Indlela iinakhamuzi ezijayelekileko e-United States eziqalana ngayo nokuhlukaniswa ngokwebala hlangana neminyaka yabo-1950 nabo-1970 - nokobana umzabalazo wazo bewabelana ngani nowe-Sewula Afrika.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokuhlathulula i-civil society (umphakathi): amaqembu ahlelweko weenakhamuzi - amabandla, iinhlangano zabafundi, iinyunyana, neenhlangano zomphakathi - asebenza azimele kuHulumende ukubawa itjhuguluko. Le yunithi ihlola iimhlangano ezimbili ze-Melika ezihlobeneko: i-Civil Rights Movement (cabanga u-1954-1965) ne-Black Power Movement eyavela kuyo. Beka umbuzo ohlalako wesifundo: nangabe umbhikisho othula, ohlonipha umthetho, uhlangatjezwana nobudlobha nokubambezeleka, iimhlangano zisabela njani? Bonisa bona sizokuragela phambili sidweba iimfaniso nomzabalazo wokulwisana nobandlululo abafundi abavele bawaziko.
Ngemva kweminyaka ephosa ibe likhulu ubukhoboka buphelile, imithetho ye-'Jim Crow' yagcina abantu abamnyama beMelika behlukanisiwe bangalingani.
Ubukhoboka baqedwa ngo-1865, kodwana kusukela ngeminyaka yabo-1870 iinnarha ezinengi zeSewula zabeka imithetho ye-Jim Crow eyagandelela ukuhlukaniswa ngokwebala eenkolweni, ekuthutheni, eendaweni zokudlela nasezindaweni zoluntu. Icala le-Supreme Court lango-1896 elithi Plessy v. Ferguson lavumela iindawo 'ezihlukileko kodwana ezilinganako' - kodwana ngokwenzeka bezihlukene khulu zingalingani.
- Iinakhamuzi ezimnyama bezijamelene neenhlolo zokufunda nokutlola (literacy tests) neentela zokuvota (poll taxes) ezakhelwe ukuzivimbela ivowudu.
- Ubudlobha bebala, kuhlanganise nokulengiswa (lynching), basetjenziswa ukugandelela ubukhosi babamhlophe.
- Ukumadanisa: njengokuhlukaniswa ngokwebala kweSewula Afrika ngaphambi kuka-1948, ubukhethabala beMelika bebusemthethweni, buhlelekile, benzeka qangqe.
Speaker notes
Dweba ifaniso ecacileko neSewula Afrika: 'ezihlukileko kodwana ezilinganako' e-US bekufana nengcondo yobandlululo eyayizokuhleleka ngokusemthethweni ngokukhamba kwesikhathi. Gandelela bona ukuhlukaniswa ngokwebala eSewula yeMelika bekusekelwa mthetho (de jure) eSewula begodu bekusekelwa mukghwa (de facto) eTlhagwini. Lo msuka uhlathulula bona kubayini into yokuqala ihlangano eyayiyihlosele bekuyimitjhini yomthetho yokuhlukaniswa. Tjheja bona i-US beyinomthethosisekelo otloliweko namakhotho, okwanikela abalweli indlela yomthetho ama-Afrika weSewula ayeswele khulu.
Ngomhla we-17 kuMrhayili 1954 i-Supreme Court yeMelika yakhupha isigwebo sokobana iinkolo zoluntu ezihlukaniswako bezingaphandle komthethosisekelo.
I-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), isebenzisa abameli abanjengo-Thurgood Marshall, yaphikisana nokuhlukaniswa kweenkolo ekhotho. Ecaleni lika-Brown v. Board of Education iKhotho yabhudula 'ezihlukileko kodwana ezilinganako' emfundweni ngezwi linye, ikhupha isigwebo sokobana ukufunda okuhlukaniswako kungakalingani ngokwendalo yakho.
- Isigwebo sanikela ihlangano amandla emthethweni negunya lokuziphatha.
- Iinnarha ezinengi zeSewula zajamelana nakho, begodu ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa bekukhamba kancani kuphikiswana ngobukhali.
- Ngo-1957 amabutho karhulumende wesifunda athunyelwa e-Little Rock, e-Arkansas, ukuvikela abafundi abamnyama abalithoba abangena esikolweni esiphakemeko sabamhlophe.
Speaker notes
Gqamisa bona ihlangano yasebenza eminqophweni emibili ngasikhathi sinye: emakhothweni nemitarateni. U-Brown bekukuphumelela komthetho, kodwana isigwebo sekhotho sodwa asizange sitjhugulule ipilo yaqangqe - ukujamelana kwabamhlophe ('massive resistance') kwatjengisa bona imithetho beyifuna isenzo sesixuku ngemva kwayo. I-Little Rock isibonelo esibonakalako sokobana uHulumende bekufuze aye kobana kukude kangangani ukugandelela isigwebo sekhotho. Ukuqinana hlangana namano womthetho newesixuku kutholakala kiyo yoke le yunithi.
Ukubotjhwa kuka-Rosa Parks kwadumbulula ukubhikotwa okwathatha amalanga ali-381 okwenza umbhikisho wesixuku ongenabudlobha waba mandla wesitjhaba.
Ngomhla woku-1 kuNobayeni 1955 u-Rosa Parks wabotjhwa e-Montgomery, e-Alabama, ngokwala ukunikela indawo yakhe yesitulo sebhesi kumkhweli omhlophe. Umphakathi omnyama wasabela ngokubhikotha iimbhesi zedorobho iminyaka edlula unyaka, bakhamba ngeenyawo babelane ngeemmoto endaweni yalokho. Umfundisi omutjha, u-Dr Martin Luther King Jr, wakhethwa ukurhola ijima.
- Ukubhikotha kwalimaza inkampani yeembhesi ngokweemali begodu kwadonsa ukunakwa kwesitjhaba.
- Ekupheleni kuka-1956 i-Supreme Court yakhupha isigwebo sokobana ukuhlukaniswa kweembhesi e-Montgomery kungaphandle komthethosisekelo.
- Kwaphakamisa u-King njengomrholi begodu kwafakazela amandla wesenzo sesixuku esiqinileko, esingenabudlobha.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona kubayini i-Montgomery iqakathekile njengendawo yokutjhuguluka: yathabisa umzabalazo isuka emakhothweni iwuyisa emiphakathini. Tjheja bona u-Parks bekasele amtjhoswa ephetjeko we-NAACP, ingasi nje umkhweli odiniweko - ukujama kwakhe bekunensika begodu kuhleliwe. Ukuphumelela kokubhikotha kwathembela emahlengweni wabantu abajayelekileko iminyaka edlula unyaka. Dweba ifaniso nokubhikotwa kweembhesi eSewula Afrika (Alexandra 1957) ne-Defiance Campaign - amasu afanako womtjhikizo weemali nokuqina kwesixuku.
Bagqugquzelwa nguGandhi neBandla labamnyama, abatjhoswa basebenzisa isenzo esiqondileko, esithula, esiqinileko ukubonisa ukungabi nabulungiswa.
Ii-sit-in
Kusukela ngo-1960, abafundi bahlala eendaweni zokudlela 'zabamhlophe kwaphela', kuthoma e-Greensboro, e-North Carolina.
Ii-Freedom Ride
Ngo-1961 abakhweli bebala elihlangeneko baphikisa ukuhlukaniswa eembhesini ezidlula iinnarha, baqalana nobudlobha besixuku.
Iimmasjhi neembhikotho
Iinhlangano ezinjenge-SCLC ne-SNCC zarhola iimmasjhi, iimkhankaso zokuvota neembhikotho zeemali.
Speaker notes
Vula ifilosofi: ukungabi nobudlobha bekuyisithembiso sokuziphatha nesu ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokuhlala bathula ngesikhathi bahlaselwa, ababhikisi bawina isirhawu soluntu babonisa isihluku sokuhlukaniswa ngokwebala - khulukhulu kuthelevitjhini. Ethula iinhlangano eziqakathekileko: i-SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King), i-SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) ne-CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). Gandelela indima erholako yabatjha nabafundi - indawo yokumadanisa neenhlangano zabafundi zeSewula Afrika ngokukhamba kwale yunithi.
Iimfaniso zezinja zamapholisa neempompi zamanzi ezikhandelwe ababhikisi abathulako zathusa iphasi.
Ngo-1963 i-SCLC yayihlosele i-Birmingham, e-Alabama, elinye lamadorobho ahlukaniswe ngokwebala khulu e-US. Lokha amapholisa nawasebenzisa izinja neempompi zamanzi enepresha ephezulu kubamatjhi - kuhlanganise nabantwana - iikhamera zethelevitjhini zathwala iimfaniso zidlula i-Melika nephasi loke, zakhela ipresha kuHulumende wombuso ukobana enze okuthileko.
- U-King wabotjhwa watlola incwadi yakhe edumileko ethi 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' evikela isenzo esiqondileko.
- Abezindaba benza ukungabi nabulungiswa kwendawo kwaba yindaba yesitjhaba nephasi loke.
- Ukusilingeka koluntu kwasiza kutjhukumisa uMongameli u-Kennedy ukobana aphakamise umthetho wamalungelo womuntu.
Speaker notes
Gxila endimeni yabezindaba njengesikhali soluntu. Ihlangano ngamabomu yafuna ukujamelana eendaweni lapho ukusabela ngobudlobha bekuzokubanjwa yikhamera, itjhugulula ukugandelelwa kwendawo kube yipresha yezepolotiki yesitjhaba. Funda namtjhana uhlathulule umgca ovela ku-'Letter from Birmingham Jail' ngomsebenzi wokuziphatha wokungahloniphi imithetho engenabulungiswa. Madanisa nendlela iimfaniso zeSharpeville (1960) nangemva kwalokho iSoweto (1976) ezakghwatha ngayo umbono wephasi ukulwisana nobandlululo.
Cabanga abantu abazii-250 000 babuthana ngokuthula e-Lincoln Memorial ukubawa imisebenzi nekululeko.
Nginebhudango lokobana abantwabami abane abancani ngelinye ilanga bazokuphila esitjhabeni lapho bangeze bahlulelwe ngombala weskhumba sabo kodwana ngokwesimilo sabo. Dr Martin Luther King Jr, Washington DC, 28 August 1963
Umtjhikizo we-March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom bekuwumbuthano wezepolotiki omkhulu i-US eyakhe yawubona. Ikulumo ka-King yanikela ihlangano umbono onamandla wokuziphatha begodu yaba yenye yeenkulumo ezidume khulu emlandweni. Umtjhikizo othulako, onesithunzi waqinisa ibanga lemithetho yamalungelo womuntu kaHulumende.
- Wahlanganisa iinhlangano ezinengi zamalungelo woluntu, zabasebenzi, zamabandla nezabafundi.
- Wahlanganisa iimbawo zokulingana emthethweni neembawo zobulungiswa bezomnotho nemisebenzi.
- Waraga ipresha eyaholela emithethweni emikhulu ngonyaka olandelako.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lo mtjhelo ukuqinisa okwafezwako sigaba sokungabi nobudlobha. Tjheja iimbawo ezimbili zomtjhikizo - 'Imisebenzi neKululeko' - ukwenzela abafundi babone bona ihlangano beyimayelana nokulingana kwezomnotho njengokulingana emthethweni, kubonisa ngaphambili ukugxeka kwe-Black Power okwalandelako. Cabangela bona kubayini umbono ka-King wemelika ehlanganisiweko, engaqaleli bala uqakathekile, begodu ubeke ukuqinana okuzako: abanye abatjhoswa bebazokuphikisa bona lo mbhudango weza kade khulu wabawa isineke esinengi ebantwini abamnyama beMelika.
Iminyaka yombhikisho yakhiqiza imithetho eyingiliba eyaphelisa ukuhlukaniswa ngokwebala okusemthethweni.
I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 yavimbela ukubandlulula okusekelwe ebaleni, embaleni weskhumba, ekukholweni, ebulilini namtjhana emsukeni wesitjhaba, begodu yavimbela ukuhlukaniswa ngokwebala eendaweni zoluntu nasemisebenzini. Ngemva kokugandelelwa okunesihluku kwabamatjhi e-Selma, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 yavimbela imikghwa eyayisetjenziswa ukuvimbela iinakhamuzi ezimnyama ukuvota.
- Le mithetho beyingokuphumelela okukhulu komthetho kwehlangano.
- Ukubhaliswa kwabavoti abamnyama eSewula kwanyuka khulu ngemva kuka-1965.
- Kodwana ubudududu, ubudlobha bamapholisa nokuhlukaniswa ngokwebala kwe-de facto, khulukhulu emadorobheni weTlhagwini, kwaragela phambili.
Speaker notes
Gandelela imbangela nomphumela: ipresha eqhubekako yoluntu yagandelela uHulumende ukobana atjhugulule umthetho. Kodwana phetha ngesivimbelo esiqakathekileko esivula isigaba esilandelako - ukulingana emthethweni akuzange kuqede ubudududu, ukungasebenzi, izindlu zomjondolo namtjhana ubudlobha bamapholisa, khulukhulu emadorobheni weTlhagwini njenge-Watts e-Los Angeles, lapho ukuvukela okukhulu kwaphuma khona ngo-1965. Umahluko lo hlangana namalungelo womthetho nepilo ephilwako kunto ncamancama i-Black Power movement eyayizoyilungisa.
- 1954 U-Brown v. Board of Education uqeda ukuhlukaniswa kweenkolo okusemthethweni
- 1955 Ukubhikotwa Kweembhesi ze-Montgomery kuyathoma ngemva kokubotjhwa kuka-Rosa Parks
- 1960 Ii-sit-in ze-Greensboro; i-SNCC yasungulwa
- 1963 Umkhankaso we-Birmingham; Umtjhikizo wase-Washington
- 1964 I-Civil Rights Act; u-Malcolm X wahlukana ne-Nation of Islam
- 1965 I-Voting Rights Act; u-Malcolm X wabulawa
- 1966 Ibizo elithi 'Black Power' laphakanyiswa; i-Black Panther Party yasungulwa
- 1968 U-Martin Luther King Jr wabulawa e-Memphis
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ilandelano yemihla ukubeka itjhuguluko elisuka esigabeni se-civil rights esingenabudlobha liya esigabeni se-Black Power esinobudlobha cabanga ngo-1965-1966. Bawa abafundi batjheje bona ukubulawa kuka-Malcolm X (1965) noKing (1968) kuvala njani lesi sikhonkgqo. Nasi isiphetho sesifundo: kusuka ekuhlanganiseni nokungabi nobudlobha kuya ekuzithembeni, ekuziqenyeni kwabamnyama, begodu, ngabanye, ukuzivikela ngezikhali.
Badaniswe litjhuguluko elikhamba kancani nobudlobha oburagako, abatjhoswa abatjha babawa ukuzithemba nokuziqenya kwabamnyama.
U-Malcolm X bekasele athe abantu abamnyama beMelika kufuze bakhe amandla wabo bazivikele 'ngayo yoke indlela edingekako', kunokuqalela umusa wabamhlophe. Ngo-1966 u-Stokely Carmichael we-SNCC wenza ibizo elithi 'Black Power' ladume, abawa ukuzibusa kwabamnyama kwezepolotiki nezomnotho kanye nokuziqenya ngobunjalo babamnyama.
- I-Black Panther Party, eyasungulwa ngo-1966, yahlanganisa ukuzivikela ngezikhali neenhlelo zomphakathi ezinjengokudla kwekuseni kwamahla ebantwaneni.
- I-Black Power yagandelela isiko labamnyama, umlando neenhlangano ezizimeleko ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa.
- Abagxeki basaba bona yehlukanisa ihlangano; abasekeli bathi yanikela abantu abamnyama beMelika isithunzi nokuzibusa.
Speaker notes
Ethula i-Black Power ngokulinganako nangokuhlaziya, ingasi njengonyana 'yihlangano enobudlobha' kwaphela. Yihlathulule njengokusabela emikhawulweni yamambala: amalungelo womthetho awuzange aqede ubudududu namtjhana ubudlobha bamapholisa. Hlukanisa ukukhuluma ngokuzivikela nobudlobha obungakhethiko. Tjheja umsebenzi omkhulu womphakathi we-Black Panthers. Le yindawo elungileko yokulinganisa amandla nobuthakathaka: i-Black Power yakha ukuziqenya nokuzithemba kodwana yaqalana nokugandelelwa okunamandla ngombuso (i-COINTELPRO ye-FBI) nokwehlukana ngaphakathi. [SME] Qinisekisa izinga leemininingwana nge-Black Panthers ne-COINTELPRO elifaneleko iklasi.
I-Civil Rights ne-Black Power zaphikisana ngamasu neminqopho kodwana zabelana umnqopho wekululeko yabamnyama.
Speaker notes
Rhola abafundi bona bahlaziye kunokuhlathulula kwaphela. Buza: ngiyiphi indlela eyafeza okunengi, begodu ngokweenkalo bani? Ukungabi nobudlobha kwawina imithetho eyingiliba nesirhawu sephasi; i-Black Power yakha kabutjha ubunjalo babamnyama nendlela abazibona ngayo begodu yalungisa ukugandelelwa kwezomnotho nekwengqondo imithetho eyakushiyako. Gqugquzela abafundi bona bazibone njengezineleneko nezilandelanako kunokuba ziphikisane nje - abatjhoswa abanengi bakhamba hlangana nazo. Le ndlela yokumadanisa iyintwana engcono ye-CAPS yesihloko se-essay.
Umzabalazo weMelika wavuselela, begodu wavuselelwa, kukumelana eSewula Afrika.
Imizabalazo emibili yathinta enye ngokuqondileko. Ngo-1962 u-Chief Albert Luthuli, uMongameli we-ANC nozuze umklomelo weNobel yeKululeko, no-Martin Luther King Jr bakhupha isibawo esihlanganisiweko esithi 'Appeal for Action Against Apartheid'. Ngemva kwalokho, imibono ye-Black Power nokuziqenya kwabamnyama yasiza ukubumba i-Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) yeSewula Afrika, eyayirholwa ngu-Steve Biko ngokusebenzisa i-South African Students' Organisation (SASO).
- Iimhlangano zombili zasebenzisa umphakathi - amabandla, abafundi namaqembu wendawo - ukulwisana nombuso wobukhethabala.
- I-Black Consciousness yakhuphindaphinda umlayezo we-Black Power wokobana abantu abamnyama beSewula Afrika kufuze bazikhulule engqondweni ngaphambi kokobana bakhululeke ngokwepolotiki.
- Umahluko oqakathekileko: umbuso wobandlululo weSewula Afrika wanikela abatjhoswa iindlela ezingaphandle komthetho namtjhana zokuvota, ngalokho umbhikisho othulako bewuhlangatjezwana nokuvinjelwa, ukubotjhwa nokufa.
Speaker notes
Lo mtjhelo ugxilisa isibawo se-'comparative civil society' sesihloko se-CAPS. Gandelela kokubili igqugquzelo elabelwanwako nomahluko oqakathekileko wesakhiwo: abatjhoswa beMelika bebangabawa kumthethosisekelo, emakhothweni nasevowudini, ngesikhathi ubandlululo bavala leyo miny yamanyango, okwatjhukumisa i-ANC ukuya emzabalazweni wezikhali ngo-1961. [SME] Qinisekisa ukudephi kwegqugquzelo okuthiwa liye-US Black Power ku-Black Consciousness Movement yeSewula Afrika - iimlando iyavuma bona kwaba negqugquzelo (ngo-Fanon, umtlolo we-US Black Power ne-Black Theology), kodwana qinisekisa amagama akhambiswa kuhle iklasi.
Ndawonye iimhlangano zaqeda ukuhlukaniswa ngokwebala okusemthethweni zatjhugulula indlela ubunjalo babamnyama namalungelo abaqondwa ngayo.
I-Civil Rights Movement yabhudula isakhelo somthetho sokuhlukaniswa ngokwebala yawina amalungelo wokuvota, ngesikhathi i-Black Power ibumba kabutjha ubunjalo babamnyama, isiko nokuzithemba. Ukubulawa kuka-Martin Luther King Jr ngomhla we-4 kuSihlabantangana 1968 bekusigalelo esibuhlungu, kodwana iimhlangano yayisele itjhugulule unomphela umphakathi weMelika begodu yavuselela imizabalazo yekululeko ephasini loke.
- Zatjengisa amandla womphakathi ohlelekileko ukugandelela umbuso wentando yenengi ukobana utjhuguluke.
- Zatjhiya iimpikiswano ezisaqhubekako ngokobana kuvalwa njani umahluko hlangana namalungelo womthetho nokulingana kwamambala.
- Amasu neembonakaliso zazo, kusukela emitjhikizweni yesixuku kuya enqindini ephakanyisiweko, kwakhuphindaphinda ephasini loke.
Speaker notes
Phetha ukuhlaziya ngokulinganisa okufeziweko nomsebenzi ongakapheli: ukulingana emthethweni kwawinwa, kodwana ukungalingani kwezomnotho, izindlu ezihlukaniswako nobudlobha bamapholisa kwaragela phambili - iindaba ezisaphila nanamhlanjesi. Mema abafundi bona bacabangele bona 'ukuphumelela' kutjho ini ehlanganweni yombhikisho. Qinisa isakhelo sokumadanisa: njengomzabalazo wokulwisana nobandlululo, iimhlangano le yahlanganisa amasu amanengi ngokukhamba kwesikhathi begodu yathola amandla eenakhamuzini ezijayelekileko ezihlelwe emphakathini.
Hlola ukuzwisisa kwakho ngombhikisho womphakathi ngeminyaka yabo-1950 kuya kwabo-1970.
I-US Civil Rights ne-Black Power movements bezimpendulo ezimbili ezihlobeneko ekugandelelweni ngokwebala: enye ifuna ukuhlanganiswa ngokungabi nobudlobha, enye ukuzibusa ngokuziqenya nokuzithemba kwabamnyama. Zombili zathembela esenzweni esihlelekileko seenakhamuzi ezijayelekileko, begodu zombili zibe neemhlanganiselwano eziqinileko nomzabalazo wekululeko weSewula Afrika ngokwawo.
Q. Hlathulula ukobana isu lehlangano latjhuguluka njani begodu kubayini isuka ku-Civil Rights liya ku-Black Power ngeminyaka yabo-1960. (8 marks)
Q. Madanisa iminqopho namasu ka-Martin Luther King Jr ne-Black Power movement. Ucabanga bona ngiyiphi eyaba nomphumela ngeenani, begodu kubayini? (10 marks)
Q. Khomba iindlela ezimbili umzabalazo we-US owahlangana ngazo nombhikisho womphakathi eSewula Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo njengomsebenzi otloliweko namtjhana ipiskiswano ehleliweko; ukwabelwa kwamamarki kufana nemisebenzi ye-CAPS esekelwe emithonjeni neyokutlola okubanzi. Gqugquzela abafundi bona baphikise umgca ocacileko ku-essay yokumadanisa, basebenzisa ubufakazi emahlangothini womabili. Bakhumbuze bona 'enomphumela khulu' ayinampendulo yinye elungileko - okuqakathekileko yimpikiswano esekelweko. Hlanganisa phambili nesihloko esilandelako nge-Black Consciousness Movement nendlela eya entandweni yenengi eSewula Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil society protests 1950s-1970s
- Resource type
- Presentation