Indlela izakhamuzi ezijwayelekile zase-United States (iMelika) ezabhekana ngayo nokwehlukaniswa ngokwebala phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1970 - nokuthi umzabalazo wazo wawufana ngani nowaseNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokuchaza umphakathi ohleliwe (civil society): amaqembu ezakhamuzi ahleliwe - amabandla, izinhlangano zabafundi, izinyunyana, izinhlangano zomphakathi - asebenza ngokuzimela kuHulumeni ukuze afune ushintsho. Le yunithi ihlola iminyakazo emibili yaseMelika exhumene: uMnyakazo Wamalungelo Omphakathi (Civil Rights Movement, cishe u-1954-1965) kanye noMnyakazo we-Black Power owaphuma kuwo. Beka umbuzo oyisisekelo salesi sifundo: uma ukubhikisha okunokuthula, okuhlonipha umthetho kuhlangatshezwana nodlame nokubambezeleka, iminyakazo isabela kanjani? Khombisa ukuthi sizoqhubeka siqhathanisa nomzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo abafundi asebewazi.
Cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngemva kokuphela kobugqila, imithetho yakwa-'Jim Crow' yagcina abantu abamnyama baseMelika behlukanisiwe futhi bengalingani.
Ubugqila baqedwa ngo-1865, kodwa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1870 izifundazwe eziningi eziseNingizimu zaphasisa imithetho yakwa-Jim Crow eyaphoqelela ukwehlukaniswa ngokwebala ezikoleni, ezokuthutha, ezindaweni zokudlela nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Icala loMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezomthetho lango-1896 elithi Plessy v. Ferguson lavumela izinsiza 'ezihlukene kodwa ezilinganayo' - kepha empeleni zazihlukene futhi zingalingani nakancane.
- Izakhamuzi ezimnyama zazibhekana nezivivinyo zokufunda nokubhala nezintela zokuvota (poll taxes) ezazakhelwe ukuzincisha ilungelo lokuvota.
- Udlame ngokwebala, okuhlanganisa ukubulawa kwabantu ngokubalengisa (lynching), lwasetshenziswa ukuphoqelela ubukhosi babamhlophe.
- Isiqhathaniso: njengokwehlukaniswa ngokwebala eNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kuka-1948, ubandlululo lwase-US lwalusemthethweni, luhlelekile futhi lwenzeka nsuku zonke.
Speaker notes
Dweba isiqhathaniso esisobala neNingizimu Afrika: 'ukuhlukana kodwa kulingana' e-US kwakufana nengqondo yobandlululo eyayizogcina ihlelwe ngokusemthethweni kamuva. Gcizelela ukuthi ukwehlukaniswa ngokwebala eNingizimu yaseMelika kwakusekelwa ngumthetho (de jure) eNingizimu futhi kwakusekelwa ngesiko (de facto) eNyakatho. Lesi sizinda sichaza ukuthi kungani okuqondwe kuqala umnyakazo kwakuyizinjini zomthetho zokwehlukanisa. Qaphela ukuthi i-US yayinomthethosisekelo obhaliwe nezinkantolo, okwanika abashisekeli indlela esemthethweni abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ababengenayo empeleni.
Ngomhla ka-17 Meyi 1954 uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezomthetho wase-US wanquma ukuthi izikole zomphakathi ezehlukanisiwe zaziphambene nomthethosisekelo.
I-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), isebenzisa abameli abanjengo-Thurgood Marshall, yaphonsela inselelo ukwehlukaniswa kwezikole enkantolo. Kwelithi Brown v. Board of Education iNkantolo yalichitha ngazwi linye elithi 'kuhlukene kodwa kulingana' emfundweni, yanquma ukuthi ukufunda okwehlukanisiwe ngokwemvelo kwakungalingani.
- Isinqumo sanika umnyakazo amandla ngokomthetho negunya lokuziphatha okuhle.
- Izifundazwe eziningi zaseNingizimu zamelana naso, futhi ukuqedwa kokwehlukaniswa kwaba nzima, kuhamba kancane futhi kuphikiswana ngokushuba.
- Ngo-1957 kwathunyelwa amabutho kahulumeni ombuso (federal) eLittle Rock, e-Arkansas, ukuvikela abafundi abamnyama abayisishiyagalolunye abangena esikoleni samabanga aphezulu sabamhlophe.
Speaker notes
Gqamisa ukuthi umnyakazo wasebenza ezinhlangothini ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: ezinkantolo nasemigwaqweni. I-Brown yayiwukunqoba ngokomthetho, kodwa isinqumo senkantolo sodwa asikushintshanga ukuphila kwansuku zonke - ukumelana kwabamhlophe ('massive resistance') kwakhombisa ukuthi imithetho yayidinga isenzo sesixuku esiyisekela. I-Little Rock iyisibonelo esicacile sokuthi uHulumeni kwakumele afike kuphi ukuphoqelela umyalelo wenkantolo. Lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kwamasu ezomthetho nawesixuku kuhamba kuyo yonke le yunithi.
Ukuboshwa kukaRosa Parks kwavusa ukuvimbela kwezinsuku ezingu-381 okwenza ukubhikisha kwesixuku okungenadlame kwaba amandla azwelonke.
Ngomhla ka-1 Disemba 1955 u-Rosa Parks waboshwa eMontgomery, e-Alabama, ngokwenqaba ukudedela isihlalo sakhe sasebhasini kumgibeli omhlophe. Umphakathi omnyama wasabela ngokuvimbela amabhasi edolobha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, kunalokho behamba ngezinyawo bekhwelisana ngezimoto. Umfundisi osemusha, u-Dr Martin Luther King Jr, wakhethwa ukuhola lo mkhankaso.
- Ukuvimbela kwayilimaza ngezimali inkampani yamabhasi futhi kwaheha ukunakwa kuzwelonke.
- Ngasekupheleni kuka-1956 uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezomthetho wanquma ukuthi ukwehlukaniswa kwamabhasi eMontgomery kwakuphambene nomthethosisekelo.
- Kwamemezela uKing njengomholi futhi kwafakazela amandla esenzo sesixuku esinesiyalo, esingenadlame.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi kungani iMontgomery ibaluleke njengephuzu lokuguquka: yasusa umzabalazo emakhotweni yawuyisa emiphakathini. Qaphela ukuthi uParks wayengumshisekeli one-NAACP onolwazi, hhayi nje umgibeli okhathele - ukuma kwakhe kwakunezimiso futhi kuhleliwe. Impumelelo yokuvimbela yancika ekuzidelaleni kwabantu abajwayelekile isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Dweba isiqhathaniso nokuvinjelwa kwamabhasi eNingizimu Afrika (e-Alexandra 1957) noMkhankaso Wokwedelela (Defiance Campaign) - amasu afanayo engcindezelo yezomnotho nesiyalo sesixuku.
Bevuselelwa uGandhi nebandla labamnyama, abashisekeli basebenzisa isenzo esiqondile esinesiyalo, esinokuthula ukuveza okungenabulungiswa.
Ukuhlala phansi (sit-ins)
Kusukela ngo-1960, abafundi bathatha izindawo zokudlela 'zabamhlophe kuphela', beqala eGreensboro, eNorth Carolina.
Freedom Rides (Uhambo Lwenkululeko)
Ngo-1961 abagibeli bezinhlanga ezixubile baphonsela inselelo ukwehlukaniswa emabhasini adlula phakathi kwezifundazwe, bebhekana nodlame lwesixuku.
Imashi nokuvimbela
Izinhlangano ezinjenge-SCLC ne-SNCC zahola imashi, imikhankaso yokubhalisa abavoti nokuvimbela kwezomnotho.
Speaker notes
Chaza ifilosofi: ukungabi nadlame kwakuyisibopho sokuziphatha okuhle kanye nesu ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokuhlala benokuthula ngenkathi behlaselwa, ababhikishi bazuza uzwelo lomphakathi futhi baveza ubulwane bokwehlukaniswa - ikakhulukazi kumabonakude. Yethula izinhlangano ezibalulekile: i-SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference, kaKing), i-SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) ne-CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). Gcizelela indima ehamba phambili yentsha nabafundi - iphuzu lokuqhathanisa neminyakazo yabafundi baseNingizimu Afrika kamuva kule yunithi.
Izithombe zezinja zamaphoyisa nemipompi yamanzi anamandla eqondiswe kubabhikishi abanokuthula zashaqisa umhlaba.
Ngo-1963 i-SCLC yaqonda i-Birmingham, e-Alabama, elinye lamadolobha ehlukaniswe ngokwebala kakhulu e-US. Lapho amaphoyisa esebenzisa izinja nemipompi yamanzi anamandla amakhulu ngokumelene nabahamba emashini - kuhlanganisa nezingane - amakhamera kamabonakude athwala lezo zithombe kuyo yonke iMelika nomhlaba, akha ingcindezi kuHulumeni ombuso (federal) ukuba athathe isinyathelo.
- UKing waboshwa futhi wabhala incwadi yakhe edumile ethi 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' evikela isenzo esiqondile.
- Abezindaba benza okungenabulungiswa kwendawo kwaba udaba luzwelonke nolwamazwe ngamazwe.
- Intukuthelo yomphakathi yasiza ekuphoqeleleni uMongameli Kennedy ukuba ahlongoze umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi.
Speaker notes
Gxila endimeni yabezindaba njengesikhali somphakathi ohleliwe. Umnyakazo wawufuna ngamabomu ukubhekana ngqo ezindaweni lapho impendulo enodlame yayizobanjwa yikhamera, uguqula ingcindezelo yendawo ibe ingcindezi yezepolitiki kazwelonke. Funda noma ubeke ngamanye amagama umugqa osencwadini ethi 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' mayelana nomsebenzi wokuziphatha wokungahloniphi imithetho engenabulungiswa. Qhathanisa nendlela izithombe zaseSharpeville (1960) nakamuva iSoweto (1976) ezahlanganisa ngayo umbono womhlaba ngokumelene nobandlululo.
Cishe abantu abangu-250,000 baqoqana ngokuthula eLincoln Memorial ukufuna imisebenzi nenkululeko.
Nginephupho lokuthi izingane zami ezine ezincane ngelinye ilanga ziyophila esizweni lapho ziyokwahlulelwa khona hhayi ngombala wesikhumba sazo kodwa ngokuqukethwe yisimilo sazo. Dr Martin Luther King Jr, Washington DC, 28 Agasti 1963
I-March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (Imashi eWashington Yemisebenzi Nenkululeko) yayiwumhlangano wezepolitiki omkhulu kunayo yonke i-US eyayike yawubona. Inkulumo kaKing yanika umnyakazo umbono onamandla wokuziphatha okuhle futhi yaba enye yezinkulumo ezidume kakhulu emlandweni. Imashi enokuthula, enesithunzi yaqinisa udaba lwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi kahulumeni ombuso (federal).
- Yahlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi, ezabasebenzi, ezamabandla nezabafundi.
- Yahlanganisa izidingo zokulingana ngokomthetho nezidingo zobulungiswa bezomnotho nemisebenzi.
- Yagcina ingcindezi eyaholela emithethweni emikhulu ngonyaka olandelayo.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi sithombe (slide) ukuhlanganisa impumelelo yesigaba esingenadlame. Qaphela izidingo ezimbili zemashi - 'Imisebenzi Nenkululeko' - ukuze abafundi babone ukuthi umnyakazo wawumayelana nokulingana kwezomnotho kanye nokomthetho, okwakubikezela ukugxekwa kwe-Black Power kamuva. Xoxa ngokuthi kungani umbono kaKing weMelika ehlanganisiwe, engaboni ngebala ubalulekile, futhi ulungiselele ukungqubuzana okuzayo: abanye abashisekeli babeyothi leli phupho lafika kancane kakhulu futhi lacela ukubekezela okukhulu kubantu abamnyama baseMelika.
Iminyaka yokubhikisha yaveza imithetho eyisigaba esibalulekile eyaqeda ukwehlukaniswa ngokwebala okusemthethweni.
I-Civil Rights Act of 1964 yenza kwaba icala ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlangeni, ebaleni, enkolweni, ebulilini noma emvelaphini yesizwe, futhi yavimbela ukwehlukaniswa ezindaweni zomphakathi nasemsebenzini. Ngemva kokucindezelwa ngonya kwabahambi bemashi e-Selma, i-Voting Rights Act of 1965 yenza kwaba icala imikhuba eyayisetshenziswa ukuvimba izakhamuzi ezimnyama ukuvota.
- Le mithetho kwakuyimpumelelo enkulu kunazo zonke yezomthetho yomnyakazo.
- Ukubhaliswa kwabavoti abamnyama eNingizimu kwakhuphuka ngamandla ngemva kuka-1965.
- Kepha ubuphofu, udlame lwamaphoyisa nokwehlukaniswa ngokwesiko (de facto), ikakhulukazi emadolobheni aseNyakatho, kwaqhubeka.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela imbangela nomphumela: ingcindezi eqhubekayo yomphakathi ohleliwe yaphoqa uHulumeni ukushintsha umthetho. Kodwa qeda ngomkhawulo obalulekile ovula ingxenye elandelayo - ukulingana ngokomthetho akuqedanga ubuphofu, ukungasebenzi, izindlu zamatilongo noma ubulwane bamaphoyisa, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni aseNyakatho njengendawo yaseWatts eLos Angeles, lapho kwaqubuka khona ukuvukela okukhulu ngo-1965. Leli gebe phakathi kwamalungelo asemthethweni nempilo yangempela yiyo kanye i-Black Power eyayizobhekana nayo.
- 1954 I-Brown v. Board of Education iqeda ukwehlukaniswa kwezikole okusemthethweni
- 1955 Ukuvinjelwa Kwamabhasi eMontgomery kuqala ngemva kokuboshwa kukaRosa Parks
- 1960 Ukuhlala phansi (sit-ins) eGreensboro; kusungulwa i-SNCC
- 1963 Umkhankaso waseBirmingham; Imashi eWashington
- 1964 I-Civil Rights Act; uMalcolm X uhlukana ne-Nation of Islam
- 1965 I-Voting Rights Act; uMalcolm X uyabulawa
- 1966 Kuphakanyiswa isiqubulo esithi 'Black Power'; kusungulwa i-Black Panther Party
- 1968 UMartin Luther King Jr uyabulawa eMemphis
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa uhla lwesikhathi ukuphawula ukushintsha kusukela esigabeni samalungelo omphakathi esingenadlame kuya esigabeni se-Black Power esinempi ngokwengeziwe cishe ngo-1965-1966. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukuthi ukubulawa kukaMalcolm X (1965) noKing (1968) kuvala nhlangothi zombili lolu shintsho. Leli yiphuzu okuphenduka kulo isifundo: kusukela ekuhlanganisweni nokungabi nadlame kuya ekuzimeleni, ekuziqhenyeni ngobumnyama, kanye, kwabanye, ekuzivikeleni ngezikhali.
Bekhungathekiswe ushintsho oluhamba kancane nodlame oluqhubekayo, abashisekeli abasebasha bafuna ukuzimela nokuziqhenya ngobumnyama.
U-Malcolm X wayeseke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu abamnyama baseMelika kufanele bakhe amandla abo bazivikele 'nganoma yiyiphi indlela edingekayo' (by any means necessary), esikhundleni sokulinda umusa wabamhlophe. Ngo-1966 u-Stokely Carmichael we-SNCC wenza saduma isiqubulo esithi 'Black Power', ememezela ukuzibusa kwabamnyama kwezepolitiki nakwezomnotho kanye nokuziqhenya ngobunikazi babamnyama.
- I-Black Panther Party, eyasungulwa ngo-1966, yahlanganisa ukuzivikela ngezikhali nezinhlelo zomphakathi ezinjengokudla kwasekuseni kwamahhala kwezingane.
- I-Black Power yagcizelela amasiko abamnyama, umlando nezikhungo ezizimele kunokuhlanganiswa.
- Abagxeki babesaba ukuthi yahlukanisa umnyakazo; abasekeli bathi yanika abantu abamnyama baseMelika isithunzi nokulawula.
Speaker notes
Yethula i-Black Power ngobulungiswa nangokuhlaziya, hhayi nje 'njengomnyakazo wodlame'. Yichaze njengempendulo emikhawulweni yangempela: amalungelo asemthethweni ayengabuqedanga ubuphofu noma udlame lwamaphoyisa. Hlukanisa inkulumo yokuzivikela odlameni olungakhethi. Qaphela umsebenzi obalulekile womphakathi wama-Black Panther. Leli iphuzu elihle lokukala amandla nobuthakathaka: i-Black Power yakha ukuziqhenya nokuzimela kodwa yabhekana nokucindezelwa okukhulu nguHulumeni (i-COINTELPRO ye-FBI) nokwehlukana kwangaphakathi. [SME] Qinisekisa izinga lemininingwane ngama-Black Panther ne-COINTELPRO efanele leli kilasi.
I-Civil Rights ne-Black Power zaziphikisana ngezindlela nangezinhloso kodwa zazabelana ngenhloso yenkululeko yabamnyama.
Speaker notes
Qondisa abafundi ukuba bahlole kunokuchaza nje. Buza: iyiphi indlela eyafeza okuningi, futhi ngokwesilinganiso esinjani? Ukungabi nadlame kwazuza imithetho eyisigaba esibalulekile nozwelo lomhlaba; i-Black Power yakha kabusha ubunikazi babamnyama nomfanekiso wokuzibona futhi yabhekana nengcindezelo yezomnotho neyengqondo imithetho eyayingayithintanga. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba bazibone zigqagqene futhi zilandelana kunokuba yizinto eziphambene nje - abaningi abashisekeli babenyakaza phakathi kwazo. Lesi siqhathaniso siyinto enhle kakhulu yezindaba (essay) ze-CAPS.
Umzabalazo waseMelika wavuselela, futhi wavuselelwa, ukumelana eNingizimu Afrika.
Le mizabalazo emibili yathonya omunye komunye ngokuqondile. Ngo-1962 u-Chief Albert Luthuli, uMongameli we-ANC nowawina uMklomelo Wokuthula weNobel, no-Martin Luther King Jr bakhipha ndawonye i-'Appeal for Action Against Apartheid'. Kamuva, imibono ye-Black Power nokuziqhenya ngobumnyama yasiza ukwakha u-Mnyakazo we-Black Consciousness (BCM) waseNingizimu Afrika, owawuholwa u-Steve Biko ngenhlangano ethi South African Students' Organisation (SASO).
- Yomibili iminyakazo yasebenzisa umphakathi ohleliwe - amabandla, abafundi namaqembu omphakathi - ngokumelene nemibuso enobandlululo.
- I-Black Consciousness yaphinda umyalezo we-Black Power wokuthi abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika kufanele bazikhulule ngokwengqondo ngaphambi kokuba bakhululeke ngokwezepolitiki.
- Umehluko obalulekile: umbuso wobandlululo waseNingizimu Afrika wawunika abashisekeli cishe izindlela ezingekho zomthetho noma zokuvota, ngakho ukubhikisha okunokuthula kwahlangatshezwana nokuvinjelwa, ukuboshwa nokufa.
Speaker notes
Lesi sithombe (slide) siyisisekelo semfuneko ye-'comparative civil society' yesihloko se-CAPS. Gcizelela kokubili ukuvuselelwa okwabelwana ngakho nomehluko obalulekile wesakhiwo: abashisekeli baseMelika babengathembela emthethweni-sisekelo, ezinkantolo nasekuvoteni, kanti ubandlululo lwazivala lezo minyango, okwaqhubela i-ANC emzabalazweni wezikhali ngo-1961. [SME] Qinisekisa ukujula kwethonya okushiwoyo le-US Black Power kuMnyakazo we-Black Consciousness waseNingizimu Afrika - izazi-mlando ziyavuma ukuthi kwaba khona ithonya (ngoFanon, imibhalo ye-US Black Power ne-Black Theology), kodwa qinisekisa ukuthi amagama awaweqisiwe ekilasini.
Ndawonye iminyakazo yaqeda ukwehlukaniswa ngokwebala okusemthethweni futhi yaguqula indlela ubunikazi babamnyama namalungelo okwakuqondwa ngayo.
UMnyakazo Wamalungelo Omphakathi (Civil Rights Movement) waqeda uhlaka lomthetho lokwehlukaniswa futhi wazuza amalungelo okuvota, kanti i-Black Power yakha kabusha ubunikazi babamnyama, isiko nokuzethemba. Ukubulawa kuka-Martin Luther King Jr ngomhla ka-4 Ephreli 1968 kwaba isibhaxu esibuhlungu kakhulu, kodwa iminyakazo yayiwushintshe unomphela umphakathi waseMelika futhi yavuselela imizabalazo yenkululeko emhlabeni wonke.
- Yakhombisa amandla omphakathi ohleliwe okuphoqa umbuso wentando yeningi ukuba ushintshe.
- Yashiya izinkulumo-mpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nendlela yokuvala igebe phakathi kwamalungelo asemthethweni nokulingana kwangempela.
- Amasu azo nezimpawu, kusukela emashini zesixuku kuya enqindini ephakanyisiwe, kwanwetsheka emhlabeni wonke.
Speaker notes
Vala ukuhlaziya ngokulinganisa impumelelo nomsebenzi ongakapheli: ukulingana ngokomthetho kwazuzwa, kodwa ukungalingani kwezomnotho, izindlu ezehlukanisiwe nodlame lwamaphoyisa kwaqhubeka - izindaba ezisenendlela namuhla. Mema abafundi ukuba bacabange ukuthi 'impumelelo' isho ukuthini emnyakazweni wokubhikisha. Qinisa uhlaka lokuqhathanisa: njengomzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo, le minyakazo yahlanganisa amasu amaningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi yathola amandla ezakhamuzini ezijwayelekile ezihleliwe emphakathini ohleliwe.
Hlola ukuqonda kwakho ngokubhikisha komphakathi ohleliwe ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kuya kwawo-1970.
Iminyakazo yase-US ye-Civil Rights ne-Black Power kwakuyizimpendulo ezimbili ezixhumene engcindezelweni ngokwebala: enye ifuna ukuhlanganiswa ngokungabi nadlame, enye ifuna ukuzibusa ngokuziqhenya ngobumnyama nokuzimela. Zombili zancika esenzweni esihleliwe sezakhamuzi ezijwayelekile, futhi zombili zazinokuxhumana okuqinile nomzabalazo wenkululeko waseNingizimu Afrika.
Q. Chaza ukuthi isu lomnyakazo lashintsha kanjani nokuthi kungani lisuka ku-Civil Rights liya ku-Black Power phakathi neminyaka yawo-1960. (8 marks)
Q. Qhathanisa izinhloso nezindlela zikaMartin Luther King Jr nomnyakazo we-Black Power. Ucabanga ukuthi yikuphi okwakusebenza kangcono, futhi kungani? (10 marks)
Q. Khomba izindlela ezimbili umzabalazo wase-US owawuxhumene ngazo nokubhikisha komphakathi ohleliwe eNingizimu Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo ehleliwe; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa imisebenzi ye-CAPS esekelwe emithonjeni neyokubhala okwengeziwe. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba baphikise ngendlela ecacile endabeni yokuqhathanisa, besebenzisa ubufakazi bezinhlangothi zombili. Bakhumbuze ukuthi 'okusebenza kangcono' akunampendulo eyodwa elungile - okubalulekile impikiswano esekelwe. Xhumanisa naphambili nesihloko esilandelayo mayelana noMnyakazo we-Black Consciousness kanye nendlela eya entandweni yeningi eNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil society protests 1950s-1970s
- Resource type
- Presentation