Ukufika Kwentando Yenengi Nokuqalana Nomlando Odluleko
Indlela iSewula Afrika ephuma ngayo kucwaso-bebala (i-apartheid) ngeenkulumo, yabamba ikhetho layo lokuthoma lentando yenengi ngo-1994, yaza yasebenzisa iKomitjhini Yeqiniso Nokubuyisana (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) ukuqalana nomlando wayo odluleko.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokubeka iingcenye ezimbili ezihlobene zesihlokwesi seCAPS. Kokuthoma, 'ukufika kwentando yenengi': isivumelwano esalawulwa ngeenkulumo sango-1990-1994 esaqothula ucwaso-bebala ngaphandle kwepi yombango epheleleko. Kwesibili, 'ukuqalana nomlando odluleko': iKomitjhini Yeqiniso Nokubuyisana, indlela iSewula Afrika eyayikhethileko yobulungiswa besikhathi sokutjhuguluka. Bawa abafundi bona bahlale bacabanga umbuzo owodwa wokuhlaziya kikho koke isifundo: kghani ukutjhuguluka lokhu bekusimangaliso, isivumelwano esilawulwe ngeenkulumo, namkha itjhuguluko elingakapheli?
Kubayini kuxoxwa? Ukubambana okungenamphumela ekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1980
Umbuso wocwaso-bebala nemikhankaso yenkululeko koke bekungeke kuphumelele ngokupheleleko - okwaphocelela iingcenye zombili bona ziye eenkulumeni.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1980 ucwaso-bebala bebusebujameni obumbi khulu. Umvukelo wamalokitjhi nobujamo bengozi obabuphindaphindwa kwakhombisa bona umbuso bewungeke ubuyisele ukuthula, kukulapho i-iinjeziso zephasi loke (sanctions), ukususwa kwemali yokutjala (disinvestment) nokuwohloka komnotho kwabuthakathaka umbuso. Ngesikhathi esifanako, i-ANC yayingeke iwiswe umbuso ngamandla. Umphumela kwaba kubambana okulimaza zombili iingcenye (mutually hurting stalemate).
- Ukuphela kwePi Ebandako (Cold War) (kusukela ngo-1989) kwasusa isibawo sombuso sokuthi bewulwa 'nokuhlaselwa okupheleleko' kwamaSoviet.
- Iinkulumo eziyifihlo phakathi kuka-Nelson Mandela obesejele nombuso zathoma ngaphasi kuka-P.W. Botha ekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1980.
- U-F.W. de Klerk, owaba nguMongameli weRhulumende ngo-1989, wabona bona ukutjhugulula ngeenkulumo bekuyiyona ndlela kwaphela ephumelelako.
Speaker notes
Gandelela imbangela nezici ezinengi: ukujamelana kwangaphakathi, ukucindezela komnotho, iinjeziso, nokutjhentjha kwesimo sephasi loke ngemva kwango-1989 koke kwahlangana. Ethula umqondo 'wokubambana okulimaza zombili iingcenye' ovela kwezefundo zempi - isikhathi lapho zombili iingcenye zibona khona bona ukuragela phambili nomzabalazo kubiza khulu kunokuvumelana. Tjheja bona uMandela nguye owathoma iinkulumo zokuhlola asesejele; iinkulumo azithomanga ngo-De Klerk yedwa. [SME] Qinisekisa ukugandelela nemihla ekhethiweko yomhlangano kaMandela noBotha (5 Julayi 1989).
U-De Klerk ususa ukuvinjelwa kwemikhankaso; uMandela uyatjhatjhululwa
Ngenkulumo yinye ephalamende, u-F.W. de Klerk wavula umnyango wengomuso elilawulwe ngeenkulumo.
Ngo-2 Febherbari 1990 u-De Klerk wasusa ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC, PAC, SACP nezinye iinhlangano, wasusa iingaba kwabosiphaphaphi waza watjhatjhulula neentjhijeli zezepolotiki ezinengi. Ngemva kwamalanga alithoba, ngo-11 Febherbari 1990, u-Nelson Mandela waphuma akhululekile ngemva kweminyaka ema-27 asejele.
- Abadingisiweko bebangabuya begodu imikhankaso yenkululeko beyingahlela ngokuvulekileko nangokusemthethweni.
- IGroote Schuur Minute (Meyi 1990) nePretoria Minute (Arhostosi 1990) zabeka imithetho yesisekelo; i-ANC yamisa umzabalazo ohlomileko.
- Ukususa ukuvinjelwa bekuyimbandela eqakathekileko yeenkulumo eziqinileko.
Speaker notes
Islayidi lesi likhomba isigcatho esiqakathekileko sokutjhuguluka. Yenza kucace ukulandelana: ukususwa kokuvinjelwa kokuthoma (2 Febherbari), bese ukutjhatjhululwa kukaMandela (11 Febherbari). Chaza 'ama-Minutes' njengezivumelwano ezakha ithemba ezenza iinkulumo zaba nokwenzeka - iGroote Schuur nePretoria Minutes zaqalana nokubuya kwabadingisiweko, ukutjhatjhululwa kweentjhijeli nokumiswa komzabalazo ohlomileko. Bawa abafundi bona kubayini ukususwa kokuvinjelwa bekumele kuze ngaphambi kweenkulumo: ihlangano evinjelweko ayikwazi ukumela abantu bayo ngokusemthethweni etafuleni.
Ukusukela eenkulumeni kuya entandweni yenengi, 1990-1998
- 1990 Imikhankaso isuselwa ukuvinjelwa; uMandela uyatjhatjhululwa (Feb)
- 1991 I-CODESA I ihlangana eKempton Park (Dis)
- 1992 I-CODESA II iyabambana; ukubulawa kwabantu kweBoipatong neBisho; iRecord of Understanding
- 1993 IMultiparty Negotiating Forum; uChris Hani uyabulawa; umthethosisekelo wesikhatjhana uyavunyelwana (Nov)
- 1994 Ikhetho lokuthoma lentando yenengi (27 Apreli); uMandela ubekwa esikhundleni (10 Meyi)
- 1996 Iinlalelo zomphakathi ze-TRC ziyathoma; uMthethosisekelo wokugcina uyamukelwa
- 1998 I-TRC ikhupha umbiko wayo wokugcina (Okt)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ilayini yesikhathi le njengomgogodla wesifundo. Khombisa ipatheni abafundi okufanele bayihlaziye: iinkulumo bezingakhambi kuhle namkha ngokunqophileko. Zaphindaphinda zadilika (1992) zabuye zasindiswa (Record of Understanding), okuyisizathu sokobana abalandi bomlando bachaza ukutjhuguluka njengokubuthakathaka nokungaqinisekiswa, ingasi njengento ebeyizokwenzeka nokho. Buyela kuslayidi lesi njengombana umnyanya ngamunye ucaciswa.
Idlame nokungathembani kwabhoda ukubhodununa iinkulumo
Iinkulumo zenzeka phakathi kwedlame lezepolotiki lapho zombili iingcenye bezisolana khona ngokulivusa.
Phakathi kwango-1990 no-1994 iinkulungwana zabantu zabhubha edlameni lezepolotiki, khulukhulu ekulweni phakathi kwabasekeli be-ANC ne-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), okusolwa bona kwavuselelwa 'libutho lesithathu' (third force) ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezokuvikela. Ukubulawa kwabantu okubili ngo-1992 kwaletha iinkulumo emngceleni wokudilika.
- Ukubulawa kwabantu kweBoipatong (17 Juni 1992): abahlali abamalungana nama-45 babulawa; i-ANC yamisa iinkulumo.
- Ukubulawa kwabantu kweBisho (7 Septemba 1992): amasotja weCiskei adubula abatjhagali be-ANC, abulala abantu abamalungana nama-28.
- Amaqembu wabamhlophe we-right-wing nabadosiphambili bamaBantustans basongela ngokutjhabalalisa nanyana ngisiphi isivumelwano.
Speaker notes
Islayidi lesi lithuthukisa iphuzu lokuhlaziya lokuthi ukutjhuguluka bekungahluleka. Chaza isibawo 'sebutho lesithathu' - ubufakazi bokuthi iingcenye zamabutho wezokuvikela zavuselela idlame ngasese ukubuthakathakisa i-ANC. IBoipatong yabanga ukuphuma kwe-ANC nesikhathi 'sesenzo sesiqubuthu esiragako (rolling mass action)'. IBisho yaveza ubungozi bezakhiwo zamaBantustans. Gandelela bona ukukhetha kwabadosiphambili ukubuyela etafuleni, ngitjho nanyana kunalezi zicubuzelo, kungikho okwasindisa isivumelwano. [SME] Iinbalo zabahlongakeleko beBoipatong zivamise ukubekwa ku-45; qinisekisa inani umnyango wenu owukhethako.
I-CODESA I ne-CODESA II
IConvention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) beyingumzamo wokuthoma wamaqembu amanengi wokuxoxa ngobujamo obutjha bomthethosisekelo.
I-CODESA I yahlangana ngo-20-21 Disemba 1991 eWorld Trade Centre eKempton Park, lapho amaqembu amanengi asayina khona i-Declaration of Intent azibophelela eSewula Afrika engahlukaniswanga, enentando yenengi. I-CODESA II (Meyi 1992) yeza yadilika ekubambaneni (deadlock).
- Amaqembu akhange avumelane ngenengi elifunekako ukwamukela umthethosisekelo omutjha nangokwabelana ngamandla.
- Umbuso bewufuna ukuvikelwa okuqinileko kwabambalwa; i-ANC beyifuna ukubuswa kwenengi okucacileko.
- I-IFP nabanye abadosiphambili bamaBantustans bebangakhululekile ngombuso omaphakathi oqinileko.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-CODESA njengeyamaqembu amanengi (ingasi ngeye-ANC nombuso kwaphela): iinthunywa ezimalungana ne-19 zathatha ihlangothi, kufaka neenrhulumende zamaBantustans namaqembu amancani. I-Declaration of Intent beyimpumelelo yamambala yendawo evumelanako. Kodwana i-CODESA II yadilika ngombuzo wezobuchwephetjhe-kodwana-oqakathekileko wenengi elikhethekileko elifunekako ukutlola umthethosisekelo - okwakhombisa umlwa ojulileko phakathi kokubuswa kwenengi ne-veto yabambalwa. Xhumanisa ukubambana lokhu nokobana kubayini kwatlhogeka i-forum ehlukileko (i-MPNF) ngo-1993.
IRecord of Understanding ne-MPNF
Ngemva kokudilika kwango-1992, ukwakha ithemba phakathi kweengcenye ezimbili ne-forum etjha kwabuyisela ukutjhuguluka endleleni.
Ngo-26 Septemba 1992 uMandela no-De Klerk basayina i-Record of Understanding, isivumelwano seengcenye ezimbili ngeentjhijeli, iihostela nokuphatha iinkhali esabuyisela amandla wokuragela phambili. Iinkulumo zabuyela ngo-1993 nge-Multiparty Negotiating Forum (MPNF).
- I-Record of Understanding yabeka i-IFP eqadi, eyarhoxa eenkulumeni ngokuphikisa isikhatjhana.
- U-Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC) no-Roelf Meyer (umbuso) baba yindlela eqakathekileko phakathi kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu.
- Ukubulawa komdosiphambili we-SACP u-Chris Hani ngo-10 Apreli 1993 kwakhulisa ubungozi kwaphocelela amaqembu bona abeke ilanga lekhetho msinya.
Speaker notes
Gandelela ikhambo: ukutjhuguluka kusuka ku-CODESA yamaqembu amanengi eyahlulekako kuya ekuhlanganiseni kweensivumelwano zeengcenye ezimbili eziqinileko (Record of Understanding) kunye ne-forum ebanzi (MPNF). Gqamisa 'indlela' kaRamaphosa-Meyer njengesibonelo sokuthi ithemba lomuntu nomuntu phakathi kwabaxoxi belaqakatheke kangangani. Hlaziya ukubulawa kukaHani njengento ephikisanako - isikhathi ebesingavusa ipi yombango kodwana isibawo sikaMandela sokuthula esakhitjhwa kumabonakude sasitjhugulula saba kucindezela kwelanga lekhetho eliqinileko (elamenyezelwa msinyana ngemva kwalokho). [SME] Qinisekisa ukubekwa kokurhoxa kwe-IFP nokubuya kwayo kamva.
Ukuvumelana okwenza intando yenengi yenzeka
Intando yenengi yavikeleka ngeensiqinisekiso ezalawulwa ngeenkulumo ezaqinisekisa umbuso obuphuma.
Ama-sunset clauses
Isiphakamiso sika-Joe Slovo sango-1992: uRhulumende weBumbano leSizwe (Government of National Unity) nokuvikeleka komsebenzi kwezisebenzi zombuso isikhathi esibekiweko, kudambisa ukusaba kwabamhlophe kwokutjhuguluka okuzumako.
Umthethosisekelo wesikhatjhana
Wamukelwa ngo-18 Novemba 1993, wabeka iinkambisolawulo ezingu-34 umthethosisekelo wokugcina okwakufanele uwuhlangabezane nazo begodu wakha isakhiwo sekhetho lango-1994.
URhulumende weBumbano leSizwe
Amaqembu anamavoti angaphezu kwe-5% afumana iinhlalo zekhabinethi; lawo angaphezu kwe-20% bewangaqamba isekela lomongameli - ukwabelana ngamandla iminyaka emihlanu.
Speaker notes
Lokhu kuyihliziyo yokuhlaziya yokufika kwentando yenengi. Chaza 'ama-sunset clauses': umdosiphambili we-SACP u-Joe Slovo waphikisa bona i-ANC kufanele inikele ukuvumelana - ukwabelana ngamandla neensiqinisekiso zezisebenzi zombuso ezikhona namabutho wezokuvikela - ukususa isikhuthazo seengcenye elahlekelweko sokutjhabalalisa isivumelwano. Phikisana nabafundi: kghani ukuvumelana lokhu bekuyintengo enengqondo yokudluliselwa kwamandla ngokuthula, namkha kwagxilisa iingcenye zombuso omdala kwadonsa ukutjhuguluka? [SME] Qinisekisa amagama womkhawulo weenhlalo zekhabinethi ze-GNU (amaqembu angaphezu kwe-5% afumana iinhlalo zekhabinethi; angaphezu kwe-20% afumana isekela lomongameli).
Ikhetho lokuthoma lentando yenengi
Okokuthoma, abantu beSewula Afrika bayo yoke imihlobo bavota ekhethweni linye lesizwe.
Ukuvota kwenzeka amalanga amanengi, kanti u-27 Apreli 1994 bekulilanga elikhulu lokuvota - elithakaselwa nje njenge-Freedom Day (iLanga leNkululeko). I-IFP yavuma ukuthatha ihlangothi amalanga ambalwa kwaphela ngaphambi kwekhetho, kwaza ibizo layo lafakwa emavotini nge-sticker. Isibalo sabavotako besisikhulu, ngeenlayini ezizide, ezinesineke, kiyo yoke inarha.
- Amavoti amalungana nama-19.7 wesigidi asemthethweni afakwa ekuvoteni okunokuthula.
- Bekulikhetho elisungulako, elingakhethi ngokwebala ngaphasi kwelungelo lokuvota labo boke abantu abadala.
- Ikhetho lanikela ubuqiniso obusemthethweni ekwakusweleke ekubuseni kocwaso-bebala kweminyaka eminengi.
Speaker notes
Dlulisa amandla wabantu nawophawu we-27 Apreli: iinthombe zeenlayini ezizide amakhilomitha, abantu abadala abavota okokuthoma. Chaza ukuthatha ihlangothi kwe-IFP kwangomzuzu wokugcina, okwaqinda i-boycott nedlame elibengenzeka eKwaZulu-Natal. Cabangisisa ngobuqiniso obusemthethweni njengomqondo oqakathekileko - iinrhulumende zocwaso-bebala azange zikhethwe yinengi labantu beSewula Afrika, nje-ke ikhetho leli 'lalisungula' ngokobana lakha umbuso inengi elawubona njengewalo. [SME] Inani lamavoti asemthethweni elivamise ukucaphunwa limalungana ne-19.7 wesigidi; qinisekisa emthonjeni umnyango owukhethako.
Umphumela noRhulumende weBumbano leSizwe
I-ANC yathumba inengi elicacileko, kwaza urhulumende owabelana ngamandla wathatha isikhundla ngaphasi kuka-Nelson Mandela.
I-ANC yathumba malungana ne-62.6% yamavoti, i-National Party malungana ne-20.4%, ne-IFP malungana ne-10.5%. Njengombana kwavunyelwana, kwakhiwa u-Rhulumende weBumbano leSizwe. UNelson Mandela wabekwa esikhundleni njengoMongameli ngo-10 Meyi 1994, no-Thabo Mbeki no-F.W. de Klerk njengamasekela wamongameli.
- I-ANC yathumba inengi kodwana ingasi iziquntu ezimbili kwezintathu ezizatlhogeka ukutlola umthethosisekelo wokugcina yodwa.
- I-NP ne-IFP zombili zathatha iinhlalo ekhabinethi ngaphasi kwesivumelwano sokwabelana ngamandla.
- UMthethosisekelo wokugcina, ohlonipha iinkambisolawulo ezavunyelwana ngazo, wamukelwa ngo-1996.
Speaker notes
Nikela abafundi imiphumela ephambili kodwana ubeke ukuhlaziya emiphumeleni yayo. Inengi le-ANC belingaphasi kweziquntu ezimbili kwezintathu, okwatjho bona umthethosisekelo wokugcina bekusafanele uxoxwe eConstitutional Assembly - okwaqinisa ipolotiki yokuvumelana. Tjheja bona i-NP ka-De Klerk kamva yarhoxa e-GNU ngo-1996, ekhombisa imikhawulo yokwabelana ngamandla okuphocelelweko. Xhumanisa uMthethosisekelo wango-1996 emuva eenkambisolawulweni ezingu-34 ezavunyelwana ngazo emthethosisekelweni wesikhatjhana. [SME] Amaphesenti wamavoti (ANC 62.65%, NP 20.39%, IFP 10.54%) abikwa kabanzi; qinisekisa iinbalo eziqinileko.
Ukusungula iKomitjhini Yeqiniso Nokubuyisana (Truth and Reconciliation Commission)
Kunokwenza amacala anjengeNuremberg namkha ukulitjalelwa okupheleleko, iSewula Afrika yakhetha ukuqalana nomlando wayo phambi komphakathi.
Alikho ingomuso ngaphandle kokulibalelana. Umbhitjhobhi Omkhulu uDesmond Tutu, uSihlalo we-TRC
I-TRC yasungulwa ngo-Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (Act 34 of 1995) yaza yasihlaliswa ngu-Mbhitjhobhi Omkhulu uDesmond Tutu. Umnqophwayo bekukwakha isithombe esipheleleko ngendlela okungenzeka ngayo sokwephulwa kwamalungelo wabantu okumbi okwenzeka phakathi kwango-1960 no-1994, nokukhuthaza ubumbano lesizwe nokubuyisana.
- Yanikela 'indlela yesithathu' phakathi kokumangalela woke umuntu (ubulungiswa bokujezisa) nokukhohlwa (ukulitjalelwa okupheleleko).
- Indlela yayo yathatha emibonweni yobulungiswa bokubuyisela nomqondo we-ubuntu.
- Abahlukumezekileko banikelwa isikhundla somphakathi sokulandisa iindatjaba zabo nokwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni.
Speaker notes
Beka i-TRC njengobulungiswa besikhathi sokutjhuguluka - ukukhetha umphakathi okwenzako ngokuziphendulela nasitjhugulula kusuka ekubuseni okugandelelako kuya entandweni yenengi. Madanisa kafitjhani neenye iindlela: amacala wehlobo leNuremberg (bekunengozi yokudungadunga isivumelwano namabutho wezokuvikela) nokulitjalelwa okujayelekileko nokuthula (okwancitjha abahlukumezekileko ubulungiswa neqiniso). Chaza ubulungiswa bokubuyisela ne-ubuntu njengesisekelo sefilosofi uTutu asigandelelako. Tjheja bona igunya lafaka ukwephulwa yiingcenye zoke, kufaka nemikhankaso yenkululeko, ingasi umbuso kwaphela.
Amakomiti amathathu, ikhambo linye
IKomitjhini yabuthelela iqiniso ngobufakazi bomphakathi nokulitjalelwa okunembandela.
Ukwephulwa Kwamalungelo Wabantu
Lalela ubufakazi babahlukumezekileko nabasindileko eenlalelweni zomphakathi ezizwisako ezasakazwa esizweni kusukela ngo-1996.
Ukulitjalelwa (Amnesty)
Yayingalitjalela abenzi bezono ababeveza ngokupheleleko amacala aqhutjhwa yipolotiki - iqiniso ngokutjhentjhiselana nokutjhatjhululwa ekumangalelweni.
Ukubuyisela Nokuvuselela
Yancoma indlela abahlukumezekileko ekufanele basekelwe bahlawulwe ngayo mbuso.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukutjhentjhiselana okuqakathekileko nokuphikisanako esimini se-TRC: ukulitjalelwa okunembandela. Ukulitjalelwa bekungazenzekeli - abafakizibawo bekufanele baveze ngokupheleleko iqiniso ngezenzo ebezilingene begodu ziqhutjhwa yipolotiki. Madanisa iinlalelo zabahlukumezekileko ezizwisa khulu (iKomiti Yokwephulwa Kwamalungelo Wabantu) neenlalelo zokulitjalelwa ezisemthethweni khudlwana. Bawa abafundi: kghani ukutjhentjhiselana ukulitjalelwa ngeqiniso yintengo elungileko? Umhlukumezeki uzuzani, begodu ulahlekelwa yini?
I-TRC: impumelelo nokugxekwa
I-TRC ithakaselwa ephasini loke, kodwana abalandi bomlando nabantu beSewula Afrika basaphikisana ngokuthi yafeza kangangani.
IKomitjhini yalalela iimtatimende ezidlula ama-20,000 yaza yakhupha umbiko wayo omkhulu wokugcina ngo-Okthoba 1998 (nemikhamba engeziweko kamva). Yatlola izenzo ezimbi ebeziphikwe, yanikela abahlukumezekileko ukwamukelwa komphakathi, yaza yasiza ukuvimbela umjikelezo wokuziphindisela. Nokho umtlolo wayo uyaphikiswana.
- Impumelelo: yaveza amaqiniso afihliweko, yenza abahlukumezekileko baba babantu, yaza yanikela isibonelo sokuqalana nomlando ngokuthula esifundwa ephasini loke.
- Ukugxekwa: ukulitjalelwa kwancitjha eminye imindeni ubulungiswa; ukubuyiselwa kwabahlukumezekileko kwabonwa kabanzi njengokurhagalako nokunganeliko.
- Abenzi bezono abaqakathekileko abanengi bala ukubambisana, begodu abanye babuza bona 'ukubuyisana' kwafezeka na ngambala.
Speaker notes
Rhola abafundi bafike esiquntwini esilinganiselweko, esisekelwe ebufakazini kunesiquntu esilula. Impumelelo: ukwamukela, ukwakha umtlolo, nokubalekela ukuthululwa kweengazi kwokuziphindisela. Ukugxekwa: abahlukumezekileko bavamise ukuzizwa bacwiliswe nabenzi bezono baphuma bakhululekile ngemva kokuvuma, nalapho ukubuyiselwa okuthenjisiweko kurhagala. Abanye baphikisa bona i-TRC yavikela 'iqiniso' ukudlula 'ukubuyisana', nokuthi ayikaqalani nomlando womnotho wesakhiwo wocwaso-bebala. Khuthaza abafundi bona bakale iingcenye zombili. [SME] Qinisekisa iinbalo zeemtatimende/zeenlalelo nelanga eliqinileko lokukhutjhwa kombiko wokugcina (Okthoba 1998; imikhamba engeziweko 2003).
Intando yenengi elawulwe ngeenkulumo nokuqalana okungakapheli
ISewula Afrika yabalekela ipi yombango ngokuvumelana, yaza yalinga ukuphola ngokulandisa iqiniso - impumelelo zombili zisaphikiswana.
Ukutjhuguluka kwango-1990-1994 kukhombisa umlando owenziwe kukukhetha kwabantu ngaphasi kokucindezelwa: ukubambana, ukufikelela, ukudilika okuphindaphindiweko, nokuvumelana okuzuzwe budisi okwaveza ikhetho lentando yenengi norhulumende owabelana ngamandla. I-TRC yeza yalinga ukuqalana nomlando odluleko ngeqiniso kunokuziphindisela - umzamo onesibindi lapho impumelelo neenphoso zawo kusaphikiswana khona namhlanjesi.
Q. Chaza kubayini iinkulumo phakathi kwango-1990 no-1994 zingachazwa njengezibuthakathaka nezibhodununeka lula. Sebenzisa okungasenani iminyanya emibili ekhethekileko. (8 marks)
Q. Ama-'sunset clauses' noRhulumende weBumbano leSizwe bekasiza kangangani ekuvikeleni ukutjhuguluka ngokuthula kuya entandweni yenengi? (6 marks)
Q. 'I-TRC yafeza iqiniso kodwana ingasi ukubuyisana okupheleleko.' Uyavumelana na? Sekela umbono wakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa iingcenye ezimbili zesihloko ndawonye: ukufika kwentando yenengi (isivumelwano sezepolotiki esalawulwa ngeenkulumo, esingaqinisekiswanga) nokuqalana nomlando odluleko (ubulungiswa besikhathi sokutjhuguluka nge-TRC). Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu ukuhlola amakghono wokuhlaziya imithombo newokutlola okwandisiweko ebangeni le-12; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa iindlela ze-essay neze-paragrafu zeCAPS. Khumbuza abafundi bona koke ukuvumelana okwalawulwe ngeenkulumo nomsebenzi ongakapheli we-TRC kuxhumene ngokunqophileko neenpikiswano zeSewula Afrika yanamhlanjesi.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The coming of democracy and coming to terms with the past
- Resource type
- Presentation