyintengo enobulungiswa? Isisulu sizuzani, futhi silahlekelwa yini?
I-TRC: impumelelo nokugxekwa
I-TRC iyabongwa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa izazi-mlando nabantu baseNingizimu Afrika basaphikisana ngokuthi yazuza kangakanani.
IKhomishana yezwa izitatimende ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 futhi yanikezela ngo-mbiko wayo omkhulu wokugcina ngo-Okthoba 1998 (kunemiqulu eyengeziwe kamuva). Yabhala phansi izenzo zonya ezaziphikwe, yanika izisulu ukwamukelwa obala, futhi yasiza ukuvimbela umjikelezo wempindiselo. Nokho umbiko wayo uyaphikiswana.
- Impumelelo: yaveza amaqiniso afihliwe, yenza izisulu zaba ngabantu, futhi yanikeza indlela yokubalana ngokuthula efundwa emhlabeni wonke.
- Ukugxekwa: ukuxolelwa kwenqabela eminye imindeni ubulungiswa; ukunxeshezelwa kwezisulu kwabonwa kabanzi njengokuhamba kancane nokunganele.
- Ababone icala abaningi ababalulekile benqaba ukubambisana, futhi abanye babuza ukuthi ngempela 'ukubuyisana' kwafinyelelwa yini.
Speaker notes
Hola abafundi ekwahluleleni okulinganisiwe, okusekelwe ebufakazini kunesinqumo esilula. Impumelelo: ukwamukela, ukwakha umbiko, kanye nokugwema ukuchitheka kwegazi kwempindiselo. Ukugxekwa: izisulu zazivame ukuzizwa zikhwatshanisiwe lapho ababone icala bekhululeka emva kokuvuma, nalapho ukunxeshezelwa okwakuthenjisiwe kuhamba kancane. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-TRC yathola 'amaqiniso' ngaphezu 'kokubuyisana', nokuthi ayizange ibhekane nefa lezomnotho elakhelwe ubandlululo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba balinganise zombili izinhlangothi. [SME] Qinisekisa izibalo zezitatimende/zezinkundla nosuku olucacile lokunikezelwa kombiko wokugcina (Okthoba 1998; imiqulu eyengeziwe 2003).
Intando yeningi eyaxoxwa nokubalana okungaqedwanga
INingizimu Afrika yagwema impi yombango ngokuvumelana, yase izama ukwelapha ngokukhuluma amaqiniso - kokubili lokhu okwafezwa kusaphikiswana ngakho.
Uguquko luka-1990-1994 lukhombisa umlando owenziwa yizinqumo zabantu ngaphansi kwengcindezi: ukuma kwezinto, impumelelo enkulu, ukuphuka okuphindaphindiwe, kanye nokuvumelana okwazuzwa kanzima okwakhiqiza ukhetho lwentando yeningi nohulumeni wokwabelana ngamandla. I-TRC yase izama ukubhekana nomlando odlule ngamaqiniso kunempindiselo - ukuhlolwa okunesibindi impumelelo namaphutha akho asaphikiswana ngawo nanamuhla.
Q. Chaza ukuthi kungani izingxoxo phakathi kuka-1990 no-1994 zingachazwa njengezintekenteke nezaziphazamiseka kalula. Bhekisela okungenani ezehlakalweni ezimbili ezithize. (8 marks)
Q. Zazisebenza kangakanani 'ama-sunset clauses' noHulumeni Wobumbano Lukazwelonke ekuvikeleni uguquko oluthule oluya entandweni yeningi? (6 marks)
Q. 'I-TRC yathola amaqiniso kodwa hhayi ukubuyisana okuphelele.' Uyavuma? Sekela umbono wakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili zesihloko: ukufika kwentando yeningi (isivumelwano sezombusazwe esaxoxwa, esincike ezimeni) nokubhekana nomlando odlule (ubulungiswa besikhathi soguquko nge-TRC). Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu ukuhlola amakhono okuhlaziya imithombo nokubhala okwandisiwe ezingeni leBanga 12; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kufanekisela izindlela ze-CAPS zesindaba nezindima. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi kokubili ukuvumelana okwaxoxwa nomsebenzi ongaqedwanga we-TRC kuxhumene ngqo nezimpikiswano zaseNingizimu Afrika yanamuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The coming of democracy and coming to terms with the past
- Resource type
- Presentation