Ukwakhiwa kobandlululo (apartheid) njengohlelo, kanye namashumi amabili eminyaka okumelana nokucindezelwa okwaqala ukhethweni lwango-1948 kwaze kwafika eCaleni LaseRivonia lango-1963-64.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka umbuzo wokuhlaziya wale yunithi: ubandlululo bekungebona nje ukucwasa kodwa uhlelo olwakhiwa ngamabomu ngomthetho ngemuva kuka-1948. Beka phambili izintambo ezintathu - ukwakhiwa kohlelo (imithetho), ukumelana nalo, kanye nokucindezela kombuso okwakhula njalo - uchaze ukuthi le yunithi iphetha ngeCala LaseRivonia, isikhathi lapho umbuso wavalela khona ubuholi benhlangano yenkululeko wabudingisela phesheya nangaphansi komhlaba.
Ubandlululo abuvelanga buvela ndawo - baluhlela lwaqiniswa ukwehlukaniswa okwakuvele kukhona kwamashumi eminyaka.
Ngeminyaka yama-1940 iNingizimu Afrika yayivele isihlukaniswe ngokujulile. UMthetho Womhlaba Wabomdabu wango-1913 (1913 Natives Land Act) wabekela abamhlophe abayidlanzana cishe u-87% womhlaba, imithetho yamapasi (pass laws) yalawula ukuhamba kwamadoda amnyama, futhi umgoqo webala (colour bar) wanciphisa abasebenzi abamnyama emisebenzini engadingi ubuchwepheshe. Okwashintsha ngemuva kuka-1948 kwaba ubukhulu, ukuxhumana nenhloso yokwehlukaniswa.
- Ukwehlukaniswa ngaphansi kohulumeni bangaphambili kwakubanzi kodwa kungalingani futhi kungaphelele.
- Ukuthuthela ngokushesha kwabasebenzi abamnyama emadolobheni ngesikhathi sempi kwethusa iziphathimandla ezimhlophe.
- Ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner ('Afrikaner nationalism') kanye 'nemibono ngezinhlanga' (ideas of race) engeyona eyesayensi kwanika ubandlululo umbono walo (ideology).
Speaker notes
Gcizelela umqondo we-CAPS wokuqhubeka nokushintsha. Abafundi kufanele bakwazi ukuphikisa kokubili ukuthi ubandlululo bakhelwe phezu kokwehlukaniswa okudala KANYE nokuthi u-1948 wawuphawula ushintsho olukhulu - isu eliphelele lokwakha wonke umphakathi ngokohlanga. Xhumanisa nesihloko sebanga le-11 esithi 'Imibono ngezinhlanga ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nele-20' ukuchaza lapho umbono wobandlululo waqhamuka khona.
I-National Party yawina amandla ngesithembiso esisobala sobandlululo.
I-National Party (NP) ngaphansi kuka-D.F. Malan, ngokubambisana ne-Afrikaner Party, yanqoba i-United Party kaJan Smuts. Isu layo lokhetho lango-1948 (i-Sauer Report) lalufuna ukwehlukaniswa okuphelele ngokohlanga. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-NP yawina iningi lezihlalo kodwa yathola amavoti ambalwa uma iqhathaniswa ne-United Party, ngoba izifunda zasemakhaya zaziphakanyiswe kakhulu.
- Ngabavoti abamhlophe kuphela ababengabamba iqhaza; iningi elimnyama lalingenalo ivoti.
- 'Apartheid' (igama lesi-Afrikaans elisho 'ukwehlukana') laba inqubomgomo esemthethweni yombuso.
- I-NP yayizoguqula umbono wayo ube uchungechunge lwemithetho kusukela ngo-1949 kuqhubeke.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisenzakalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke kule yunithi. Veza inkinga yobufanele bokubusa ukuze kuhlaziywe: uhulumeni owakha uhlelo olwaphika amalungelo eningini wona ngokwawo wafika emandleni ngedlanzana levoti labamhlophe, okhethweni iningi labaseNingizimu Afrika elalingakwazi ukungena kulo. Lelo gebe phakathi kwegunya elithi likhona nemvume yangempela ligijima kuso sonke isikhathi sobandlululo.
Abalando-mlando behlukanisa ubandlululo 'obuncane' (petty apartheid - ukwehlukaniswa kwansuku zonke) kobandlululo 'obukhulu' (grand apartheid - ukwehlukaniswa ngomhlaba kube amakhaya - homelands).
Hlukanisa
Beka wonke umuntu eqenjini lohlanga elisemthethweni njengesisekelo sayo yonke eminye imithetho.
Yehlukanisa
Hlukanisa indawo yokuhlala, umshado, imfundo, izinsiza kanye, ekugcineni, ubuzwe ngokohlanga.
Lawula
Thulisa, uvimbele, uvalele, futhi ushushise noma ubani owaphonsela uhlelo inselele.
Speaker notes
Nikeza abafundi loluhlaka lwezenzo ezintathu (hlukanisa - yehlukanisa - lawula) ukuze imithetho eminingi elandelayo iqondwe njengezingxenye zohlelo olulodwa esikhundleni sohlu okumele lukhunjulwe. Ethula umehluko phakathi kobandlululo obuncane nobukhulu manje; uzobuyela kubandlululo obukhulu esilaydini samaBantustan. Cela abafundi bahlele umthetho ngamunye olandelayo ube ngomunye wemisebenzi emithathu.
Phakathi kuka-1949 no-1950 umbuso wakha uhlaka olusemthethweni lobandlululo.
- Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, No. 55 of 1949 - wenqabela umshado phakathi kwezinhlanga ezahlukene.
- Immorality Amendment Act, No. 21 of 1950 - wenza kwaba yicala ubudlelwano bezocansi phakathi kwezinhlanga.
- Population Registration Act, No. 30 of 1950 - wahlukanisa wonke umuntu njengoMhlophe, oweBala (Coloured) noma oWomdabu (Native) (abaseNdiya/base-Asia bengezwa njengeqembu elehlukile), okhiye omkhulu wayo yonke eminye imithetho.
- Group Areas Act, No. 41 of 1950 - wahlukanisa amadolobha aba yizindawo zezinhlanga, okwenza kwenzeka ukususwa ngenkani kwabantu abaningi njengaseSophiatown naseDistrict Six.
Speaker notes
Ezingeni le-FET, dlulela ngale kokubala imithetho uchaze indlela eyayixhumene ngayo. Ukuhlukaniswa (uMthetho 30) kwakumele kuqale ngoba kwakunquma ukuthi omunye nomunye umthetho usebenza kubani. Qaphela indlela umbuso owawufinyelela ngayo ezintweni zangasese - iMithetho 55 no-21 yayilawula umshado nocansi - kanye nokwaphucwa impahla kwe-Group Areas. [SME] Qinisekisa izinombolo zemithetho neminyaka ngokuqhathanisa nesihloko se-SAHO se-apartheid-legislation ngaphambi kokushicilelwa; izinsuku zango-1949-1950 zaziwa kahle kodwa izinombolo kufanele zihlolwe.
Eminye imithetho yafinyelela ezindaweni zomphakathi, ekuhambeni nasezingqondweni zezingane.
- Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, No. 49 of 1953 - wehlukanisa izinsiza zomphakathi wavumela ukuba zingalingani obala ('zehlukene kodwa zingalingani').
- Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, 1952 - naphezu kwegama lawo, waqinisa waphinde wandisa uhlelo lwamapasi ('incwadi yokubhekisela' - reference book).
- Bantu Education Act, No. 47 of 1953 - wathatha imfundo yabantu abamnyama emabandleni futhi, ngamazwi kaVerwoerd uqobo, wawuhlose ukulungiselela izingane ezimnyama umsebenzi wezandla kuphela.
Ayikho indawo [yomAfrika] emphakathini wamaYurophu ngaphezu kwezinga lezinhlobo ezithile zomsebenzi wezandla. H.F. Verwoerd, uNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zabomdabu (Minister of Native Affairs), nge-Bantu Education, 1953
Speaker notes
Isicaphuno sikaVerwoerd senza inhloso ibe sobala futhi singumthombo oqinile wokuhlaziya - cela abafundi ukuthi siveza ini ngenhloso yemfundo yobandlululo. Dweba umugqa omude uye phambili: intukuthelo nge-Bantu Education yondla uKuvukela kwaseSoweto kwango-1976, abafundi abazohlangabezana nakho esihlokweni esilandelayo sebanga le-12. [SME] Isicaphuno sikaVerwoerd sicashunwa kabanzi kodwa ngokuvamile siyashintshwa; qinisekisa amagama aqondile nesicaphuno ngaphambi kokushicilelwa.
Umbuso wazama ukuchaza kabusha abaseNingizimu Afrika abamnyama njengezakhamuzi 'zamakhaya' (homelands) ahlukene esikhundleni sokuba yizakhamuzi zaseNingizimu Afrika.
Ubandlululo obukhulu babuhlose ukwehlukanisa izwe ngokomhlaba. I-Bantu Authorities Act, No. 68 of 1951 yamisa iziphathimandla zezizwe ezindaweni ezigodliwe (reserves), futhi i-Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, No. 46 of 1959 - eyayiqhutshwa nguVerwoerd - yahlanganisa abomdabu baba 'yizinhlaka zezizwe' ('national units') ezahlukene okwakuthiwa zaziyoba amakhaya azibusayo.
- Umgomo wesikhathi eside kwakuwukuphika abomdabu ubuzwe beNingizimu Afrika eyodwa ehlanganyelwe.
- Amakhaya ayenengxenye encane yomhlaba futhi ayengenamandla okuziphilisa ngokwezomnotho.
- Amakhosi ayehungwa, kwahlukaniswa imiphakathi kwaphinde kwabuthakathaka ukumelana.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisilayidi esinzima kunazo zonke ekuhlaziyweni - qinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bayaqonda ukuthi ubandlululo obukhulu babuphathelene nobuzwe, hhayi nje nendawo abantu ababehlala kuyo. Ngokwabela abomdabu emakhaya, umbuso wawuhlose ukubaphuca noma yikuphi ukubanga amalungelo ezombusazwe ku-87% weNingizimu Afrika owawugodlelwe abamhlophe. Lokhu kuba yisisekelo samaBantustan 'azimele' angeminyaka yama-1970. [SME] Amanani okuhlukaniswa komhlaba ka-87%/13% ajwayelekile kodwa qinisekisa indlela okushiwo ngayo.
Kanye nokwehlukaniswa, umbuso wakha imishini esemthethweni yokucindezela ukuphikisa.
I-Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950 yachaza 'ubukhomanisi' ngendlela ebanzi kangangokuthi yayingasetshenziswa cishe kunoma yimuphi umphikisi - ukuvimbela abantu, ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwabo nokubathulisa ngaphandle kokuquliswa kwecala. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960 lokhu kwaqiniswa yi-Sabotage Act (General Law Amendment Act, 1962) kanye nemithetho yokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuquliswa kwecala (isigatshana sokuvalelwa izinsuku ezingu-90 sango-1963).
- 'Ukuvinjelwa' (banning) 'nokufakwa ohlwini' (listing) kwathulisa abaholi ngaphandle kokuquliswa kwecala enkantolo.
- Izincazelo ezingacacile zavumela umbuso ukuqondisa izinyunyana, abakhululekile (liberals) nabaholi bamabandla.
- Ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuquliswa kwecala kwasusa isivikelo esiyisisekelo esisemthethweni sezishoshovu.
Speaker notes
Yakha lokhu ngokombuso wezomthetho: imithetho yezokuphepha yobandlululo yajezisa abantu ngaphandle kokuquliswa kwecala okunobulungiswa futhi yenza izincazelo ezingacacile nezibanzi zibe yisisekelo sokushushiswa. Imithetho yango-1962 nango-1963 ilandela kancane ngemuva kwemithetho eyisisekelo kodwa ingena lapha ngoba ikhombisa umbuso ukhulisa izikhali zawo zomthetho njengoba ukumelana kwakhula - kulungiselela iRivonia. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuthi isigatshana 'sezinsuku ezingu-90' singesango-1963 (General Law Amendment Act) ngaphambi kokushicilelwa.
Iminyaka yama-1950 yabona ukumelana okukhulu kunakho konke okwakuhleliwe, okuhlanganisa izinhlanga ezehlukene, okungenabudlova okwake kwabonwa eNingizimu Afrika.
I-Defiance Campaign yango-1952, eyayiholwa yi-ANC ne-South African Indian Congress, yahlanganisa izinkulungwane zamavolontiya ukuba aphule imithetho yobandlululo ngamabomu futhi afune ukuboshwa. Ngo-1955 i-Congress of the People eKliptown yamukela i-Freedom Charter, eyayiqala ngokusho ukuthi 'INingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, abamnyama nabamhlophe.'
- I-Defiance Campaign yabangela ukukhuphuka okukhulu kobulungu be-ANC.
- I-Congress Alliance yahlanganisa i-ANC namademokhrasi amaNdiya, aweBala nabamhlophe.
- I-Freedom Charter kamuva yakha izindinganiso zoMthethosisekelo weNingizimu Afrika wango-1996.
Speaker notes
Lesi silayidi sifingqa ukumelana esikhulunywa ngokujulile kuhlelo lwebanga le-9; ebangeni le-11, gxila kumasu nasekubalulekeni kunokulanda indaba. Gcizelela ukukhethwa kwesenzo sabantu abaningi esingenabudlova kanye nemodeli ye-Congress Alliance yokubambisana kwezinhlanga ezehlukene. Qaphela umehluko owenziwe ngamabomu okumele abafundi bawubone: inhlangano ehlinzeka ngombono obandakanya wonke umuntu iqhathaniswa nombuso ohlinzeka ngokukhipha inyumbazane ngomthetho.
Umbuso waphendula ukumelana ngokushushisa futhi, eSharpeville, ngamandla abulalayo.
NgoDisemba 1956 umbuso wabopha izishoshovu ezingu-156 wazibeka icala lokuvukela umbuso, usebenzisa i-Freedom Charter njengobufakazi becebo lodlame okwakuthiwa lalikhona; i-Treason Trial yadonsa yaze yafika ku-1961, lapho bonke ababemangalelwe bakhululwa. Kwathi ngo-21 Mashi 1960 amaphoyisa adubula umbhikisho wokulwa namapasi e-Sharpeville, abulala abantu abangu-69, abaningi bedutshulwa emhlane.
- Umbhikisho waseSharpeville wabizwa yi-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) ngaphansi kukaRobert Sobukwe.
- Umbuso wamemezela iSimo Esiphuthumayo (State of Emergency) wavimbela i-ANC ne-PAC ngo-Ephreli 1960.
- ISharpeville yaguqula umbono womhlaba wonke waphikisana ngokuqinile nobandlululo.
Speaker notes
Izenzakalo ezimbili, umqondo owodwa: ukujika kombuso kusuka ekuhluphekiseni ngokomthetho kuya edlameni obala. Gqamisa ukuxaka kwe-Treason Trial - iminyaka yokushushiswa kuphela ngokukhululwa okuphelele, okuveza icala lombuso njengelezombusazwe. Bese iSharpeville iphawula ukuqhekeka: ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC kwavala ezombusazwe ezisemthethweni nezingenabudlova kwaphushela izinhlangano ngaphansi komhlaba. [SME] Inani labafileyo baseSharpeville elingu-69 liyinani elijwayelekile; qinisekisa ngaphambi kokushicilelwa.
Njengoba umbhikisho onokuthula wawuvinjelwe, izinhlangano zenkululeko zathatha izikhali.
Ngemuva kokuvinjelwa kwango-1960, i-ANC nabalingani bayo baphetha ngokuthi umbhikisho ongenabudlova wodwa wawungeke usasebenza kumbuso owawuzimisele ukudubula nokuvalela. Ngo-1961 bakha i-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), elisho 'uMkhonto weSizwe', eyaqala umkhankaso wokucekela phansi ngo-16 Disemba 1961, ihlose izikhungo kuyilapho izama ukugwema ukulahleka kwempilo. I-PAC yakha uphiko lwayo lwezikhali, i-Poqo.
- I-MK ekuqaleni yakhetha ukucekela phansi kunempi yamaqembu (guerrilla war) ukunciphisa ukulimala nokufa.
- Lesi sinqumo saphawula ushintsho olungumlando ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka omzabalazo ongenabudlova.
- Lesi senzo sanika umbuso isaba sokukhipha imithetho yezokuphepha ebukhali kunayo yonke kuze kube manje.
Speaker notes
Leli yiphuzu elizwelayo elidinga ukulinganisela. Chaza ukucabanga kwenhlangano - ukuvalwa kwazo zonke izindlela ezisemthethweni ngemuva kuka-1960 - ngaphandle kokudumisa noma ukugxeka udlame. Qaphela inqubomgomo eyashiwo yi-MK yokucekela phansi ehlose impahla kunabantu kulesi sigaba. Lesi sinqumo siholela ngqo eRivonia: ubuholi be-MK obungaphansi komhlaba umbuso obubamba obulandelayo. [SME] Qinisekisa usuku lokuqalisa lwango-16 Disemba 1961.
Ukugasela kwamaphoyisa epulazini iLiliesleaf kwaholela ecaleni elavalela abaholi benhlangano yenkululeko.
Ngo-11 Julayi 1963 amaphoyisa agasela iLiliesleaf Farm eRivonia, eduze kwaseJohannesburg, ikomkhulu eliyimfihlo lomkhandlu ophezulu we-MK, ethumba amaphepha ebopha ingxenye enkulu yobuholi. Ecaleni elalandela (Okthoba 1963 - Juni 1964), abamangalelwe babekwa icala lokucekela phansi. Ngo-12 Juni 1964 amadoda ayisishiyagalombili - kubandakanya oNelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu noGovan Mbeki - agwetshwa udilikajele (life imprisonment) esikhundleni sentambo.
Ngiye ngayigcina ngothando imfundiso yomphakathi wentando yeningi nokhululekile... Kuyimfundiso engizimisele ukufela yona. Nelson Mandela, isitatimende ephethelweni lecala, Rivonia Trial, 20 Ephreli 1964
Speaker notes
Inkulumo kaMandela ephethelweni lecala ingumthombo obalulekile wokuhlaziya kwe-FET - xoxa ngendlela aguqula ngayo icala elalihloselwe ukugxeka inhlangano laba yinkundla yenjongo yayo. Izigwebo zodilikajele (esikhundleni sokubulawa) zabonisa kokubili ukuqaphela okusemthethweni nengcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe. Gcizelela umphumela wale yunithi: ngo-1964 ubuholi bangaphakathi babuvalelwe noma budingisiwe, futhi umzabalazo wangena esigabeni saso eside sangaphansi komhlaba nesamazwe ngamazwe. [SME] Qinisekisa uhlu oluphelele lwabayisishiyagalombili abagwetshwa uphinde uqinisekise usuku lokugwetshwa lwango-12 Juni 1964 nosuku lwenkulumo lwango-20 Ephreli 1964 ngaphambi kokushicilelwa.
- 1948 I-National Party iwina amandla; ubandlululo buba inqubomgomo yombuso
- 1950 Imithetho i-Population Registration, i-Group Areas ne-Suppression of Communism
- 1952 IDefiance Campaign
- 1953 Imithetho i-Bantu Education ne-Separate Amenities
- 1955 I-Freedom Charter yamukelwa eKliptown
- 1956 Ukuboshwa kwe-Treason Trial kuyaqala
- 1960 Isibhicongo saseSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC kuyavinjelwa
- 1961 I-MK iqalisa umzabalazo wezikhali
- 1964 ICala LaseRivonia: izigwebo zodilikajele
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuhlanganisa izintambo ezimbili ezelukene zale yunithi ngaphambi kokuhlolwa. Cela abafundi balandele indlela ukuqubuka ngakunye kokumelana okwaphehla ngayo impendulo enzima yombuso, nendlela ukucindezela kombuso okwaphinda kwaguqula ngayo ukumelana - ikakhulukazi ukuvinjelwa kwango-1960 okwaqhuba ukujika kwezikhali kwango-1961. Loluchungechunge lwembangela-nomphumela yikho kanye i-CAPS ekuvuzayo emibuzweni yokubhala okwandisiwe.
Ngo-1964 ubandlululo babusuqiniswe ngokugcwele emthethweni futhi abaphikisi bayo abakhulu babevalelwe noma bedingisiwe - kodwa imfundiso ye-Freedom Charter yasinda.
Ngaphansi kwamashumi amabili eminyaka i-National Party yakha uhlelo oluphelele lokubusa ngokohlanga ngomthetho, yahlangabezana nokumelana okwakhulayo ngokucindezela okwakhulayo, futhi ngesikhathi seCala LaseRivonia yayisiphushele inhlangano yenkululeko ngaphansi komhlaba naphesheya. Umzabalazo wawubanjwa, kodwa awuhlulwanga - umbono owabekwa ngeminyaka yama-1950 wawuzokwakha iNingizimu Afrika yentando yeningi ngemuva kwamashumi amane eminyaka.
Q. Chaza indlela i-Population Registration Act yango-1950 eyakha ngayo isisekelo sayo yonke enye imithetho yobandlululo. (6 marks)
Q. Hlukanisa phakathi kobandlululo 'obuncane' (petty) 'nobukhulu' (grand), usebenzisa umthetho owodwa njengesibonelo salinye ngalinye. (8 marks)
Q. Uvumelana kangakanani nokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwango-1960 kwenza ukujikela emzabalazweni wezikhali kungenakugwenywa? Sekela impendulo yakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala isiyingi phakathi kwezintambo zale yunithi: imithetho, ukumelana nokucindezela kuhlangana eRivonia. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengokuhlolwa okubhaliwe - ukwabiwa kwamamaki kukhuphuka kusuka ekukhumbuleni umthombo (6) kudlule ekwehlukaniseni imiqondo (8) kuye embuzweni wempikiswano wezinga le-FET (10) olindele umugqa wempikiswano nobufakazi. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lokhu kulungiselela isihloko sebanga le-12 sokumelana kwabantu ngeminyaka yama-1970-1980 nokufika kwentando yeningi.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Apartheid South Africa 1940s-1960s
- Resource type
- Presentation