Indlela bantfu labavamile e-Melika lababhekana ngayo nekwehlukaniswa kwebantfu ngebala emkhatsini weminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1970 - nekutsi umzabalazo wabo wawufana ngani nalowo waseNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekuchaza kutsi yini isive (civil society): emacembu lahleliwe ebantfu - emabandla, tinhlangano tebafundzi, tinyunyana, netinhlangano temmango - lasebenta ngekutimela kubuhulumende kute afune lushintjo. Lena ingxenye ihlola iminyakazo lemibili yaseMelika lehlangene: Umnyakazo Wemalungelo Ebantfu (cishe 1954-1965) kanye Nomnyakazo Wemandla Ebamnyama lowaphuma kuwo. Beka umbuto lohlala ukhona kulesifundvo: nangabe umbhikisho wekuthula, logcina umtsetfo, uhlangatetwa ludlame nekulibalisa, iminyakazo isabela njani? Khombisa kutsi sitawuchubeka sifanisa nomzabalazo wekulwa nebandlululo labafundzi labasazi kakhulu.
Cishe emva kweminyaka lelikhulu bugcili buphelile, imitsetfo ye-'Jim Crow' yagcina emaMelika lamnyama ehlukanisiwe futsi angalingani.
Bugcili baqedvwa nga-1865, kepha kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1870 tifundza letinyenti tase-Ningizimu (Southern states) tashaya imitsetfo ye-Jim Crow leyagcizelela kwehlukaniswa kwebantfu ngebala etikoleni, etitfutfwaneni, etindzaweni tekudlela nasetindzaweni temmango. Licala lenkantolo lephakeme la-1896 Plessy v. Ferguson lavumela tindzawo 'letehlukene kepha letilinganako' - kepha empeleni tatehlukene futsi tingalingani nakancane.
- Bakhweni labamnyama babhekana netivivinyo tekufundza nekubhala kanye netintela tekuvota (poll taxes) letatentelwe kubavimbela kuvota.
- Ludlame ngebala, lokufaka ekhatsi kubulawa ngekulengiswa (lynching), lwasetjentiswa kugcizelela bukhulu bebamhlophe.
- Kucatsanisa: njengekwehlukaniswa kwebantfu eNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kwa-1948, bandlululo lwase-Melika belusemtsetfweni, luhleliwe futsi lwenteka onkhe malanga.
Speaker notes
Dvweba kufana lokusobala neNingizimu Afrika: 'kwehlukene kepha kulingana' e-Melika kwakufana nomcondvo bandlululo lolwaligcina lwawubeka emtsetfweni ngemuva. Gcizelela kutsi kwehlukaniswa kwebantfu eSouth yaseMelika kwakusekelwa ngumtsetfo (de jure) eSouth nangesiko (de facto) eNorth. Lemuva loku lichaza kutsi yini umnyakazo wacala wabhekisa emishinini yemtsetfo yekwehlukaniswa. Caphela kutsi i-Melika beyinemtsetfosisekelo lobhaliwe netinkantolo, lokwaniketa balweli indlela yemtsetfo lebantfu baseNingizimu Afrika bebayintula kakhulu.
Nga-17 May 1954 iNkantolo Lephakeme yase-Melika yakhipha sinqumo sekutsi tikole temmango letehlukanisiwe atihambisani nemtsetfosisekelo.
I-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), isebentisa bommeli labanjenga Thurgood Marshall, yaphikisa kwehlukaniswa kwetikole enkantolo. Ecaleni la Brown v. Board of Education iNkantolo yavumelana yonkhe yagumbukisa 'kwehlukene kepha kulingana' emfundvweni, yakhipha sinqumo sekutsi imfundvo lehlukanisiwe ngebala ayilingani ngempela.
- Lesinqumo saniketa umnyakazo emandla emtsetfweni negunya lekuziphatsa.
- Tifundza letinyenti tase-Southern tamelana nako, kanti kususwa kwekwehlukaniswa kwakuncibilika futsi kwaphikiswa kabuhlungu.
- Nga-1957 emasotja ahulumende lomkhulu (federal) atfunyelwa e-Little Rock, e-Arkansas, kuvikela bafundzi labamnyama labayimfica labebangena esikoleni lesiphakeme sebamhlophe.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela kutsi umnyakazo wasebenta etindzaweni letimbili kanyekanye: etinkantolo nasemgwacweni. I-Brown beyimphumelelo yemtsetfo, kepha sinqumo senkantolo sisodvwa asizange sishintje imphilo yemihla ngemihla - kumelana kwebamhlophe ('massive resistance') kwakhombisa kutsi imitsetfo yayidzinga sinyatselo sesixuku ngemuva kwayo. I-Little Rock isibonelo lesisobala sekutsi umbuso bekufanele uye kangakanani kugcizelela umyalo wenkantolo. Loku kungezwani emkhatsini wemasu emtsetfo nemasu esixuku kuhamba kuyo yonkhe lengxenye.
Kuboshwa kwa-Rosa Parks kwavusa umbhikisho wemalanga langu-381 lowenta umbhikisho wesixuku longenaludlame waba ngemandla esive lonkhe.
Nga-1 December 1955 Rosa Parks waboshwa e-Montgomery, e-Alabama, ngekwala kunika sihlalo sakhe sebhasi umgibeli lomhlophe. Umphakatsi lomnyama wasabela ngekungasebentisi emabhasi edolobha isikhatsi lesingetulu kwemnyaka, endzaweni yaloko bahamba ngetinyawo bese bahlanganyela etimotweni. Umfundisi losemusha, Dr Martin Luther King Jr, wakhetfwa kuhola lomkhankaso.
- Umbhikisho walimata inkampani yemabhasi ngasetimalini futsi wadvonsa kunakwa kwesive.
- Ngasekupheleni kwa-1956 iNkantolo Lephakeme yakhipha sinqumo sekutsi kwehlukaniswa kwemabhasi e-Montgomery akuhambisani nemtsetfosisekelo.
- Wamvula King njengemholi futsi wakhombisa emandla esinyatselo sesixuku lesinedisiplini, longenaludlame.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi yini i-Montgomery ibalulekile njengendzawo yekuphenduka: yasusa umzabalazo etinkantolo yawubeka emiphakatsini. Caphela kutsi Parks bekangumlweli lonelwati we-NAACP, hhayi nje umgibeli lokhatsele - kumelana kwakhe kwakunemgomo futsi kuhleliwe. Imphumelelo yalombhikisho beyincike kutidzela kwebantfu labavamile isikhatsi lesingetulu kwemnyaka. Dvweba kucatsaniswa nemibhikisho yemabhasi yaseNingizimu Afrika (Alexandra 1957) neDefiance Campaign - emasu lafanako ekucindzetela ngasemnotfweni nadisiplini yesixuku.
Bavuselelwa ngu-Gandhi neliBandla Lelimnyama, balweli basebentisa sinyatselo lesicondzile lesinedisiplini, lesinekuthula kuveta kungabikho kwebulungiswa.
Kuhlala phansi (Sit-ins)
Kusukela nga-1960, bafundzi bahlala etindzaweni tekudlela emini 'tebamhlophe kuphela', bacala e-Greensboro, e-North Carolina.
Emahambo Enkhululeko (Freedom Rides)
Nga-1961 bagibeli bemihlobo lehlukene baphikisa kwehlukaniswa emabhasini lahamba emkhatsini wetifundza, babhekana neludlame lwesixuku.
Imashi nemibhikisho
Tinhlangano letinjenge-SCLC ne-SNCC tahola timashi, imikhankaso yekubhalisa bavoti nemibhikisho yemnotfo.
Speaker notes
Chaza lefilosofi: kungabi neludlame kwakukokubili kutibophezela kwekuziphatsa nesu. Ngekuhlala banekuthula kube bayahlaselwa, bababhikishi bazuza luvelo lwesive futsi baveta bulwane bekwehlukaniswa - ikakhulukati kumabonakudze. Yetfula tinhlangano letibalulekile: i-SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King), i-SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) ne-CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). Gcizelela indzima leholako yebantfu labasha nebafundzi - liphuzu lekucatsanisa nemyakazo yebafundzi baseNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kulena ingxenye.
Titfombe tetinja temaphoyisa nemapayipi emanti lashubile lokwakhweshelwa bababhikishi labanekuthula tetfusa umhlaba.
Nga-1963 i-SCLC yabhekisa e-Birmingham, e-Alabama, lelinye lemadolobha lehlukaniswe kakhulu e-Melika. Ngesikhatsi emaphoyisa asebentisa tinja nemapayipi emanti lanemphamvu leshubile kubahambi bemashi - lokufaka ekhatsi bantfwana - amakhamera emabonakudze atfwala letitfombe kuyo yonkhe i-Melika nemhlaba, akhula kucindzetela kuhulumende lomkhulu (federal) kutsi enteke.
- King waboshwa wabhala incwadzi yakhe ledvumile 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' avikela sinyatselo lesicondzile.
- Imithombo yetindzaba yenta kungabikho kwebulungiswa kwendzawo kube ludzaba lwesive nelwemhlaba wonkhe.
- Intfukutselo yesive yasita kucindzetela Mengameli Kennedy kutsi ahlongote umtsetfo wemalungelo ebantfu.
Speaker notes
Gcila endzimeni yemithombo yetindzaba njengesikhali sesive. Umnyakazo wafuna ngamabomu kubhekana ngco etindzaweni lapho khona kusabela kweludlame kwakutawubanjwa likhamera, kuguculela kucindzetela kwendzawo kube kucindzetela kwetepolitiki kwesive. Fundza nome uchaze ngemanye emagama umugca weliphepha 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' ngemsebenti wekuziphatsa wekungahloniphi imitsetfo lengenabulungiswa. Catsanisa nendlela titfombe te-Sharpeville (1960) nate-Soweto (1976) latatinyakatisa ngayo umbono wemhlaba kumelana nebandlululo.
Cishe bantfu labangu-250,000 bahlangana ngekuthula e-Lincoln Memorial kucela imisebenti nenkhululeko.
Ngineliphupho lekutsi bantfwabami labane labancane ngalelinye lilanga batawuphila esiveni lapho bangetukwehlulelwa ngembala wesikhumba sabo kepha ngekwentiwa kwesimilo sabo. Dr Martin Luther King Jr, Washington DC, 28 August 1963
I-March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom yayinguhlangano lwetepolitiki lomkhulu kunayo yonkhe le-Melika yayike yayibona. Inkhulumo ka-King yaniketa umnyakazo umbono wekuziphatsa lonemandla futsi yaba ngulenye yetinkhulumo letidvume kakhulu emlandvweni. Imashi yekuthula, lenesitfunti yacinisa licala lemitsetfo yemalungelo ebantfu yahulumende lomkhulu.
- Yahlanganisa tinhlangano letinyenti temalungelo ebantfu, tebasebenti, temabandla netebafundzi.
- Yahlanganisa tidzingo tekulingana ngasemtsetfweni netidzingo tebulungiswa bemnotfo nemisebenti.
- Yagcina kucindzetela lokwaholela emitsetfweni lemikhulu ngemnyaka lolandzelako.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa leslaydi kucinisa timphumelelo tesigaba longenaludlame. Caphela tidzingo letimbili tanaleyomashi - 'Jobs and Freedom' - kuze bafundzi babone kutsi umnyakazo bewumayelana nekulingana kwemnotfo kanye nekwemtsetfo, kukhombisa ngaphambili kugxeka kwe-Black Power lokwatako. Cocani kutsi yini umbono ka-King we-Melika lehlangene, lengaboni bala ubalulekile, futsi ubeke kungezwani lokutako: labanye balweli bebatawuphikisa kutsi leliphupho lefika kancane kakhulu futsi lacela kubeketela lokukhulu kakhulu kumaMelika lamnyama.
Iminyaka yembhikisho yakhicita imitsetfo lebalulekile leyachitsa kwehlukaniswa lokusemtsetfweni.
I-Civil Rights Act ya-1964 yenqabela lubandlululo lolusekelwe ebaleni, embaleni, enkholweni, ebulili nome emsukeni wesive, futsi yavimbela kwehlukaniswa etindzaweni temmango nasemsebentini. Ngemuva kwekucindzetelwa ngelulaka kwebahambi bemashi e-Selma, i-Voting Rights Act ya-1965 yenqabela imikhuba leyayisetjentiswa kuvimbela bakhweni labamnyama kutsi bavote.
- Lemitsetfo yayitimphumelelo letinkhulu kunato tonkhe temtsetfo temnyakazo.
- Kubhaliswa kwebavoti labamnyama e-South kwenyuka ngemandla ngemuva kwa-1965.
- Nomakunjalo buphuya, ludlame lwemaphoyisa nekwehlukaniswa kwangempela (de facto), ikakhulukati emadolobheni ase-Northern, kwachubeka.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela imbangela nemphumela: kucindzetela lokuchubekako kwesive kwaphocelela umbuso kutsi ushintje umtsetfo. Kepha gcina ngemkhawulo lobalulekile lovula ingxenye lelandzelako - kulingana kwasemtsetfweni akuzange kuqedze buphuya, kuswela imisebenti, tindlu tebumnyama nome bulwane bemaphoyisa, ikakhulukati emadolobheni ase-Northern lanjenge Watts eLos Angeles, lapho kwaqhamuka khona kuvukela lokukhulu nga-1965. Lesikhala emkhatsini wemalungelo emtsetfo nemphilo yangempela ngiko lokutsi umnyakazo we-Black Power bewutawubhekana nako.
- 1954 Brown v. Board of Education iqedza kwehlukaniswa kwetikole lokusemtsetfweni
- 1955 Umbhikisho Wemabhasi wase-Montgomery ucala ngemuva kwekuboshwa kwa-Rosa Parks
- 1960 Kuhlala phansi (sit-ins) e-Greensboro; i-SNCC yasungulwa
- 1963 Umkhankaso wase-Birmingham; Imashi eWashington
- 1964 Civil Rights Act; Malcolm X uphuka ne-Nation of Islam
- 1965 Voting Rights Act; Malcolm X uyabulawa
- 1966 Sikhwezelo 'Black Power' siyaphakanyiswa; i-Black Panther Party yasungulwa
- 1968 Martin Luther King Jr uyabulawa e-Memphis
Speaker notes
Sebentisa uhla lwesikhatsi kucaphuna kuguquka kusuka esigabeni semalungelo ebantfu longenaludlame kuya esigabeni se-Black Power lesinemphi kakhulu cishe nga-1965-1966. Cela bafundzi kutsi baphawule kutsi kubulawa kwa-Malcolm X (1965) na-King (1968) kuhaca njani lokuphenduka. Loku kuyimbombolo yesifundvo: kusuka ekuhlanganisweni nasekungabini neludlame kuya ekutimeleni, ekutigcabheni ngebumnyama kanye, kulabanye, ekutivikeleni ngetikhali.
Bacunulwe lushintjo loluncibilikako neludlame loluchubekako, balweli labasha bafuna kutimela nekutigcabha ngebumnyama.
Malcolm X bekavele aphikisile kutsi emaMelika lamnyama kufanele akhe emandla awo bese ativikela 'ngayo yonkhe indlela ledzingekako', kunekutsi alindzele imvelo yebamhlophe. Nga-1966 Stokely Carmichael we-SNCC wenta kutsi sikhwezelo lesitsi 'Black Power' satiwe kakhulu, abitela kutitfolela kwebamnyama kwetepolitiki nekwemnotfo nekutigcabha ngebunjalo bebamnyama.
- I-Black Panther Party, leyasungulwa nga-1966, yahlanganisa kutivikela ngetikhali netinhlelo temmango letinjengekudla kwasekuseni kwamahhala kubantfwana.
- I-Black Power yagcizelela emasiko ebamnyama, umlando netikhungo letitimele kunekuhlanganiswa.
- Bagxeki besaba kutsi yehlukanisa umnyakazo; basekeli batsi yaniketa emaMelika lamnyama sitfunti nekulawula.
Speaker notes
Yetfula i-Black Power ngekulinganela nangekuhlatiya, hhayi nje 'njengemnyakazo weludlame'. Yichaze njengekusabela emkhawulweni langempela: emalungelo emtsetfo abengakaqedzi buphuya nome ludlame lwemaphoyisa. Yehlukanisa inkhulumo yekutivikela eludlameni longakhetsi. Caphela umsebenti webBlack Panthers webalulekile wemmango. Lena yindzawo lenhle yekukala emandla nebutsakatsaka: i-Black Power yakha kutigcabha nekutimela kepha yabhekana nekucindzetelwa lokukhulu ngumbuso (i-COINTELPRO ye-FBI) nekwehlukana kwangaphakatsi. [SME] Cinisekisa lizinga lemininingwane ye-Black Panthers ne-COINTELPRO lelifanele leliklasi.
I-Civil Rights ne-Black Power kwaphambana ngetindlela netinjongo kepha kwabelana ngenjongo yenkhululeko yebamnyama.
Speaker notes
Hola bafundzi kutsi bahlole kunekuchaza nje. Buta: iyiphi indlela lezuza kakhulu, futsi ngesilinganiso sini? Kungabikho neludlame kwanqoba imitsetfo lebalulekile neluvelo lwemhlaba; i-Black Power yaguqula bunjalo bebamnyama nemfanekiso wabo futsi yabhekana nekucindzetelwa kwemnotfo nakwengcondvo lokwashiywa yimitsetfo kungatsindvwa. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi bakubone njengekugucubana nekulandzelana kunekubona njengetimphikisano nje - balweli labanyenti bahamba emkhatsini wako. Loku kucatsaniswa yintfo lebalulekile ye-CAPS yesincoco (essay).
Umzabalazo wase-Melika wavuselela, futsi wavuselelwa, kumelana kwaseNingizimu Afrika.
Lemizabalazo lemibili yatsindzana ngco. Nga-1962 iNkhosi Albert Luthuli, Mengameli we-ANC nomtfoli welihlelo laseNobel lekuthula, na-Martin Luther King Jr bakhipha 'Appeal for Action Against Apartheid' behlangene. Ngemuva, imibono ye-Black Power nekutigcabha ngebumnyama yasita kwakha iBlack Consciousness Movement (BCM) yaseNingizimu Afrika, leyayiholwa ngu-Steve Biko ngeSouth African Students' Organisation (SASO).
- Yomibili iminyakazo yasebentisa isive - emabandla, bafundzi nemacembu emmango - kumelana nemibuso yebandlululo.
- I-Black Consciousness yaphindza umbiko we-Black Power wekutsi baseNingizimu Afrika labamnyama kufanele batikhulule ngengcondvo ngaphambi kwekutsi bakhululeke ngetepolitiki.
- Umehluko lomkhulu: umbuso webandlululo waseNingizimu Afrika waniketa balweli cishe tindlela letingekho temtsetfo nome tekuvota, ngako umbhikisho wekuthula wahlangatetwa kuvinjelwa, kuboshwa nekufa.
Speaker notes
Leslaydi sisekela sidzingo se-'comparative civil society' sesihloko se-CAPS. Gcizelela kokubili kuvuselelwa lokwabiwako nemehluko lobalulekile wesakhiwo: balweli base-Melika bebangakhonga emtsetfweni-sisekelo, etinkantolo nasekuvoteni, kube bandlululo lwavala leyo minyango, lokwaphocelela i-ANC kuya emzabalazweni wetikhali nga-1961. [SME] Cinisekisa kujula kwelitfonya lelishiwo le-US Black Power e-Black Consciousness Movement yaseNingizimu Afrika - bochwepheshe belando bayavumelana kutsi bekunelitfonya (ngo-Fanon, imibhalo ye-US Black Power ne-Black Theology), kepha cinisekisa kutsi emagama akakhuliswanga ngekweqile eklasini.
Ndzawonye iminyakazo yaqedza kwehlukaniswa lokusemtsetfweni futsi yaguqula indlela bunjalo nemalungelo ebamnyama lokwakucondzakala ngayo.
Umnyakazo we-Civil Rights wachitsa sakhiwo semtsetfo sekwehlukaniswa futsi wanqoba emalungelo ekuvota, kube i-Black Power yaguqula bunjalo bebamnyama, emasiko nekutetsemba. Kubulawa kwa-Martin Luther King Jr nga-4 April 1968 kwakusishayo lesimatima, kepha iminyakazo beyivele iwushintje unaphakadze umphakatsi wase-Melika futsi yavuselela imizabalazo yenkhululeko emhlabeni wonkhe.
- Yakhombisa emandla esive lesihleliwe ekuphocelela umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti kutsi ushintje.
- Yashiya tinkhulumo-mpikiswano letichubekako mayelana nekutsi ungasivala njani sikhala emkhatsini wemalungelo emtsetfo nekulingana kwangempela.
- Emasu netimphawu tato, kusuka etimashini tesixuku kuya esibhakeleni lesiphakanyisiwe, kwezwakala emhlabeni wonkhe.
Speaker notes
Vala kuhlatiya ngekulinganisa imphumelelo nemsebenti longakapheli: kulingana kwasemtsetfweni kwanqotjwa, kepha kungalingani kwemnotfo, tindlu letehlukanisiwe neludlame lwemaphoyisa kwachubeka - tinkinga letisezwakala nanamuhla. Mema bafundzi kutsi bacabange kutsi 'imphumelelo' isho kutsini emnyakazweni wembhikisho. Cinisa uhlaka lwekucatsanisa: njengemzabalazo wekulwa nebandlululo, lena iminyakazo yahlanganisa emasu lamanyenti ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi futsi yatfola emandla kubakhweni labavamile labahleliwe esiveni.
Hlola kucondza kwakho kwembhikisho wesive ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kuya kwawo-1970.
Iminyakazo yase-US ye-Civil Rights ne-Black Power beyitimphendulo letimbili letichumene ekucindzetelweni ngebala: lomunye ufuna kuhlanganiswa ngekungabikho neludlame, lomunye kutitfolela ngekutigcabha ngebumnyama nekutimela. Yomibili beyincike esinyatselweni lesihleliwe sebakhweni labavamile, futsi yomibili beyinekuchumana lokucinile nemzabalazo wenkhululeko waseNingizimu Afrika.
Q. Chaza kutsi kwenteke njani futsi kungani isu lemnyakazo laguquka kusuka ku-Civil Rights kuya ku-Black Power ngeminyaka yawo-1960. (8 marks)
Q. Catsanisa tinjongo netindlela ta-Martin Luther King Jr nemnyakazo we-Black Power. Ucabanga kutsi ngukuphi lokwasebenta kancono, futsi kungani? (10 marks)
Q. Khomba tindlela letimbili umzabalazo wase-US lowawuchumene ngato nembhikisho wesive eNingizimu Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lemibuto njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingxoxo lehleliwe; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulingisa imisebenti ye-CAPS lesekelwe emitfonjeni nalebhalwe kabanti. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi baphikise ngendlela lecacile esincocweni sekucatsanisa, basebentisa bufakazi betinhlangotsi totimbili. Bakhumbute kutsi 'kusebenta kancono' akunampendulo yinye lelungile - lokubalulekile ngumbono losekelwe ngebufakazi. Chumanisa naphambili nesihloko lesilandzelako se-Black Consciousness Movement nendlela leya entsandvweni yelinyenti eNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil society protests 1950s-1970s
- Resource type
- Presentation