Kufika Kwentsandvo Yelinyenti Nekubhekana Nemlandvo Lowendlulako
Kutsi iNingizimu Afrika yaphuma njani ku-apartheid ngekukhulumisana etafuleni, yabamba lukhetfo lwayo lwekucala lwentsandvo yelinyenti nga-1994, futsi yasebentisa i-Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Likhomishani Leliciniso Nekubuyisana) kute ibhekane nemlandvo wayo.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekwakha tincenye letimbili letihlangene talesihloko se-CAPS. Kwekucala, 'kufika kwentsandvo yelinyenti': sivumelwano lesakhiwa ngekukhulumisana sanga-1990-1994 lesabhidlita i-apartheid ngaphandle kwemphi yembango yelive lephelele. Kwesibili, 'kubhekana nemlandvo lowendlulako': i-Truth and Reconciliation Commission, indlela iNingizimu Afrika leyayikhetsa yekwenta bulungiswa ngesikhatsi selushintjo. Cela bafundzi kutsi babambe umbuto munye wekuhlatiya kuyo yonkhe le sifundvo: ingabe lolushintjo bekuyi 'simangaliso', kuvumelana lokutfolwe ngekukhulumisana, yini ngutjukutjuko (revolution) lolungakapheli?
Kungani kukhulunyiswane? Umbango longenampumelelo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1980
Kwakungabikho hulumende we-apartheid nome imibutfo yenkhululeko lebeyingancoba yodvwa - lokwaphusha womabili lamacembu kutsi aye etinkhulumeni.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1980 i-apartheid beyisebunzimeni lobukhulu. Kuvukela kwemalokishi netimo tekuphutfuma letatiphindzaphindza kwakhombisa kutsi hulumende bekangeke akhone kubuyisa kuthula, kantsi tijeziso (sanctions), kukhishwa kwetimali tetimboni (disinvestment) kanye nekwehla kwemnotfo kwenta hulumende waba butsakatsaka. Ngaso sona leso sikhatsi, i-ANC beyingeke ikhone kuketula hulumende ngemandla. Umphumela kwaba umbango lolimata omabili emacembu (mutually hurting stalemate).
- Kuphela kwe-Cold War (Imphi Lebandzako) (kusukela nga-1989) kwasusa lokwakushiwo nguhulumende kutsi bekulwa 'nekuhlaselwa lokuphelele' kwemaSoviet.
- Tinkhulumo tasesitfubeni emkhatsini waNelson Mandela lobekasejele nahulumende tacala ngaphansi kwa-P.W. Botha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1980.
- F.W. de Klerk, lowaba nguMengameli weLizwe nga-1989, wabona kutsi kuguculwa kwetintfo ngekukhulumisana kwakuyiyona ndlela kuphela lengasebenta.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela imbangela netici letinyenti: kumelana kwangekhatsi, kucindzetela kwemnotfo, tijeziso, kanye nekushintja kwesimo semhlaba wonkhe emva kwa-1989 konkhe kwahlangana. Yetfula umcondvo 'wembango lolimata omabili emacembu (mutually hurting stalemate)' lophuma etifundvweni tetimphi - sikhatsi lapho womabili emacembu afinyelela esiphetfweni sekutsi kuchubeka nemzabalazo kubita kakhulu kunekuvumelana. Caphela kutsi Mandela nguye lowacala tinkhulumo tekuhlola asejele; kukhulumisana akucalanga ngeDe Klerk yedvwa. [SME] Cinisekisa kugcizelela lokukhetsiwe nemalanga emhlangano waMandela-Botha (5 Julayi 1989).
De Klerk ususa sivimbelo emibutfweni; Mandela uyakhululwa
Ngenkhulumo yinye ephalamende, F.W. de Klerk wavula umnyango wekusasa lelivunyelenwe ngekukhulumisana.
Nga-2 Februwari 1990 De Klerk wasusa sivimbelo ku-ANC, PAC, SACP naletinye tinhlangano, wasusa nemikhawulo emitfonjeni yetindzaba, wakhulula netiboshwa tetepolitiki letinyenti. Emalanga layimfica ngemuva kwaloko, nga-11 Februwari 1990, Nelson Mandela waphuma akhululekile emva kweminyaka lengema-27 asejele.
- Bantfu lababesekudingisweni base bangabuya futsi imibutfo yenkhululeko yase ingahlela ngasobala nangekusemtsetfweni.
- I-Groote Schuur Minute (Meyi 1990) ne-Pretoria Minute (Agasti 1990) tabeka imitsetfo lesisekelo; i-ANC yamisa umzabalazo lohlomile.
- Kususwa kwesivimbelo bekungumbandzela lobalulekile wanome ngutiphi tinkhulumo letisemtsetfweni.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi sikhombisa liphuzu lelibaluleke kakhulu lekuguquka. Yenta kucace kulandzelana: kususwa kwesivimbelo kwekucala (2 Februwari), bese kukhululwa kwaMandela (11 Februwari). Chaza 'ema-Minutes' njengetivumelwano letakha kwetsembana letenta tinkhulumo tenteke - i-Groote Schuur ne-Pretoria Minutes tabhekana nekubuya kwebantfu lababesekudingisweni, kukhululwa kwetiboshwa nekumiswa kwemzabalazo lohlomile. Buta bafundzi kutsi kungani kususwa kwesivimbelo bekufanele kwente ngaphambi kwekukhulumisana: inhlangano levinjelwe ayikhoni kumela bantfu bayo ngekusemtsetfweni etafuleni.
Kusuka ekukhulumisaneni kuya entsandvweni yelinyenti, 1990-1998
- 1990 Imibutfo isuselwa sivimbelo; Mandela uyakhululwa (Februwari)
- 1991 I-CODESA I ihlangana e-Kempton Park (Disemba)
- 1992 I-CODESA II iyafa ngekungavumelani; kubulawa kwebantfu eBoipatong naseBisho; i-Record of Understanding
- 1993 I-Multiparty Negotiating Forum; Chris Hani uyabulawa; umtsetfosisekelo wesikhashana uyavunyelwana (Novemba)
- 1994 Lukhetfo lwekucala lwentsandvo yelinyenti (27 Apreli); Mandela uyabekwa esikhundleni (10 Meyi)
- 1996 Kulalelwa kwemacala kwe-TRC esidlangalaleni kuyacala; umtsetfosisekelo wekugcina uyemukelwa
- 1998 I-TRC inikela ngembiko wayo wekugcina (Okthoba)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lomugca wesikhatsi njengemgogodla wesifundvo. Khombisa iphethini bafundzi lokufanele bayihlatiye: tinkhulumo betingakahambi kahle nome ngcondvo. Betiphindzaphindza tiwe (1992) tibe setiyasindziswa (Record of Understanding), yingako bosolwati bemlandvo bachaza lolushintjo njengalobutsakatsaka nalobungeciniseki, hhayi lobekungeke kubalekelwe. Buyela kulesi slayidi njengoba sento ngasinye sicocwa.
Budlova nekungetsembani kwaphose kwadicita tinkhulumo
Tinkhulumo tenteka ngesikhatsi kunebudlova betepolitiki lapho womabili emacembu abasolana ngekububhebhetsa.
Emkhatsini wa-1990 na-1994 titinkhulungwane tabantfu tafa ebudloveni betepolitiki, ikakhulukati kulwa emkhatsini webalandzeli be-ANC ne-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), lokusholwa kutsi kwakuvutswa 'ngemandla esitsatfu' (third force) ngekhatsi kwetinhlaka tekuphepha. Kubulawa kwebantfu lokubili nga-1992 kwaletsa tinkhulumo eceleni kwekuwa.
- Kubulawa kwebantfu eBoipatong (17 Juni 1992): bantfu labacishe babe ngema-45 babulawa; i-ANC yamisa tinkhulumo.
- Kubulawa kwebantfu eBisho (7 Septemba 1992): emasotja aseCiskei advubhula bahambi be-ANC, kwabulawa bantfu labacishe babe ngema-28.
- Emacembu ebelungu langakwesekudla (right-wing) nebaholi bemahomeland basongela kudicita nome ngusiphi sivumelwano.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi sikhulisa liphuzu lekuhlatiya lekutsi lolushintjo bekungahluleka. Chaza insolo 'yemandla esitsatfu' - bufakazi bekutsi letinye tingcenye tetinhlaka tekuphepha tabhebhetsa budlova ngasese kute tente i-ANC ibe butsakatsaka. Boipatong yadala kutsi i-ANC iphume etinkhulumeni kanye nesikhatsi 'sekunyakaza kwelinyenti (rolling mass action)'. Bisho yaveta ingoti yetinhlaka temahomeland. Gcizelela kutsi tincumo tebuholi tekubuyela etafuleni, naphocelwa yiletintfo, ngiko lokwasindzisa sivumelwano. [SME] Emanani ebantfu lababulawa eBoipatong avame kunikwa njengema-45; cinisekisa linani lelikhetfwa ngumnyango wakho.
CODESA I ne-CODESA II
I-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) bekungumzamo wekucala wemacembu lamanyenti wekukhulumisana ngesimo lesisha semtsetfosisekelo.
I-CODESA I yahlangana nga-20-21 Disemba 1991 e-World Trade Centre eKempton Park, lapho iningi lemacembu asayina khona i-Declaration of Intent (Simemetelo Senhloso) letibopha eNingizimu Afrika lengahlukana, yentsandvo yelinyenti. I-CODESA II (Meyi 1992) yase iyawa ngekungavumelani (deadlock).
- Emacembu angavumelana ngemanani ladzingekako ekwemukeleni umtsetfosisekelo lomusha nangekwabelana ngemandla.
- Hulumende bekafuna tivikelo letimatima teminyenti lemincane; i-ANC beyifuna kubusa kwelinyenti lokucacile.
- I-IFP nalabanye baholi bemahomeland bebangakhululekile ngembuso lomatima losembikweni (central state).
Speaker notes
Chaza i-CODESA njengalenemacembu lamanyenti (hhayi nje kuphela i-ANC nahulumende): titfunywa leticishe tibe li-19 tabamba licadzi, kufaka ekhatsi bolawulo bemahomeland nemacembu lamancane. I-Declaration of Intent bekuyimpumelelo yangempela yekutfola indzawo lehlangene. Kepha i-CODESA II yawa ngenca yembuto wetetsekhinikhali kodvwa lobalulekile wemanani lakhetsekile ladzingekako ekubhaleni umtsetfosisekelo - lokwakumela umbango lojulile emkhatsini wekubusa kwelinyenti kanye nelivoti lekwenqaba (veto) leminyenti lemincane. Hlanganisa lokungavumelani nesizatfu sekutsi kungani kwadzingeka indzawo yekukhulumela lehlukile (i-MPNF) nga-1993.
I-Record of Understanding ne-MPNF
Emva kwekuwa kwa-1992, kwakhiwa kwetsembana emkhatsini wemacembu lamabili kanye nendzawo lensha yekukhulumela kwabuyisela lolushintjo endleleni.
Nga-26 Septemba 1992 Mandela naDe Klerk basayina i-Record of Understanding, sivumelwano semkhatsini wemacembu lamabili ngetiboshwa, emahositela kanye nekutfwala tikhali lokwabuyisa emandla ekuchubeka. Tinkhulumo taphindza tacala nga-1993 ngekusebentisa i-Multiparty Negotiating Forum (MPNF).
- I-Record of Understanding yabeka i-IFP eceleni, lena leyahoxa etinkhulumeni ngekubhikisha sikhashana.
- Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC) naRoelf Meyer (hulumende) baba lidzalizeli lelibalulekile emkhatsini wemacembu lamabili lamakhulu.
- Kubulawa kwemholi we-SACP Chris Hani nga-10 Apreli 1993 kwakhulisa bungoti kwaphusha emacembu kutsi abeke lilanga lelukhetfo ngekushesha.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela inchubo: kushintja kusuka ku-CODESA yemacembu lamanyenti leyahluleka kuya enhlanganisweni yetivumelwano letimatima temacembu lamabili (Record of Understanding) kanye nendzawo yekukhulumela lebanti (MPNF). Gcizelela 'lidzalizeli' laRamaphosa-Meyer njengesibonelo sekutsi kwetsembana kwebantfu emkhatsini webakhulumisani kwakubaluleke njani. Hlatiya kubulawa kwaHani njengento lephikisanako - sikhatsi lesasingavutsa imphi yembango yelive kepha sicelo saMandela lesabonwa kumabonakudze sekutsi kube nekuthula sasiguculela ekucindzetelweni kwelilanga lelukhetfo leliciniso (lelamenyetelwa emva kwesikhashana). [SME] Cinisekisa indlela yekuchaza kuphuma kwe-IFP nekubuya kwayo emuva.
Kuvumelana lokwenta intsandvo yelinyenti yenteka
Intsandvo yelinyenti yatfolakala ngeticiniseko letavunyelenwa letatfelisa umbuso lobewuphuma.
Sunset clauses (tigatjana letiphelako)
Sicaphuno saJoe Slovo sanga-1992: Hulumende weBunye beSive kanye nekuvikeleka kwemisebenti yetisebenti tikahulumende sikhatsi lesibekiwe, lokwadzambisa kwesaba kwebelungu ngenshintjo lolusheshako.
Umtsetfosisekelo wesikhashana
Wamukelwa nga-18 Novemba 1993, wabeka imigomo lengema-34 umtsetfosisekelo wekugcina lobekufanele uyihlangabete, wase wakha luhlaka lwelukhetfo lwa-1994.
Hulumende weBunye beSive
Emacembu labenemavoti langetulu kwa-5% atfola tihlalo ekhabhinethi; lawo langetulu kwa-20% abengabalula sekela lamengameli - kwabelana ngemandla iminyaka lesihlanu.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhlitiyo yekuhlatiya yekufika kwentsandvo yelinyenti. Chaza 'sunset clauses' (tigatjana letiphelako): umholi we-SACP Joe Slovo waphikisa kutsi i-ANC kufanele inikele ngekuvumelana - kwabelana ngemandla neticiniseko tetisebenti tikahulumende letikhona nemabutfo ekuphepha - kute isuse sizatfu sesecembu lelehlulwako sekudicita sivumelwano. Phikisana nebafundzi: ingabe loku kuvumelana bekuyinani lelibonakalako lekwetjulwa kwemandla ngekuthula, yini kwacinisa tingcenye telisiko lelidzala kwadonsa emsamo lushintjo? [SME] Cinisekisa emagama emngcele wetihlalo tekhabhinethi we-GNU (emacembu langetulu kwa-5% atfola tihlalo tekhabhinethi; langetulu kwa-20% atfola sekela lamengameli).
Lukhetfo lwekucala lwentsandvo yelinyenti
Ngekucala, baseNingizimu Afrika bawo onkhe emahlanga bavota elukhetfweni lunye lwavelonkhe.
Kuvota kwenteka emalangeni lamanyenti, kuban nga-27 Apreli 1994 njengelilanga leliyinhloko lekuvota - lelibungatwa nyalo njenge-Freedom Day (Lilanga leNkhululeko). I-IFP yavuma kubamba lichadzi kuphela emalanga embikwelukhetfo, ligama layo lafakwa emavotini ngesitikha. Bantfu labeta bebanyenti kakhulu, kwaban emalayini lamadze, bantfu babeketelele kuyo yonkhe live.
- Cishe emavoti lasemtsetfweni langu-19.7 million afakwa elukhetfweni lolunekuthula.
- Bekulukhetfo lolusekela, lolungakhetsi buhlanga ngaphansi kwelilungelo lekuvota kwabo bonkhe labadzala.
- Lukhetfo lwaletsa kwemukeleka lekwakuntulwa ngumbuso we-apartheid emashumini eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Dlulisela emandla ebuntfu nawesimeleli wa-27 Apreli: titfombe temalayini lamadze emakhilomitha, bantfu labadzala labavota ngekucala. Chaza kubamba lichadzi kwe-IFP kwesikhatsi sekugcina, lokwavikela ukubhoyikhotha nebudlova lobebungenteka eKwaZulu-Natal. Cocani ngekwemukeleka njengemcondvo lobalulekile - bohulumende be-apartheid babengakhetfwa yiningi labaseNingizimu Afrika, ngako lolukhetfo bekuluvo 'lolusekela' ngoba lwakha umbuso liningi lelawubona njengalowawo. [SME] Linani lelavame kucashunwa lemavoti lasemtsetfweni licishe libe ngu-19.7 million; cinisekisa ngemtfombo lokhetfwa ngumnyango.
Umphumela kanye neHulumende weBunye beSive
I-ANC yancoba liningi lelicacile, kwabe hulumende wekwabelana ngemandla watsatsa sikhundla ngaphansi kwaNelson Mandela.
I-ANC yancoba cishe 62.6% yemavoti, i-National Party cishe 20.4%, ne-IFP cishe 10.5%. Njengoba kwavunyelenwa, kwakhiwa Hulumende weBunye beSive. Nelson Mandela wabekwa esikhundleni njengeMengameli nga-10 Meyi 1994, kanye naThabo Mbeki naF.W. de Klerk njengemasekela emengameli.
- I-ANC yancoba liningi kepha hhayi litsu-lamabili-etsatfwini (two-thirds) lelalidzingeka ekubhaleni umtsetfosisekelo wekugcina yodvwa.
- I-NP ne-IFP tobabili tatsatsa tihlalo ekhabhinethi ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sekwabelana ngemandla.
- Umtsetfosisekelo wekugcina, lohlonipha imigomo levunyelenwe, wemukelwa nga-1996.
Speaker notes
Nika bafundzi imiphumela leyinhloko kepha ugcile ekuhlatiyeni imiphumela yayo. Liningi le-ANC lalingakafinyeleli kulitsu-lamabili-etsatfwini, lokwachaza kutsi umtsetfosisekelo wekugcina bekusafanele ukhulunyiswane e-Constitutional Assembly - lokwacinisa tepolitiki tekuvumelana. Caphela kutsi i-NP yaDe Klerk yagcina ihoxile ku-GNU nga-1996, ikhombisa imikhawulo yekwabelana ngemandla lokuphocelelwe. Hlanganisa uMtsetfosisekelo wa-1996 emuva emgomeni lengema-34 leyavunyelenwa emtsetfosisekelweni wesikhashana. [SME] Emaphesenti emavoti (ANC 62.65%, NP 20.39%, IFP 10.54%) abikwa kabanti; cinisekisa emanani laciniseke ncamashi.
Kusungulwa kwe-Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Likhomishani Leliciniso Nekubuyisana)
Kunekusebentisa emacala njenge-Nuremberg nome kutsetselelwa lokuphelele, iNingizimu Afrika yakhetsa kubhekana nemlandvo wayo esidlangalaleni.
Alikho likusasa ngaphandle kwekutsetselelana. Umbhishobhi Omkhulu Desmond Tutu, Sihlalo se-TRC
I-TRC yasungulwa ngu-Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (Umtsetfo 34 wa-1995) yaholwa ngu-Mbhishobhi Omkhulu Desmond Tutu. Injongo yayo bekukwakha sitfombe lesiphelele ngangalokunekwenteka mayelana nekwephulwa lokukhulu kwemalungelo ebantfu lokwentiwa emkhatsini wa-1960 na-1994, nekukhutsata bunye besive nekubuyisana.
- Yanikela ngendlela 'yesitsatfu' emkhatsini wekumangalela wonkhe umuntfu (bulungiswa bekujezisa) nekukhohlwa (kutsetselelwa lokuphelele).
- Indlela yayo yatsatsa emicondvweni yebulungiswa bekubuyisela nemcondvo we-ubuntu.
- Bahlukumezekile banikwa sikhundla saseceleni sekutsi babalise tindzaba tabo babe sebayemukelwa ngekusemtsetfweni.
Speaker notes
Beka i-TRC njengebulungiswa belushintjo - tincumo umphakatsi lotitsatsako mayelana nekulandzisa nakushintjwa kusuka embusweni wobushiqela kuya entsandvweni yelinyenti. Catsanisa kafushane naletinye tindlela: emacala ngendlela ye-Nuremberg (labeka engotini sivumelwano nemabutfo ekuphepha) uma ucatsaniswa nekutsetselelwa lokujwayelekile nekuthula (lokwancisha bahlukumezekile bulungiswa neliciniso). Chaza bulungiswa bekubuyisela ne-ubuntu njengesisekelo sefilosofi Tutu lasigcizelela. Caphela kutsi ligunya labandzakanya kwephulwa kwemalungelo yiwo onkhe emacembu, kufaka ekhatsi imibutfo yenkhululeko, hhayi kuphela hulumende.
Emakomiti lamatsatfu, inchubo yinye
Likhomishani lacocela liciniso ngekufakaza esidlangalaleni nangekutsetselelwa lokunembandzela.
Kwephulwa Kwemalungelo Ebantfu (Human Rights Violations)
Lalela bufakazi bebahlukumezekile nebasindzako etinkhulumeni tesidlangalaleni letitsintsa imitsetjeni, letatisakatwa esiveni kusukela nga-1996.
Kutsetselelwa (Amnesty)
Bekungakhona kunika kutsetselelwa kubentigilamkhuba lababeveta konkhe ngekugcwele ngemacala labecushwa yipolitiki - liciniso lishintjaniswa nenkhululeko ekumangalelweni.
Kubuyiselwa Nekuvuselelwa (Reparation and Rehabilitation)
Yancoma kutsi bahlukumezekile bafanele basekelwe futsi bakhokhelwe njani nguhulumende.
Speaker notes
Chaza kushintjaniswa lokubalulekile nalokuphikisanako lokusembikweni we-TRC: kutsetselelwa lokunembandzela. Kutsetselelwa bekungatenteki kwako kokwa - labafaka ticelo bekumele baveti liciniso ngalokugcwele mayelana netento letatilingene futsi ticushwe yipolitiki. Catsanisa tinkhulumo letitsintsa inhlitiyo tebahlukumezekile (Human Rights Violations Committee) netinkhulumo tekutsetselelwa letatisemtsetfweni kakhulu. Buta bafundzi: ingabe kushintjanisa kutsetselelwa neliciniso kuyinani lelilungile? Umhlukumezekile utfolani, futsi udzelani?
I-TRC: timphumelelo netekugxekwa
I-TRC iyabongwa emhlabeni wonkhe, kepha bosolwati bemlandvo nebaseNingizimu Afrika basaphikisana ngekutsi yatfola kangakanani.
Likhomishani lalalela ngetulu kwetitatimende letingu-20,000 futsi lanikela ngembiko wayo loyinhloko wekugcina nga-Okthoba 1998 (kunetincwadzi letengetiwe ngemuva). Labhala phansi tehluso letatiphikwa, lanika bahlukumezekile kubonwa esidlangalaleni, futsi lasita kuvimbela umjikelo wekuphindzisela. Kepha umlando wayo uyaphikiswa.
- Timphumelelo: yaveta emaciniso labekelwe, yenta bahlukumezekile babe bantfu, futsi yanikela ngemhlobo wekubhekana nemlandvo ngekuthula lofundvwako emhlabeni wonkhe.
- Kugxekwa: kutsetselelwa kwancisha leminye imindeni bulungiswa; kukhokhelwa kwebahlukumezekile kwabonwa kabanti njengalokubambekile nalokunganeli.
- Tigilamkhuba letinyenti letibalulekile tala kubambisana, labanye babuta kutsi ingabe 'kubuyisana' kwentekile ngempela yini.
Speaker notes
Chondzisa bafundzi esiphetfweni lesilinganiselwe, lesisekelwe ebufakazini, kunesehlulelo lesilula. Timphumelelo: kwemukela, kwakha umlando, nekubalekela kuchitsa ingati kwekuphindzisela. Kugxekwa: bahlukumezekile bavame kutiva bakhwatjaniselwe uma tigilamkhuba tikhululeka emva kwekuvuma, nangesikhatsi kukhokhelwa lokwakwetsenjisiwe kubambeka. Labanye baphikisa kutsi i-TRC yatfola 'liciniso' kakhulu kunekutsi yatfola 'kubuyisana', nekutsi ayizange ibhekane nefagothi yemnotfo lekwashiywa yi-apartheid. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi bakale tinhlangotsi totimbili. [SME] Cinisekisa emanani etitatimende/tinkhulumo kanye nelilanga lelicinisekile lekunikelwa kwembiko wekugcina (Okthoba 1998; tincwadzi letengetiwe 2003).
Intsandvo yelinyenti levunyelenwe nekubhekana nemlandvo lokungakapheli
INingizimu Afrika yabalekela imphi yembango yelive ngekuvumelana, yase yazama kwelapha ngekukhuluma liciniso - timphumela totimbili tisaphikiswana.
Lolushintjo lwa-1990-1994 lukhombisa umlando lowentiwa tincumo tebantfu ngaphansi kwekucindzeteleka: umbango longenampumelelo, lugcoko, kuwa lokuphindzaphindzako, nekuvumelana lokutfolwe kanzima lokwaveta lukhetfo lwentsandvo yelinyenti nahulumende wekwabelana ngemandla. I-TRC yase yazama kubhekana nemlandvo ngeliciniso kunekuphindzisela - kulinga lelinesibindzi lokuphumelela nekwehluleka kwalo kusaphikiswana namuhla.
Q. Chaza kutsi kungani tinkhulumo emkhatsini wa-1990 na-1994 tingachazwa njengaletibutsakatsaka naletatidiciteka kalula. Khuluma ngokungenani ngetento letimbili leticacile. (8 marks)
Q. 'Sunset clauses' (tigatjana letiphelako) neHulumende weBunye beSive kwaba nemsebenti kangakanani ekutfoleni lushintjo lolunekuthula loluya entsandvweni yelinyenti? (6 marks)
Q. 'I-TRC yatfola liciniso kepha hhayi kubuyisana lokuphelele.' Uyavumelana yini? Sekela umbono wakho ngebufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa tincenye totimbili talesihloko: kufika kwentsandvo yelinyenti (sivumelwano setepolitiki lesivunyelenwe, lesingaciniseki) nekubhekana nemlandvo lowendlulako (bulungiswa belushintjo nge-TRC). Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu kuhlola emakhono ekuhlatiya imitfombo nekubhala lokwendluliwe elizingeni leLibanga 12; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela indlela ye-CAPS ye-eseyi nendzima. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi kokubili kuvumelana lokwavunyelenwa nemsebenti we-TRC longakapheli kuhlangana ngco netingcikitsi taseNingizimu Afrika yanamuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The coming of democracy and coming to terms with the past
- Resource type
- Presentation