Indlela abemi abaqhelekileyo base-United States abajongana ngayo nocalucalulo (segregation) phakathi kweminyaka yee-1950s neyee-1970s - kunye noko umzabalazo wabo wawukwabelana ngako nowaseMzantsi Afrika.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokuchaza uluntu oluququzelelweyo (civil society): amaqela abemi aququzelelweyo - iicawa, imibutho yabafundi, iimanyano zabasebenzi, imibutho yoluntu - esebenza ngokuzimeleyo kurhulumente ukuze afune utshintsho. Le yunithi iphonononga iintshukumo ezimbini zaseMelika ezinxulumeneyo: iNtshukumo yaMalungelo oLuntu (Civil Rights Movement, malunga ne-1954-1965) neNtshukumo yaMandla aBantsundu (Black Power Movement) eyaphuma kuyo. Beka umbuzo osisiseko wesi sifundo: xa uqhankqalazo oluxolileyo, oluthobela umthetho, luhlangatyezwana nogonyamelo kunye nokulibaziseka, iintshukumo ziphendula njani? Bonisa ukuba siza kuqhubeka sisenza uthelekiso nomzabalazo wokuchasa ucalucalulo (anti-apartheid) abafundi abasele bewazi.
Phantse ikhulu leminyaka emva kokuphela kobukhoboka, imithetho ye-'Jim Crow' yagcina abantu abaNtsundu baseMelika bahlukene kwaye bengalingani.
Ubukhoboka bapheliswa ngo-1865, kodwa ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1870s amazwe amaninzi aseMazantsi apasisa imithetho ye-Jim Crow (Jim Crow laws) eyanyanzelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga ezikolweni, kwezothutho, kwiivenkile zokutyela nakwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo (Supreme Court) le-1896 elithi Plessy v. Ferguson lavumela izixhobo 'ezahlukileyo kodwa zilinganayo' - kodwa enyanisweni zazahlukile kwaye zingekho kufuphi nokulingana.
- Abemi abaNtsundu babejongana neemvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala kunye nerhafu yovoto eyayenzelwe ukubanqaba ilungelo lokuvota.
- Ugonyamelo ngokobuhlanga, kuquka ukubulawa ngokuxhonywa (lynching), lwalusetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa ulawulo lwabamhlophe.
- Uthelekiso: njengocalucalulo lwaseMzantsi Afrika phambi kwe-1948, ucalucalulo lwase-US lwalusemthethweni, lucwangcisiwe kwaye lwenzeka yonke imihla.
Speaker notes
Yenza uthelekiso olucacileyo noMzantsi Afrika: uhlobo 'lwahlukileyo kodwa lulinganayo' lwase-US lwalufana nengqiqo eyayiza kubekwa ngokusemthethweni ngucalucalulo (apartheid) kamva. Gxininisa ukuba ucalucalulo kuMazantsi aseMelika lwalunyanzeliswa ngumthetho (de jure) eMazantsi kwaye lunyanzeliswa ngesithethe (de facto) eMantla. Le mvelaphi ichaza kutheni into eyayiqale ukujoliswa yintshukumo yayiyinkqubo yomthetho yocalucalulo. Qaphela ukuba i-US yayinomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo neenkundla, into eyanika amatsha-ntliziyo indlela yasemthethweni eyayingafumaneki kakhulu kubantu baseMzantsi Afrika.
Ngomhla we-17 May 1954 iNkundla ePhakamileyo (Supreme Court) yase-US yagweba ukuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke ezinocalucalulo zazingekho ngokomgaqo-siseko.
I-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), isebenzisa amagqwetha afana no-Thurgood Marshall, yaphikisa ucalucalulo ezikolweni enkundleni. Kwelo tyala lithi Brown v. Board of Education iNkundla ngazwi-linye yabhukuqa umgaqo 'wahlukileyo kodwa ulinganayo' kwezemfundo, isgweba ukuba imfundo enocalucalulo yayingalingani ngokwendalo.
- Isigwebo sanika intshukumo amandla asemthethweni kunye negunya lokuziphatha okuhle.
- Amazwe amaninzi aseMazantsi axhathisa, kwaye ukuphelisa ucalucalulo kwacotha kwaye kwaphikiswa ngobukhali.
- Ngo-1957 imikhosi karhulumente wobumbano yathunyelwa eLittle Rock, eArkansas, ukukhusela abafundi abaNtsundu abasithoba abangena kwisikolo esiphakamileyo sabamhlophe.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ukuba intshukumo yayisebenza kwiindawo ezimbini ngaxeshanye: iinkundla nezitalato. I-Brown yayiluloyiso lwasemthethweni, kodwa isigwebo senkundla sodwa asizange sitshintshe ubomi bemihla ngemihla - uxhathiso lwabamhlophe ('massive resistance') lwabonisa ukuba imithetho yayifuna intshukumo yabantu abaninzi ngasemva kwayo. I-Little Rock ngumzekelo ophilileyo wokuba urhulumente kwafuneka aye kangakanani ukunyanzelisa umyalelo wenkundla. Olu xinzelelo phakathi kwamacebo asemthethweni nawabantu abaninzi ludlula kuyo yonke le yunithi.
Ukubanjwa kukaRosa Parks kwavuselela ukungathengi kweentsuku ezingama-381 okwenza uqhankqalazo lwabantu abaninzi olungenagonyamelo lwaba ngamandla esizwe.
Ngomhla we-1 December 1955 u-Rosa Parks wabanjwa eMontgomery, eAlabama, ngokwala ukunikela ngesihlalo sakhe sebhasi kumkhweli omhlophe. Uluntu oluNtsundu lwaphendula ngokungayithengi ibhasi yesixeko ngaphezu konyaka, luhamba ngeenyawo luze lwabelane ngeemoto endaweni yayo. Umfundisi oselula, uDkt Martin Luther King Jr, wakhethwa ukukhokela eli phulo.
- Ukungathengi kwayonzakalisa inkampani yeebhasi ngokwemali kwaye kwatsala ingqalelo yesizwe.
- Ekupheleni kuka-1956 iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ukuba ucalucalulo kwiibhasi zaseMontgomery lwalungekho ngokomgaqo-siseko.
- Kwaphakamisa uKing njengenkokeli kwaye kwangqina amandla entshukumo yabantu abaninzi eqeqeshiweyo, engenagonyamelo.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba kutheni iMontgomery ibalulekile njengesiphithiphithi: yasusa umzabalazo kwiinkundla yawusa kuluntu. Qaphela ukuba uParks wayelitsha-ntliziyo elinamava le-NAACP, hayi nje umkhweli odiniweyo - ukuma kwakhe kwakusekelwe kwimigaqo kwaye kwakuququzelelwe. Impumelelo yokungathengi yayixhomekeke kwiindleko zabantu abaqhelekileyo ngaphezu konyaka. Yenza uthelekiso nokungathengi kweebhasi kuMzantsi Afrika (iAlexandra 1957) kunye nePhulo lokwala (Defiance Campaign) - amaqhinga afanayo oxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho nengqeqesho yabantu abaninzi.
Bekhuthazwa nguGandhi neCawa yabaNtsundu, amatsha-ntliziyo asebenzisa intshukumo ethe ngqo, exolileyo neqeqeshiweyo ukuveza ukungabikho kobulungisa.
Ukuhlala phantsi (Sit-ins)
Ukususela ngo-1960, abafundi bahlala kwiindawo zokutyela 'zabamhlophe kuphela', beqala eGreensboro, eNorth Carolina.
Uhambo lweNkululeko (Freedom Rides)
Ngo-1961 abakhweli abaxutyiweyo ngokobuhlanga baphikisa ucalucalulo kwiibhasi ezidlula phakathi kwamazwe, bejongana nogonyamelo lwesihlwele.
Imingcelele nokungathengi
Imibutho efana ne-SCLC ne-SNCC yakhokela imingcelele, amaphulo okubhalisa abavoti kunye nokungathengi kwezoqoqosho.
Speaker notes
Cacisa ifilosofi: ukungabi nagonyamelo kwakusisibophelelo sokuziphatha okuhle kwaye kwakusisicwangciso. Ngokuhlala bexolile ngeli xesha behlaselwa, abaqhankqalazi bafumana uvelwano loluntu kwaye baveza ubulwanyana bocalucalulo - ngakumbi kumabonwakude. Yazisa imibutho ephambili: i-SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference, kaKing), i-SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) kunye ne-CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). Gxininisa indima ephambili yolutsha nabafundi - inqaku lothelekiso neentshukumo zabafundi baseMzantsi Afrika kamva kule yunithi.
Imifanekiso yezinja zamapolisa neepompo zomlilo ezijoliswe kubaqhankqalazi abaxolileyo yothusa ihlabathi.
Ngo-1963 i-SCLC yajolisa e-Birmingham, eAlabama, esinye sezona zixeko zinocalucalulo kakhulu e-US. Xa amapolisa asebenzisa izinja neepompo zomlilo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kubagcaleli - kuquka abantwana - iikhamera zomabonwakude zathwala imifanekiso kulo lonke elaseMelika nasehlabathini, zakha uxinzelelo kurhulumente wobumbano ukuba enze into.
- UKing wavalelwa entolongweni kwaye wabhala 'iLeta yakhe evela eBirmingham Jail' edumileyo ekhusela intshukumo ethe ngqo.
- Amajelo eendaba enza ukungabikho kobulungisa kwendawo yaba ngumcimbi wesizwe nowamazwe ngamazwe.
- Umsindo woluntu wanceda ukutyhala uMongameli Kennedy ukuba acebise umthetho wamalungelo oluntu.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa indima yamajelo eendaba njengesixhobo soluntu. Intshukumo yayizingela ngabom ungquzulwano kwiindawo apho impendulo enogonyamelo iza kubanjwa yikhamera, iguqula ingcinezelo yasekhaya ibe luxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lwesizwe. Funda okanye ubalise umgca ovela 'kwiLeta evela eBirmingham Jail' malunga noxanduva lokuziphatha lokungawuthobeli umthetho ongenabulungisa. Thelekisa nendlela imifanekiso yeSharpeville (1960) neyaseSoweto kamva (1976) eyaququzelela ngayo uluvo lwehlabathi ngokuchasene nocalucalulo.
Malunga nabantu abangama-250,000 baqokelelana ngoxolo eLincoln Memorial ukufuna imisebenzi nenkululeko.
Ndinephupha lokuba abantwana bam abane abancinci ngenye imini baya kuhlala kwisizwe apho baya kugwetywa kungekhona ngombala wolusu lwabo kodwa ngokwesimilo sabo. UDkt Martin Luther King Jr, Washington DC, 28 August 1963
U-Mngcelele waseWashington wokufuna iMisebenzi neNkululeko (March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom) wawuyeyona ntlanganiso yezopolitiko inkulu i-US yakha yayibona. Intetho kaKing yanika intshukumo umbono onamandla wokuziphatha okuhle kwaye yaba yenye yeentetho ezidume kakhulu embalini. Umngcelele oxolileyo, onesidima waqinisa imeko yemithetho yamalungelo oluntu karhulumente wobumbano.
- Wamanya imibutho emininzi yamalungelo oluntu, yabasebenzi, yeecawa neyabafundi.
- Wadibanisa izikhalazo zokulingana ngokwasemthethweni nezikhalazo zobulungisa bezoqoqosho nemisebenzi.
- Wagcina uxinzelelo olwakhokelela emithethweni ebalulekileyo unyaka olandelayo.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi silayidi ukudibanisa iimpumelelo zesigaba esingenagonyamelo. Qaphela izikhalazo ezimbini zomngcelele - 'iMisebenzi neNkululeko' - ukuze abafundi babone ukuba intshukumo yayimalunga nokulingana kwezoqoqosho njengaselungelweni lomthetho, ibonisa ngaphambili izigxeko zamva zaMandla aBantsundu. Xoxa ukuba kutheni umbono kaKing weMelika edibeneyo, engabi nambala ubalulekile, uze umisele uxinzelelo oluzayo: amanye amatsha-ntliziyo aza kuxoxa ukuba eli phupha lafika ngokucotha kakhulu kwaye lacela umonde omkhulu kubantu abaNtsundu baseMelika.
Iminyaka yoqhankqalazo yavelisa imithetho ebalulekileyo eyachitha ucalucalulo olusemthethweni.
U-Civil Rights Act we-1964 wachitha ucalucalulo olusekwe kubuhlanga, umbala, inkolo, isini okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, kwaye wathintela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke nakwezengqesho. Emva kokucinezelwa ngenkohlakalo kwabagcaleli e-Selma, u-Voting Rights Act we-1965 wachitha izenzo ezazisetyenziselwa ukuthintela abemi abaNtsundu ekuvoteni.
- Le mithetho yayiziimpumelelo zomthetho ezinkulu zentshukumo.
- Ubhaliso lwabavoti abaNtsundu kuMazantsi lwanyuka kakhulu emva ko-1965.
- Nangona kunjalo, indlala, ugonyamelo lwamapolisa nocalucalulo lwe-de facto, ngakumbi kwizixeko zaseMantla, kwaqhubeka.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa unobangela nesiphumo: uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo loluntu lwanyanzela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe umthetho. Kodwa phela ngomda obalulekileyo ovula icandelo elilandelayo - ukulingana ngokomthetho akuzange kuphelise indlala, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, izindlu zamatyotyombe okanye ugonyamelo lwamapolisa, ngakumbi kwizixeko zaseMantla ezifana nommandla waseWatts eLos Angeles, apho uvukelo olukhulu lwaqhambuka ngo-1965. Le gephe phakathi kwamalungelo asemthethweni nobomi obuphilwayo yeyona nto iNtshukumo yaMandla aBantsundu yayiza kuyilungisa.
- 1954 I-Brown v. Board of Education iphelisa ucalucalulo lwezikolo olusemthethweni
- 1955 Ukungathengi kweeBhasi eMontgomery kuqala emva kokubanjwa kukaRosa Parks
- 1960 Ukuhlala phantsi eGreensboro; i-SNCC isekwa
- 1963 Iphulo laseBirmingham; uMngcelele waseWashington
- 1964 I-Civil Rights Act; uMalcolm X wahlukana neNation of Islam
- 1965 I-Voting Rights Act; uMalcolm X uyabulawa
- 1966 Isaqhwithi 'seBlack Power' siyaphakanyiswa; iBlack Panther Party isekwa
- 1968 UMartin Luther King Jr uyabulawa eMemphis
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa uluhlu lweminyaka ukuphawula utshintsho ukusuka kwisigaba esingenagonyamelo samalungelo oluntu ukuya kwisigaba esinobundlobongela ngakumbi seBlack Power malunga ne-1965-1966. Cela abafundi baqaphele indlela ukubulawa kukaMalcolm X (1965) noKing (1968) okuvala ngayo eli guqu. Esi sisiphithiphithi sesifundo: ukusuka kwintegration nokungabi nagonyamelo ukuya ekuzimeleni, ekuzingcani ngobuNtsundu, kwaye kwabanye, ekuzikhuseleni ngezixhobo.
Bekhathazwa lutshintsho olucothayo nogonyamelo oluqhubekayo, amatsha-ntliziyo aselula afuna ukuzimela nokuzingca ngobuNtsundu.
U-Malcolm X wayesele ethe abantu abaNtsundu baseMelika mabakhe awabo amandla baze bazikhusele 'by any means necessary' (nangayiphi na indlela efunekayo), endaweni yokulinda ukukholiswa ngabamhlophe. Ngo-1966 u-Stokely Carmichael we-SNCC wenza saziwa isaqhwithi esithi 'Black Power', ecela ukuzimela kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho kwabaNtsundu kunye nokuzingca ngobuni bobuNtsundu.
- I-Black Panther Party, eyasekwa ngo-1966, yadibanisa ukuzikhusela ngezixhobo neenkqubo zoluntu ezifana nezidlo zesidlo sakusasa zasimahla ebantwaneni.
- IBlack Power yagxininisa inkcubeko yabaNtsundu, imbali namaziko azimeleyo ngaphezu kwentegration.
- Abagxeki babesoyika ukuba yahlula intshukumo; abaxhasi bathi yanika abantu abaNtsundu baseMelika isidima nolawulo.
Speaker notes
Bonisa iBlack Power ngokufanelekileyo nangokuhlalutya, kungekhona nje njenge'ntshukumo enogonyamelo'. Yichaze njengempendulo kwimida yokwenyani: amalungelo asemthethweni ayengazange aphelise indlala okanye ugonyamelo lwamapolisa. Yahlula ubuchule bokuzikhusela kugonyamelo olungenamda. Qaphela umsebenzi obalulekileyo woluntu wamaBlack Panther. Le yindawo elungileyo yokulinganisa amandla nobuthathaka: iBlack Power yakha ukuzingca nokuzimela kodwa yajongana nengcinezelo enkulu karhulumente (i-COINTELPRO ye-FBI) nokwahlukana kwangaphakathi. [SME] Qinisekisa inqanaba leenkcukacha ngeBlack Panthers ne-COINTELPRO elifanelekileyo klasini.
ICivil Rights neBlack Power zazingavumelani ngeendlela neenjongo kodwa zazabelana ngenjongo yenkululeko yabaNtsundu.
Speaker notes
Khokela abafundi ukuba bavavanye endaweni yokuchaza nje. Buza: yeyiphi indlela eyafezekisa okungakumbi, kwaye ngokwaliphi umlinganiselo? Ukungabi nagonyamelo kwaphumelela imithetho ebalulekileyo noluvelwano lwehlabathi; iBlack Power yaguqula ubuni bobuNtsundu nomfanekiso wokuzibona kwaye yajongana nengcinezelo yezoqoqosho neyengqondo imithetho eyayishiye ingayichukumisi. Khuthaza abafundi babone ezi njengeziphindaphindanayo nezilandelelanayo endaweni yeziphikisi ezilula - amatsha-ntliziyo amaninzi ahamba phakathi kwazo. Olu thelekiso lulunge kakhulu ukubhala isincoko se-CAPS.
Umzabalazo waseMelika waphefumlela, kwaye waphefumlelwa, luxhathiso eMzantsi Afrika.
Le mizabalazo mibini yachaphazelana ngokuthe ngqo. Ngo-1962 u-Nkosi Albert Luthuli, uMongameli we-ANC nogqatso lweNobel yoXolo, no-Martin Luther King Jr bakhupha 'iSibongozo seNtshukumo eChasene noCalucalulo (Appeal for Action Against Apartheid)' esidibeneyo. Kamva, iimbono zeBlack Power nokuzingca ngobuNtsundu zanceda ukuyila iNtshukumo yeNgqondo yaBantsundu yaseMzantsi Afrika (Black Consciousness Movement, BCM), ekhokelwa nguSteve Biko ngombutho wabafundi baseMzantsi Afrika (SASO).
- Zombini iintshukumo zasebenzisa uluntu - iicawa, abafundi namaqela oluntu - ngokuchasene noorhulumente abanocalucalulo.
- IBlack Consciousness yaphinda umyalezo weBlack Power wokuba abantu abaNtsundu baseMzantsi Afrika kufuneka bazikhulule ngokwasengqondweni ngaphambi kokuba bakhululeke ngokwasezopolitikweni.
- Umahluko ophambili: urhulumente wocalucalulo waseMzantsi Afrika waphantse anganiki amatsha-ntliziyo naziphi na iindlela zomthetho okanye zokuvota, ngoko uqhankqalazo oluxolileyo lwahlangatyezwana nokuvalwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni nokufa.
Speaker notes
Esi silayidi simisela imfuno 'yoluntu oluthelekisiweyo' yesihloko se-CAPS. Gxininisa kokubini ukuphefumlelana okwabelwana ngako nomahluko obalulekileyo wesakhelo: amatsha-ntliziyo aseMelika ayenokubongoza kumgaqo-siseko, iinkundla novoto, ngeli xesha ucalucalulo lwavala ezo ngcango, into eyatyhala i-ANC ukuya kumzabalazo oxhobileyo ngo-1961. [SME] Qinisekisa ubunzulu bempembelelo ebangwayo yeBlack Power yase-US kwiNtshukumo yeNgqondo yaBantsundu yaseMzantsi Afrika - ababhali-mbali bayavuma ukuba yayikho impembelelo (ngoFanon, ukubhala kweBlack Power yase-US kunye neBlack Theology), kodwa qinisekisa ukuba amagama akagxininiswanga ngokugqithisileyo eklasini.
Ndawonye iintshukumo zaphelisa ucalucalulo olusemthethweni zaza zaguqula indlela ubuni bobuNtsundu namalungelo aqondwa ngayo.
INtshukumo yaMalungelo oLuntu yachitha isakhelo somthetho socalucalulo yaza yaphumelela amalungelo okuvota, ngeli xesha iBlack Power yaguqula ubuni bobuNtsundu, inkcubeko nokuzithemba. Ukubulawa kuka-Martin Luther King Jr ngomhla we-4 April 1968 kwaba yintlungu enkulu, kodwa iintshukumo zazitshintshe uluntu lwaseMelika ngonaphakade zaza zaphefumlela imizabalazo yenkululeko kwihlabathi jikelele.
- Zabonisa amandla oluntu oluququzelelweyo okunyanzela urhulumente wentando yesininzi ukuba atshintshe.
- Zashiya iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nendlela yokuvala igephe phakathi kwamalungelo asemthethweni nokulingana kokwenyani.
- Amaqhinga neempawu zazo, ukususela kwimingcelele yabantu abaninzi ukuya kwinqindi eliphakanyisiweyo, kwavakala kwihlabathi lonke.
Speaker notes
Vala uhlalutyo ngokulinganisa impumelelo nomsebenzi ongaphelanga: ukulingana ngokomthetho kwaphunyezwa, kodwa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, izindlu ezinocalucalulo nogonyamelo lwamapolisa kwaqhubeka - imicimbi esavakala nanamhlanje. Mema abafundi bacamngce ukuba 'impumelelo' ithetha ntoni kwintshukumo yoqhankqalazo. Qinisa isikhokelo sothelekiso: njengomzabalazo wokuchasa ucalucalulo, ezi ntshukumo zadibanisa amaqhinga amaninzi ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye zafumana amandla kubemi abaqhelekileyo abaququzelelweyo eluntwini.
Vavanya ukuqonda kwakho uqhankqalazo loluntu ngeminyaka yee-1950s-1970s.
IiNtshukumo zaMalungelo oLuntu neBlack Power zase-US zaziziimpendulo ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo kwingcinezelo yobuhlanga: enye ifuna integration ngokungabi nagonyamelo, enye ifuna ukuzilawula ngokuzingca nokuzimela kwabaNtsundu. Zombini zazixhomekeke kwintshukumo eququzelelweyo yabemi abaqhelekileyo, kwaye zombini zaziqhagamshelana ngokomelele nomzabalazo wenkululeko waseMzantsi Afrika.
Q. Chaza indlela nesizathu sokutshintsha kwesicwangciso sentshukumo ukusuka kwiCivil Rights ukuya kwiBlack Power ngeminyaka yee-1960s. (8 marks)
Q. Thelekisa iinjongo neendlela zikaMartin Luther King Jr nezeNtshukumo yeBlack Power. Ucinga ukuba yeyiphi eyayisebenza ngakumbi, kwaye ngoba? (10 marks)
Q. Chonga iindlela ezimbini apho umzabalazo wase-US wawuqhagamshelene ngazo noqhankqalazo loluntu eMzantsi Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo eyakhelweyo; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kubonisa imisebenzi ye-CAPS esekwe kumthombo neyokubhala okwandisiweyo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba baxoxe umgca ocacileyo kwisincoko sothelekiso, besebenzisa ubungqina kumacala omabini. Bakhumbuze ukuba 'ukusebenza ngakumbi' akunampendulo inye ilungileyo - into ebalulekileyo yingxoxo exhaswayo. Qhagamshela phambili nesihloko esilandelayo seNtshukumo yeNgqondo yaBantsundu nendlela eya kwidemokhrasi eMzantsi Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Civil society protests 1950s-1970s
- Resource type
- Presentation