Ukufika Kwentando Yesininzi Nokujongana Nexesha Elidlulileyo
Indlela uMzantsi Afrika owaxoxa ngayo ukuphuma kubandlululo (apartheid), wabamba unyulo lwawo lokuqala lwentando yesininzi ngo-1994, waza wasebenzisa iKomishoni yeNyaniso Noxolelwaniso (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) ukujongana nexesha lawo elidlulileyo.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka ngokucacileyo iziqingatha ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo zalo mxholo we-CAPS. Okokuqala, 'ukufika kwentando yesininzi': isivumelwano esaxoxwayo sika-1990-1994 esachitha ubandlululo ngaphandle kwemfazwe yamakhaya epheleleyo. Okwesibini, 'ukujongana nexesha elidlulileyo': iKomishoni yeNyaniso Noxolelwaniso, indlela ekhethiweyo yoMzantsi Afrika yobulungisa boguqu. Cela abafundi babambe umbuzo omnye wohlalutyo kulo lonke isifundo: ngaba olu tshintsho 'lwalungummangaliso', isivumelwano esaxoxwayo, okanye uguqulelo olungagqitywanga?
Kutheni kuxoxwa? Ukungoyisani ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980
Kwakungekho urhulumente wobandlululo nemibutho yenkululeko owayenokoyisa ngokupheleleyo - into eyatyhalela onke amacala kwiingxoxo.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980 ubandlululo babusengxakini enkulu. Uqhankqalazo lwaselokishini kunye neemeko zongxamiseko ezaziphindaphindeka zabonisa ukuba urhulumente wayengakwazi ukubuyisela ucwangco, ngelixa izohlwayo zamazwe ngamazwe, ukurhoxiswa kotyalo-mali kunye nokuhla koqoqosho kwakwenza urhulumente ube buthathaka. Ngaxeshanye, i-ANC yayingakwazi ukubhukuqa urhulumente ngenkani. Isiphumo sasikukungoyisani okubuhlungu kuwo omabini amacala (mutually hurting stalemate).
- Ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo (Cold War) ukususela ngo-1989 kwasusa ibango likarhulumente lokuba wayelwa 'nohlaselo olupheleleyo' lwaseSoviet.
- Iingxoxo eziyimfihlo phakathi kukaNelson Mandela owayesentolongweni norhulumente zaqala phantsi kuka-P.W. Botha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980.
- U-F.W. de Klerk, owaba nguMongameli weLizwe ngo-1989, wagqiba ekubeni uhlaziyo ngoxoxo-mvumelwano yayiyeyona ndlela ilungileyo.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa unobangela kunye nezinto ezininzi: uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, uxinzelelo loqoqosho, izohlwayo, kunye nemeko yehlabathi eyayitshintsha emva ko-1989 zonke zadibana. Yazisa ingcamango 'yokungoyisani okubuhlungu' (mutually hurting stalemate) evela kwizifundo zongquzulwano - umzuzu apho onke amacala afikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukuqhubeka nomzabalazo kuxabisa ngaphezu kwesivumelwano. Qaphela ukuba uMandela waqalisa iingxoxo zophando esentolongweni; uxoxo-mvumelwano aluqalanga ngoDe Klerk yedwa. [SME] Qinisekisa ugxininiso olukhethwayo kunye nemihla yentlanganiso kaMandela noBotha (5 kaJulayi 1989).
U-De Klerk ususa isithintelo kwimibutho; uMandela uyakhululwa
Kwintetho enye epalamente, u-F.W. de Klerk wavula ucango kwikamva elaxoxwayo.
Ngomhla we-2 kuFebruwari 1990 u-De Klerk wasusa isithintelo kwi-ANC, PAC, SACP kunye neminye imibutho, wasusa izithintelo kumajelo eendaba waza wakhulula amabanjwa ezopolitiko amaninzi. Kwiintsuku ezisithoba kamva, ngomhla we-11 kuFebruwari 1990, u-Nelson Mandela waphuma ekhululekile emva kweminyaka engama-27 esentolongweni.
- Abagxothwa elizweni (exiles) babenokubuya kwaye imibutho yenkululeko yayinokuzihlela ngokusesikweni nangokusemthethweni.
- I-Groote Schuur Minute (Meyi 1990) kunye ne-Pretoria Minute (Agasti 1990) zamisela imigaqo esisiseko; i-ANC yamisa okwexeshana umzabalazo oxhobileyo.
- Ukususwa kwesithintelo yayiyimeko esisiseko efunekayo phambi kwazo naziphi na iingxoxo ezisemthethweni.
Speaker notes
Le slayidi iphawula elona nqanaba lohexo lubalulekileyo. Yenza kucace ukulandelelana: ukususwa kwesithintelo kuqala (2 kuFebruwari), emva koko ukukhululwa kukaMandela (11 kuFebruwari). Chaza ii-'Minutes' njengezivumelwano ezakha uthembeko ezenza iingxoxo zibe nokwenzeka - i-Groote Schuur ne-Pretoria Minutes zajongana nokubuya kwabagxothwa elizweni, ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa nokumiswa komzabalazo oxhobileyo. Buza abafundi ukuba kutheni ukususwa kwesithintelo kwakufuneka kuze phambi koxoxo-mvumelwano: umbutho othintelweyo awunako ukumela abantu bawo ngokusemthethweni etafileni.
Ukusuka kuxoxo-mvumelwano ukuya kwintando yesininzi, 1990-1998
- 1990 Imibutho isuswa isithintelo; uMandela uyakhululwa (Feb)
- 1991 I-CODESA I ihlangana eKempton Park (Dis)
- 1992 I-CODESA II iyaxinga; iziganeko zokubulawa kwabantu eBoipatong naseBisho; iRecord of Understanding
- 1993 IMultiparty Negotiating Forum; uChris Hani uyabulawa; umgaqo-siseko wethutyana uyavunyelwana (Nov)
- 1994 Unyulo lokuqala lwentando yesininzi (27 Epreli); uMandela ubekwa esikhundleni (10 Meyi)
- 1996 Iimvavanyo zikawonke-wonke ze-TRC ziyaqala; umGaqo-siseko wokugqibela wamkelwa
- 1998 I-TRC inikezela ngengxelo yayo yokugqibela (Okt)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa olu landelelwano lwexesha njengomqolo wesifundo. Bonisa ipatheni abafundi ekufuneka bayihlalutye: uxoxo-mvumelwano wawungathambanga okanye ungahambanga ngokuthe ngqo. Waphindaphinda wawa (1992) waza wahlangulwa (Record of Understanding), yiyo loo nto ababhali-mbali bethi olu tshintsho lwalubuthathaka luxhomekeke kwiimeko, lungenakuphepheka. Buyela kule slayidi njengoko isiganeko ngasinye sixoxwa.
Ubundlobongela nokungathembani kuphantse kwaziwisa iingxoxo
Uxoxo-mvumelwano wenzeka phakathi kobundlobongela bezopolitiko apho amacala omabini ayetyholana ngokubuvuselela.
Phakathi ko-1990 no-1994 amawaka abantu afela kubundlobongela bezopolitiko, ngakumbi ungquzulwano phakathi kwabaxhasi be-ANC ne-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), ekuthiwa babuvuselelwa 'ngumkhosi wesithathu' (third force) ngaphakathi kwecandelo lezokhuseleko. Iziganeko ezibini zokubulawa kwabantu ngo-1992 zasondeza iingxoxo emngciphekweni wokuwa.
- Isiganeko sokubulawa kwabantu eBoipatong (17 kuJuni 1992): malunga nabahlali abangama-45 babulawa; i-ANC yamisa okwexeshana uxoxo-mvumelwano.
- Isiganeko sokubulawa kwabantu eBisho (7 kuSeptemba 1992): amajoni aseCiskei adubula abaqhankqalazi be-ANC, abulala malunga nabantu abangama-28.
- Amaqela abamhlophe angasekunene (right-wing) neenkokeli zamazwe-ngempambili (homelands) zasongela ngokutshabalalisa naliphi na isivumelwano.
Speaker notes
Le slayidi iphuhlisa ingongoma yohlalutyo yokuba utshintsho lwalunokusilela. Chaza isityholo 'somkhosi wesithathu' (third force) - ubungqina bokuba ezinye iinxalenye zemikhosi yezokhuseleko zabuvuselela ngasese ubundlobongela ukwenza i-ANC ibe buthathaka. IBoipatong yabangela ukuphuma kwe-ANC kwiingxoxo kunye nexesha 'lentshukumo yabantu abaninzi eqhubekayo' (rolling mass action). IBisho yatyhila ingozi yeenkqubo zamazwe-ngempambili (homelands). Gxininisa ukuba izigqibo zeenkokeli zokubuyela etafileni, nangona kwakukho ezi ziphembeleli, zezona zasindisa isivumelwano. [SME] Amanani abantu abasweleke eBoipatong adla ngokunikwa njengama-45; qinisekisa inani elikhethwa lisebe lakho.
I-CODESA I ne-CODESA II
IConvention for a Democratic South Africa yayingumzamo wokuqala wamaqela amaninzi wokuxoxa ngolungelelwaniso olutsha lomgaqo-siseko.
I-CODESA I yahlangana ngomhla wama-20-21 kuDisemba 1991 eWorld Trade Centre eKempton Park, apho uninzi lwamaqela lwasayina iDeclaration of Intent (iSibhengezo seNjongo) esizibophelela kuMzantsi Afrika ongahlukananga, wentando yesininzi. Emva koko i-CODESA II (Meyi 1992) yadilika yaxinga (deadlock).
- Amaqela ayengavumelani ngenani lezininzi elifunekayo ukwamkela umgaqo-siseko omtsha nangokwabelana ngamandla.
- Urhulumente wayefuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lwabambalwa; i-ANC yayifuna ulawulo olucacileyo lwesininzi.
- I-IFP kunye nezinye iinkokeli zamazwe-ngempambili (homelands) zazingakhululekanga ngoburhulumente obuphakathi obuqinileyo.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-CODESA njengeyamaqela amaninzi (ingekuphela nje i-ANC norhulumente): malunga neqela labathunywa abangama-19 lathatha inxaxheba, kuquka nolawulo lwamazwe-ngempambili kunye namaqela amancinci. IDeclaration of Intent yayiyimpumelelo yokwenene yendawo eqhelekileyo yokuvumelana. Kodwa i-CODESA II yawa ngenxa yombuzo obalulekileyo wobugcisa wezininzi ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo ukubhala umgaqo-siseko - owawumele umlo onzulu phakathi kolawulo lwesininzi kunye negunya lokwala labambalwa (minority veto). Nxulumanisa oku kuxinga nesizathu sokuba kwafuneka iforam eyahlukileyo (i-MPNF) ngo-1993.
IRecord of Understanding ne-MPNF
Emva kokuwa kuka-1992, ukwakhiwa kothembeko phakathi kwamacala amabini kunye neforam entsha kwabuyisela utshintsho endleleni.
Ngomhla wama-26 kuSeptemba 1992 uMandela noDe Klerk basayina i-Record of Understanding, isivumelwano samacala amabini malunga namabanjwa, iihostele nokuphathwa kwezixhobo esabuyisela ukushukuma. Iingxoxo zaqhubeka kwakhona ngo-1993 nge-Multiparty Negotiating Forum (MPNF).
- IRecord of Understanding yayibeka i-IFP ngasecaleni, eyarhoxa kwiingxoxo ngokuqhankqalaza okwexeshana.
- UCyril Ramaphosa (ANC) noRoelf Meyer (urhulumente) baba lujelo oluphambili phakathi kwamaqela amabini aphambili.
- Ukubulawa kwenkokeli ye-SACP uChris Hani ngomhla we-10 kuEpreli 1993 kwandisa umngcipheko kwaza kwatyhalela amaqela ukuba amisele umhla wonyulo ngokukhawuleza.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa inkqubo: ukusuka kwi-CODESA yamacala amaninzi eyasilelayo ukuya kwidibaniso lezivumelwano eziqinileyo zamacala amabini (Record of Understanding) kunye neforam ebanzi (MPNF). Gqamisa 'ujelo' lukaRamaphosa noMeyer njengomzekelo wendlela othembeko lomntu phakathi kwabaxoxi olwalubaluleke ngayo. Hlalutya ukubulawa kukaHani njengento echaseneyo (paradox) - umzuzu owawunokuvuselela imfazwe yamakhaya kodwa isibongozo sikaMandela kumabonakude sokuba kuzoliswe sawuguqula waba luxinzelelo lomhla oqinileyo wonyulo (owabhengezwa kungekudala emva koko). [SME] Qinisekisa indlela okubekwa ngayo ukuphuma kwe-IFP kunye nokubuya kwayo kamva.
Izivumelwano ezenza intando yesininzi yenzeke
Intando yesininzi yaqinisekiswa ngeziqinisekiso ezaxoxwayo ezathuthuzela urhulumente owawusemka.
Iimigaqo yokutshona kwelanga (sunset clauses)
Isindululo sikaJoe Slovo sika-1992: uRhulumente woManyano lweSizwe (Government of National Unity) nokhuseleko lomsebenzi kubasebenzi bakarhulumente ixesha elimisiweyo, kuthomalalisa uloyiko lwabamhlophe lotshintsho olungxamisekileyo.
Umgaqo-siseko wethutyana
Wamkelwa ngomhla we-18 kuNovemba 1993, wamisela imigaqo engama-34 ekwakufuneka umgaqo-siseko wokugqibela uyihlangabezane nayo, waza wadala isakhelo sonyulo luka-1994.
URhulumente woManyano lweSizwe
Amaqela aneevoti ezingaphezu kwe-5% afumana izihlalo zekhabhinethi; lawo angaphezu kwama-20% ayenokuchonga usekela-mongameli - ukwabelana ngamandla iminyaka emihlanu.
Speaker notes
Le yintliziyo yohlalutyo yokufika kwentando yesininzi. Chaza ii-'sunset clauses': inkokeli ye-SACP uJoe Slovo waphikisa esithi i-ANC kufuneka inikeze izivumelwano - ukwabelana ngamandla neziqinisekiso kubasebenzi bakarhulumente abakhoyo nemikhosi yezokhuseleko - ukususa isikhuthazo secala eloyisiweyo sokutshabalalisa isivumelwano. Xoxa nabafundi: ngaba ezi zivumelwano zaziyintlawulo esebenzayo yokudlulisela amandla ngoxolo, okanye zazisimbelela iinxalenye zolawulo oludala zaza zacothisa uguqulo? [SME] Qinisekisa amagama omda wesihlalo sekhabhinethi ye-GNU (amaqela angaphezu kwe-5% afumana izihlalo zekhabhinethi; angaphezu kwama-20% afumana usekela-mongameli).
Unyulo lokuqala lwentando yesininzi
Okokuqala ngqa, abemi boMzantsi Afrika bazo zonke iintlanga bavota kunyulo lwesizwe olunye.
Ukuvota kwenzeka kwiintsuku ezininzi, kunye no-27 kuEpreli 1994 njengosuku oluphambili lokuvota - ngoku olubhiyozelwa njenge-Freedom Day (uSuku loBhiyozo lweNkululeko). I-IFP yavuma ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintsuku nje phambi konyulo, kwaye igama layo longezelelwa kumaphepha okuvota ngesitiki (sticker). Inani labavoti lalilikhulu, kunye nemigca emide, enomonde kulo lonke ilizwe.
- Malunga nezigidi ezingama-19.7 zeevoti ezisemthethweni zafakwa kunyulo oluzolileyo.
- Lwalulunyulo olusekayo, olungakhethi buhlanga phantsi kwelungelo lokuvota labantu abadala bonke.
- Unyulo lwazisa ubunyani obusemthethweni (legitimacy) obabuswelekile kumashumi eminyaka olawulo lobandlululo.
Speaker notes
Dlulisela amandla obuntu nawophawu we-27 kuEpreli: imifanekiso yemigca emide ngeekhilomitha, abantu abadala bevota okokuqala. Chaza inxaxheba yokugqibela ye-IFP, eyathintela ukubhengezwa (boycott) nobundlobongela obabunokwenzeka eKwaZulu-Natal. Xoxa ngobunyani obusemthethweni (legitimacy) njengengcamango ephambili - oorhulumente bobandlululo abazange bakhethwe luninzi lwabemi boMzantsi Afrika, ngoko olu nyulo 'lwalusekayo' kuba ludale urhulumente othe uninzi lwawuvuma njengowawo. [SME] Inani leevoti ezisemthethweni elidla ngokukhankanywa limalunga nezigidi ezingama-19.7; qinisekisa ngokuchasene nomthombo okhethwa lisebe.
Isiphumo kunye noRhulumente woManyano lweSizwe
I-ANC yaphumelela ngesininzi esicacileyo, waza urhulumente wokwabelana ngamandla wangena esikhundleni phantsi kukaNelson Mandela.
I-ANC yaphumelela malunga ne-62.6% yeevoti, i-National Party malunga nama-20.4%, kwaye i-IFP malunga ne-10.5%. Njengoko kwakuvunyelwene, kwasekwa u-Rhulumente woManyano lweSizwe. UNelson Mandela wabekwa esikhundleni njengoMongameli ngomhla we-10 kuMeyi 1994, kunye noThabo Mbeki no-F.W. de Klerk njengoosekela-mongameli.
- I-ANC yaphumelela isininzi kodwa hayi izibini kwithathu (two-thirds) ezazifunekayo ukubhala umgaqo-siseko wokugqibela yodwa.
- I-NP ne-IFP zombini zathatha izihlalo kwikhabhinethi phantsi kwesivumelwano sokwabelana ngamandla.
- UmGaqo-siseko wokugqibela, ohlonipha imigaqo eyayivunyelwene, wamkelwa ngo-1996.
Speaker notes
Nika abafundi iziphumo eziphambili kodwa ugxile kuhlalutyo lweziphumo zazo. Isininzi se-ANC sasingaphantsi kwezibini kwithathu (two-thirds), into eyayithetha ukuba umgaqo-siseko wokugqibela wawusafanele uxoxwe kwiConstitutional Assembly - kuqinisa ipolitiki yemvumelwano. Qaphela ukuba i-NP kaDe Klerk kamva yarhoxa kwi-GNU ngo-1996, ibonisa imida yokwabelana ngamandla okunyanzelisiweyo. Nxulumanisa umGaqo-siseko ka-1996 nemigaqo engama-34 eyavunyelwana kuwo umgaqo-siseko wethutyana. [SME] Iipesenti zeevoti (ANC 62.65%, NP 20.39%, IFP 10.54%) zixelwa ngokubanzi; qinisekisa amanani achanekileyo.
Ukusekwa kweKomishoni yeNyaniso Noxolelwaniso
Endaweni yeenkundla zamatyala ezinjengeNuremberg okanye uxolelo olubanzi lonke (blanket amnesty), uMzantsi Afrika wakhetha ukubalana esidlangalaleni nexesha lawo elidlulileyo.
Alikho ikamva ngaphandle koxolelo. UMbhishophu Omkhulu uDesmond Tutu, uSihlalo we-TRC
I-TRC yasekwa ngu-Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (uMthetho 34 ka-1995) yaza yasihlalelwa ngu-Mbhishophu Omkhulu uDesmond Tutu. Injongo yayo yayikukumisela umfanekiso opheleleyo kangangoko wokunyhashwa okukhulu kwamalungelo oluntu okwenzeka phakathi ko-1960 no-1994, nokukhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe noxolelwaniso.
- Yanika 'indlela yesithathu' phakathi kokutshutshisa wonke umntu (ubulungisa bempindezelo / retributive justice) nokulibala (uxolelo olubanzi lonke / blanket amnesty).
- Indlela yayo yasekelwa kwiingcamango zobulungisa bokubuyisela (restorative justice) nengcamango yobuntu.
- Amaxhoba anikwa iqonga likawonke-wonke lokubalisa amabali awo nokuvunywa ngokusesikweni.
Speaker notes
Beka i-TRC njengobulungisa boguqu (transitional justice) - izigqibo uluntu oluzenzayo malunga nokuphendula xa lusuka kulawulo lozwilakhe lusiya kwintando yesininzi. Thelekisa ngokufutshane neenketho: iinkundla zohlobo lweNuremberg (ezazinomngcipheko wokungazinzisi isivumelwano nemikhosi yezokhuseleko) ngokuchasene noxolelo olubanzi nokuthula (okwakuvimba amaxhoba ubulungisa nenyaniso). Chaza ubulungisa bokubuyisela nobuntu njengesiseko sentanda-bulumko awasigxininisayo uTutu. Qaphela ukuba igunya lalibandakanya ukunyhashwa kwamacala onke, kuquka imibutho yenkululeko, ingekuphela nje urhulumente.
Iikomiti ezintathu, inkqubo enye
IKomishoni yaqokelela inyaniso ngobungqina bukawonke-wonke kunye noxolelo olunemiqathango (conditional amnesty).
Ukunyhashwa kwaMalungelo oLuntu
Yamamela ubungqina bamaxhoba nabasindileyo kwiimvavanyo zikawonke-wonke ezineemvakalelo ezazisasazwa esizweni ukususela ngo-1996.
Uxolelo (Amnesty)
Yayinokunika uxolelo kwabenzi-bubi abenza intyilo-lwazi epheleleyo yolwaphulo-mthetho olunenjongo zezopolitiko - inyaniso ithengiselwana nenkululeko ekutshutshisweni.
Ukubuyekeza noBuyiselo (Reparation and Rehabilitation)
Yacebisa ngendlela amaxhoba ekufanele axhaswe aze abuyekezwe ngayo ngurhulumente.
Speaker notes
Chaza intengiselwano ebalulekileyo neneempikiswano ephakathi kwi-TRC: uxolelo olunemiqathango. Uxolelo lwalungazenzekeliyo - abafaki-zicelo kwakufuneka batyhile ngokupheleleyo inyaniso ngezenzo ezazilingene kwaye zinenjongo zezopolitiko. Thelekisa iimvavanyo zamaxhoba ezichukumisa nzulu (iKomiti yokuNyhashwa kwaMalungelo oLuntu) neemvavanyo zoxolelo ezinobugqwetha ngakumbi. Buza abafundi: ngaba ukuthengiselana ngoxolelo ngenyaniso yintlawulo elungileyo? Ufumana ntoni ixhoba, kwaye lincama ntoni?
I-TRC: impumelelo nezigxeko
I-TRC ihlonitshwa ehlabathini lonke, kodwa ababhali-mbali nabemi boMzantsi Afrika basaxoxa ngokuba yafeza kangakanani na.
IKomishoni yamamela iingxelo ezingaphezu kwama-20,000 yaza yanikezela ngengxelo yayo ephambili yokugqibela ngoOktobha 1998 (kunye neminye imiqulu kamva). Yabhala phantsi izenzo ezimasikizi ezazikhanyelwe, yanika amaxhoba ukuvunywa esidlangalaleni, yaza yanceda ukuthintela umjikelo wempindezelo. Kodwa irekhodi yayo iyaphikiswa.
- Impumelelo: yatyhila iinyaniso ezifihliweyo, yenza amaxhoba abe ngabantu, yaza yanika umzekelo wokubalana ngoxolo ofundwa kwihlabathi lonke.
- Izigxeko: uxolelo lwavimba ezinye iintsapho ubulungisa; ukubuyekezwa kwamaxhoba kwakubonwa ngokubanzi njengokucothayo nokunganelanga.
- Abenzi-bubi abaninzi abaphambili bala ukusebenzisana, kwaye abanye bakruquka nokuba 'uxolelwaniso' lwaphunyezwa ngokwenene na.
Speaker notes
Khokela abafundi kwisigwebo esilinganiselweyo, esisekelwe kubungqina kunokuba sesigqibo esilula. Impumelelo: ukuvuma, ukwakhiwa kwerekhodi, nokuphepha ukuphalazwa kwegazi lempindezelo. Izigxeko: amaxhoba ngokufuthi ayeziva engancedwanga ngokwaneleyo xa abenzi-bubi behamba bekhululekile emva kokuvuma, naxa ukubuyekezwa okwakuthenjisiwe kucotha. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-TRC yazuza 'inyaniso' ngaphezu 'koxolelwaniso', nokuba ayizange ijongane nelifa loqoqosho olusakhelweyo lobandlululo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba balinganise onke amacala. [SME] Qinisekisa amanani eengxelo/eemvavanyo kunye nomhla ochanekileyo wokunikezelwa kwengxelo yokugqibela (Oktobha 1998; iminye imiqulu ka-2003).
Intando yesininzi eyaxoxwayo nokubalana okungagqitywanga
UMzantsi Afrika waphepha imfazwe yamakhaya ngesivumelwano, waza wazama ukuphilisa ngokuxela inyaniso - zombini ezi mpumelelo zisaxoxwa.
Utshintsho luka-1990-1994 lubonisa imbali eyenziwa zizigqibo zabantu phantsi koxinzelelo: ukungoyisani, ukufumana indlela, ukuwa okuphindaphindekayo, kunye nezivumelwano ezazuzwa nzima ezavelisa unyulo lwentando yesininzi norhulumente wokwabelana ngamandla. Emva koko i-TRC yazama ukujongana nexesha elidlulileyo ngenyaniso endaweni yempindezelo - uvavanyo olunesibindi apho iimpumelelo neentsilelo zalo zisaxoxwa nanamhlanje.
Q. Chaza ukuba kutheni uxoxo-mvumelwano phakathi ko-1990 no-1994 lunokuchazwa njengolubuthathaka nolutshileka lula. Bhekisa kubuncinane kwiziganeko ezibini ezithile. (8 marks)
Q. Zaziluncedo kangakanani na ii-'sunset clauses' kunye noRhulumente woManyano lweSizwe ekuqinisekiseni utshintsho oluzolileyo ukuya kwintando yesininzi? (6 marks)
Q. 'I-TRC yaphumelela inyaniso kodwa hayi uxolelwaniso olupheleleyo.' Ngaba uyavuma? Xhasa uluvo lwakho ngobungqina. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Dibanisa iziqingatha ezimbini zomxholo: ukufika kwentando yesininzi (isivumelwano sezopolitiko esaxoxwayo, esixhomekeke kwiimeko) nokujongana nexesha elidlulileyo (ubulungisa boguqu nge-TRC). Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu ukuvavanya izakhono zohlalutyo lwemithombo nokubhala okwandisiweyo kwinqanaba leBanga 12; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kubonisa iindlela ze-CAPS zezincoko neziqendu. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba zombini izivumelwano ezaxoxwayo kunye nomsebenzi ongagqitywanga we-TRC zinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo neengxoxo zoMzantsi Afrika wanamhlanje.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The coming of democracy and coming to terms with the past
- Resource type
- Presentation