Ukwakhiwa kwe-apartheid (ucalucalulo) njengenkqubo, kunye namashumi amabini eminyaka enkcaso nengcinezelo asuka kunyulo lwe-1948 ukuya kuTyala laseRivonia lika-1963-64.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka umbuzo wohlalutyo weli candelo: i-apartheid yayingelolucalucalulo nje kuphela koko yayi yinkqubo eyakhiwa ngabom ngomthetho emva kowe-1948. Bonisa kwangaphambili imisonto emithathu - ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo (umthetho), inkcaso kuyo, kunye nengcinezelo karhulumente eyayikhula - uze ucacise ukuba eli candelo livalwa liTyala laseRivonia, ixesha apho urhulumente wavalela eluvalelweni iinkokeli zombutho wenkululeko waza wazigxothela kwelinye ilizwe nasemzileni.
I-apartheid ayivelanga phantsi - yenza inkqubo yaza yaqinisa amashumi eminyaka ocalucalulo olwaselukho.
Ngeminyaka yee-1940 uMzantsi Afrika wawusele unocalucalulo olunzulu. UMthetho woMhlaba wabaNtsundu we-1913 (Natives Land Act) wabekela bucala malunga ne-87% yomhlaba kubambalwa abamhlophe, imithetho yamapasi yalawula ukuhamba-hamba kwamadoda amnyama, kwaye umda webala wanciphisa abasebenzi abamnyama kwimisebenzi engenabuchule. Into eyatshintshayo emva kowe-1948 yayi bubungakanani, ukuhambelana kunye nenjongo yocalucalulo.
- Ucalucalulo phantsi koorhulumente bangaphambili lwalubanzi kodwa lungalingani kwaye lungaphelelanga.
- Ukufuduka ngokukhawuleza kwabasebenzi abamnyama beza ezidolophini ngexesha lemfazwe kwabakhathaza abasemagunyeni abamhlophe.
- Ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner kunye 'nezimvo zohlanga' ezingesosayensi yokwenyani zanika i-apartheid imbono yayo.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ingqiqo ye-CAPS yokuqhubeka notshintsho. Abafundi kufuneka bakwazi ukuxoxa kokubini ukuba i-apartheid yakhelwe phezu kocalucalulo lwakudala KWAYE ukuba u-1948 waphawula utshintsho olukhulu - isikhokelo esibanzi sokwakha uluntu lonke ngokohlanga. Nxulumanisa nomxholo weBanga le-11 othi 'Izimvo zohlanga ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20' ukucacisa apho yavela khona imbono ye-apartheid.
INational Party yaphumelela amandla ngesithembiso esicacileyo se-apartheid.
I-National Party (NP) phantsi kuka-D.F. Malan, imanyene neAfrikaner Party, yayoyisa iUnited Party kaJan Smuts. Isikhokelo sayo sonyulo lwe-1948 (iSauer Report) sasifuna ukwahlukaniswa okupheleleyo ngokobuhlanga. Okubalulekileyo, iNP yaphumelela izihlalo ezininzi ngoxa yayifumene iivoti ezimbalwa kuneUnited Party, kuba imimandla yasemaphandleni yayinobunzima obungaphezulu.
- Ngabavoti abamhlophe kuphela ababenokuthatha inxaxheba; uninzi olumnyama lwalungenavoti.
- 'Apartheid' (isiAfrikaans esithetha 'ukwahlukana') yaba ngumgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni karhulumente.
- Emva koko iNP yaguqula imbono yayo yaba likhonkco lemithetho ukususela kowe-1949 ukuya phambili.
Speaker notes
Esi sisiganeko esibalulekileyo seli candelo. Zoba ingxaki yobumthetho ukuze kuhlalutywe: urhulumente owakha inkqubo eyayibandeza amalungelo oninzi ngokwakhe wafika emandleni ngevoti embalwa yabamhlophe, kunyulo apho uninzi lwabaseMzantsi Afrika lwalungenako ukungena. Loo mzantsi phakathi kwegunya elibangwayo nemvume yokwenyani uhamba kulo lonke ixesha le-apartheid.
Ababhali-mbali bahlula i-apartheid 'encinci' (ucalucalulo lwemihla ngemihla) kwi-apartheid 'enkulu' (ukwahlukaniswa ngokommandla kube ngamazwe-khaya, iihomelands).
Ukwahlula
Beka wonke umntu kwiqela lohlanga elisemthethweni njengesiseko sayo yonke eminye imithetho.
Ukwahlukanisa
Yahlukanisa indawo yokuhlala, umtshato, imfundo, izixhobo zoluntu kunye, ekugqibeleni, ubumi ngokohlanga.
Ukulawula
Thulisa, alela, valela uze utshutshise nabani na owayecela umngeni kule nkqubo.
Speaker notes
Nika abafundi esi sakhelo sezenzi ezithathu (ukwahlula - ukwahlukanisa - ukulawula) ukuze imithetho emininzi elandelayo iqondwe njengeenxalenye zoyilo olunye endaweni yoluhlu lokufunda ngentloko. Yazisa umahluko phakathi kwe-apartheid encinci nenkulu ngoku; uya kubuyela kwi-apartheid enkulu kwislayidi seeBantustan. Cela abafundi bahlule wonke umthetho olandelayo ube kwenye yezi zenzo zintathu.
Phakathi ko-1949 no-1950 urhulumente wakha isakhelo esisemthethweni se-apartheid.
- Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, No. 55 of 1949 - yalela umtshato phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo.
- Immorality Amendment Act, No. 21 of 1950 - yenza ubulwelwe ubudlelwane besondo phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo.
- Population Registration Act, No. 30 of 1950 - yahlula wonke umntu njengoMhlophe (White), iColoured, okanye uNative (Indian/Asian yongezwa njengeqela elahlukileyo), isitshixo esiphambili sayo yonke eminye imithetho.
- Group Areas Act, No. 41 of 1950 - yahlula izixeko zaba ziindawo zohlanga, yenza ukuba kubekho ukugxothwa okunyanzelisayo ngobuninzi njengaseSophiatown naseDistrict Six.
Speaker notes
Kwinqanaba le-FET, hamba ngaphaya kokubiza amagama eeAct uye ekucaciseni indlela ezazibotshelelene ngayo. Ukwahlula ngokohlanga (Act 30) kwakufuneka kuqale kuba kwakugqiba ukuba omnye nomnye umthetho usebenza kubani. Qaphela indlela urhulumente owayefikelela ngayo kwezona zinto zabucala - iiAct 55 ne-21 zazilawula umtshato nesondo - kunye nokuhluthwa kwempahla ngeGroup Areas. [SME] Qinisekisa amanani eeAct kunye neminyaka ngokweSAHO apartheid-legislation article phambi kokukhutshwa; imihla ye-1949-1950 isekwe kakuhle kodwa amanani afanele ajongwe.
Eminye imithetho yangena kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ekuhambeni nasezingqondweni zabantwana.
- Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, No. 49 of 1953 - yenza ucalucalulo kwizixhobo zikawonke-wonke yaza yavumela ukuba zingalingani ngokusesidlangalaleni ('zahlukene kodwa zingalingani').
- Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, 1952 - nangona igama layo linjalo, yayiqinisa yaza yandisa inkqubo yamapasi (i-'reference book').
- Bantu Education Act, No. 47 of 1953 - yathabatha imfundo yabantwana abamnyama kwiicawa yaye, ngamazwi kaVerwoerd ngokwakhe, yayijolise ekulungiseleleni abantwana abamnyama umsebenzi kuphela.
Akukho ndawo [yomAfrika] kuluntu lwaseYurophu ngaphaya komgangatho weentlobo ezithile zomsebenzi. H.F. Verwoerd, uMphathiswa weMicimbi yaBantsundu, malunga neMfundo yaBantu, 1953
Speaker notes
Icaphulo likaVerwoerd lenza injongo icace kwaye lingumthombo owomeleleyo wohlalutyo - buza abafundi ukuba lityhila ntoni na malunga nenjongo yemfundo ye-apartheid. Zoba umgca omde uye phambili: umsindo ngeBantu Education wondla uVukelo lwaseSoweto lwe-1976, abafundi abaya kudibana nalo kumxholo olandelayo weBanga le-12. [SME] Icaphulo likaVerwoerd licatshulwa kakhulu kodwa lidla ngokuguqulwa amazwi; qinisekisa amazwi achanekileyo nesalathiso phambi kokukhutshwa.
Urhulumente wazama ukuchaza kwakhona abaseMzantsi Afrika abamnyama njengabemi 'bamazwe-khaya' ahlukeneyo endaweni yokuba babe ngabaseMzantsi Afrika.
I-apartheid enkulu yayijolise ekwahluleni ilizwe ngokommandla. I-Bantu Authorities Act, No. 68 of 1951 yaseka amagunya emveli kwiindawo ezibekelwe bucala, kwaye i-Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, No. 46 of 1959 - eyayiqhutywa nguVerwoerd - yahlanganisa ama-Afrika kumaqela ezizwe ezahlukeneyo 'njengamayelenqe esizwe' ekwakusithiwa aya kuba ngamazwe-khaya azilawulayo.
- Injongo yexesha elide yayikukubandeza ama-Afrika ubumi boMzantsi Afrika oqhelekileyo.
- Amazwe-khaya ayenengxenye encinci yomhlaba kwaye ayengenako ukuziphilisa ngokoqoqosho.
- Iinkosi zafunyanwa ngamaqhinga, kwahlulahlulwa uluntu kwaza kwatshatyalaliswa inkcaso.
Speaker notes
Esi sesona slayidi sinzima ngokohlalutyo - qinisekisa ukuba abafundi bayaqonda ukuba i-apartheid enkulu yayimalunga nobumi, kungekhona nje apho abantu babehlala khona. Ngokubela ama-Afrika kumazwe-khaya, urhulumente wayeceba ukubahlutha nawaphi na amabango amalungelo ezopolitiko kwi-87% yoMzantsi Afrika eyayibekelwe abamhlophe. Oku kuba sisiseko seeBantustan 'ezizimeleyo' zeminyaka yee-1970. [SME] Amanani okwahlulwa komhlaba we-87%/13% aqhelekile kodwa qinisekisa indlela yokuwabhala.
Ngaphandle kokwahlukanisa, urhulumente wakha oomatshini abasemthethweni bokutyumza ukungavumelani.
I-Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950 yachaza 'ubukomanisi' ngokubanzi kangangokuba yayinokusetyenziswa nxamnye naphantse nawuphi na umchasi - ivalela abantu, inciphisa ukuhamba kwabo yaye ibathulisa ngaphandle kwetyala. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1960 oku kwaqiniswa yi-Sabotage Act (General Law Amendment Act, 1962) kunye nemithetho yokuvalela ngaphandle kwetyala (isigatshana sokuvalela iintsuku ezingama-90 sika-1963).
- 'Ukwalelwa' 'nokudweliswa' kwathulisa iinkokeli ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala enkundleni.
- Iinkcazo ezingacacanga zavumela urhulumente ukuba ajolise kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, kwiliberali nakwiinkokeli zecawa.
- Ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwetyala kwasusa ukhuseleko olusisiseko olusemthethweni kumatshantliziyo.
Speaker notes
Beka oku malunga nolawulo lomthetho: imithetho yezokhuseleko ye-apartheid yayibohlwaya abantu ngaphandle kwetyala elifanelekileyo yaza yenza iinkcazo ezingacacanga, ezibanzi zibe sisiseko sokutshutshisa. Imithetho ye-1962 ne-1963 imva kancinci kunemithetho esisiseko kodwa ifanele ibe apha kuba ibonisa urhulumente enyusa izixhobo zakhe zomthetho njengoko inkcaso ikhula - ilungiselela iRivonia. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuba isigatshana 'seentsuku ezingama-90' sika-1963 (General Law Amendment Act) phambi kokukhutshwa.
Iminyaka yee-1950 yabona inkcaso enkulu ehleliweyo, yezizwe ezininzi, engenabundlobongela ekhe yabonwa eMzantsi Afrika.
I-Defiance Campaign yowe-1952, ekhokelwa yi-ANC kunye ne-South African Indian Congress, yahlanganisa amawaka amavolontiya ukwaphula imithetho ye-apartheid ngabom aze azifake elubanjweni. Ngo-1955 i-Congress of the People eKliptown yamkela i-Freedom Charter, apho umgca wayo wokuqala wathi 'UMzantsi Afrika ngowabo bonke abahlala kuwo, abamnyama nabamhlophe.'
- IDefiance Campaign yakhokelela kunyuko olukhulu lobulungu be-ANC.
- ICongress Alliance yamanyanisa i-ANC namademokrasi angamaIndiya, amaColoured nabamhlophe.
- IFreedom Charter kamva yayila iindiliza zoMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika we-1996.
Speaker notes
Esi slayidi sishwankathela inkcaso ekhutshelwe ngokweenkcukacha kwikharityhulam yeBanga le-9; kwiBanga le-11, gxila kwiqhinga nokubaluleka endaweni yebali. Gxininisa ukhetho lwentshukumo yobuninzi engenabundlobongela nemodeli yeCongress Alliance yentsebenziswano yezizwe ezininzi. Qaphela umahluko owenziwe ngabom omele uzotywe ngabafundi: umbutho onika umbono obandakanyayo nxamnye norhulumente onika ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngomthetho.
Urhulumente waphendula inkcaso ngokutshutshisa yaye, eSharpeville, ngamandla abulalayo.
NgoDisemba 1956 urhulumente wabamba amatshantliziyo ali-156 waza wawatyhola ngobuvukeli obukhulu, esebenzisa iFreedom Charter njengobungqina beyelenqe lobundlobongela elithiwa lalikhona; i-Treason Trial yazolela kwada kwangu-1961, apho bonke ababetyholwa bakhululwa. Emva koko ngomhla we-21 Matshi 1960 amapolisa adubula uqhankqalazo oluchasa amapasi e-Sharpeville, abulala abantu abangama-69, uninzi ludutyulwe emhlane.
- Uqhankqalazo lwaseSharpeville lwabizwa yi-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) phantsi kukaRobert Sobukwe.
- Urhulumente wabhengeza iMeko yoNgxamiseko waza wawalela i-ANC ne-PAC ngo-Epreli 1960.
- ISharpeville yaguqula uluvo lwehlabathi ngokukhawuleza nxamnye ne-apartheid.
Speaker notes
Iziganeko ezibini, umxholo omnye: ukujika korhulumente ukusuka ekuhlukumezeni ngokusemthethweni ukuya kubundlobongela obusesidlangalaleni. Gqamisa ubuqhetseba beTreason Trial - iminyaka yokutshutshisa iphela ngokukhululwa okupheleleyo, ityhila ityala likarhulumente njengelezopolitiko. Emva koko iSharpeville iphawula ukuqhawuka: ukwalelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC kwavala ipolitiki esemthethweni, engenabundlobongela kwaza kwatyhalela imibutho emzileni. [SME] Inani labafileyo eSharpeville elingama-69 lelona linani liqhelekileyo; qinisekisa phambi kokukhutshwa.
Ngenxa yokwalelwa koqhankqalazo loxolo, imibutho yenkululeko yathabatha izixhobo.
Emva kokwalelwa kwe-1960, i-ANC namahlakani ayo agqiba ekubeni uqhankqalazo olungenabundlobongela lodwa lwalungasenako ukusebenza nxamnye norhulumente owayekulungele ukudubula nokuvalela. Ngo-1961 basungula i-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK, 'Umkhonto weSizwe'), eyaqalisa iphulo lokonakalisa ngomhla we-16 Disemba 1961, ijolise kwizakhiwo ngoxa yayizama ukuphepha ukulahleka kobomi. I-PAC yasungula iphiko layo elixhobileyo, iPoqo.
- IMK ekuqaleni yakhetha ukonakalisa endaweni yemfazwe yamagerila ukunciphisa ukulimala kwabantu.
- Esi sigqibo saphawula utshintsho lwembali emva kwamashumi eminyaka omzabalazo ongenabundlobongela.
- Eli nyathelo lanika urhulumente isizathu semithetho yakhe yezokhuseleko eyona ikhohlakeleyo.
Speaker notes
Le yindawo enovelwano efuna ukulinganisa. Cacisa isizathu sombutho - ukuvalwa kwazo zonke iindlela ezisemthethweni emva kowe-1960 - ngaphandle kokuzukisa okanye ukugxeka ubundlobongela. Qaphela umgaqo-nkqubo we-MK owawuchaziwe wokonakalisa owawujolise kwipropati endaweni yabantu kweli nqanaba. Esi sigqibo sikhokelela ngqo eRivonia: yinkokeli ye-MK esemzileni urhulumente ayibambayo emva koko. [SME] Qinisekisa umhla wokusungulwa we-16 Disemba 1961.
Ukuhlaselwa kwefama iLiliesleaf ngamapolisa kwakhokelela kwityala elavalela iinkokeli zombutho wenkululeko.
Ngomhla we-11 Julayi 1963 amapolisa ahlasela i-Liliesleaf Farm eRivonia, kufuphi neJohannesburg, ikomkhulu eliyimfihlo lolawulo oluphezulu lwe-MK, athimba amaxwebhu aza abamba uninzi lweenkokeli. Kwityala elalandelayo (Okthoba 1963 - Juni 1964), ababetyholwa batyholwa ngokonakalisa. Ngomhla we-12 Juni 1964 amadoda asibhozo - kubandakanya uNelson Mandela, uWalter Sisulu noGovan Mbeki - agwetywa isigwebo sobomi endaweni yesigwebo sokufa.
Ndiye ndaligcina njengophupha oluhle uluntu olunentando yesininzi nolukhululekileyo... Liphupha endikulungeleyo ukufela lona. Nelson Mandela, intetho evela kwindawo yesityholwa, iTyala laseRivonia, 20 Epreli 1964
Speaker notes
Intetho kaMandela evela kwindawo yesityholwa ngumthombo obalulekileyo wohlalutyo lwe-FET - xoxa ngendlela awaguqula ngayo ityala elalijolise ukugweba umbutho laba liqonga lomcimbi wawo. Izigwebo zobomi (endaweni yokubulawa) zazibonisa kokubini ukulumka ngokwasemthethweni noxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Gxininisa isiphumo seli candelo: ngo-1964 iinkokeli zangaphakathi zazivalelwe okanye zigxothelwe kwelinye ilizwe, waza umzabalazo wangena kwinqanaba lawo elide lasemzileni nelamazwe ngamazwe. [SME] Qinisekisa uluhlu olupheleleyo lwabasibhozo abagwetyiweyo uze uqinisekise umhla wokugwetywa we-12 Juni 1964 nomhla wentetho we-20 Epreli 1964 phambi kokukhutshwa.
- 1948 INational Party iphumelela amandla; i-apartheid iba ngumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente
- 1950 IiAct zePopulation Registration, Group Areas neSuppression of Communism
- 1952 IDefiance Campaign
- 1953 IiAct zeBantu Education neSeparate Amenities
- 1955 IFreedom Charter yamkelwa eKliptown
- 1956 Ukubanjwa kweTreason Trial kuyaqala
- 1960 Umbulalo waseSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC ziyalelwa
- 1961 IMK isungula umzabalazo oxhobileyo
- 1964 ITyala laseRivonia: izigwebo zobomi
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa oku ukudibanisa imisonto emibini ephicothiweyo yeli candelo phambi kovavanyo. Cela abafundi balandele indlela iqhaphu ngalinye lenkcaso elaphembelela ngayo impendulo enzima karhulumente, nendlela ingcinezelo karhulumente eyayila kwakhona ngayo inkcaso - ngokona kubukhali ukwalelwa kwe-1960 okwakhokelela ekujikeni kuye ezixhobeni ngo-1961. Eli khonkco lonobangela-nesiphumo yinto kanye evuzwa yimibuzo yeCAPS yokubhala okwandisiweyo.
Ngo-1964 i-apartheid yayisele isekwe ngokupheleleyo emthethweni kwaye abachasi bayo abaphambili babevalelwe okanye begxothelwe kwelinye ilizwe - kodwa iimbono zeFreedom Charter zasinda.
Kwixesha elingaphantsi kwamashumi amabini eminyaka iNational Party yakha inkqubo ebanzi yolawulo lohlanga ngomthetho, yahlangana nenkcaso ekhulayo ngengcinezelo enyukayo, yaye ngexesha leTyala laseRivonia yayisele iwuqhube umbutho wenkululeko waya emzileni nakwamanye amazwe. Umzabalazo wathotyelwa, awuzange woyiswe - umbono owabekwayo ngeminyaka yee-1950 wawuya kuyila uMzantsi Afrika onentando yesininzi emva kwamashumi amane eminyaka.
Q. Chaza indlela i-Population Registration Act yowe-1950 eyakha ngayo isiseko sayo yonke enye imithetho ye-apartheid. (6 marks)
Q. Yahlula phakathi kwe-apartheid 'encinci' 'nenkulu', usebenzisa umthetho omnye njengomzekelo womnye ngamnye. (8 marks)
Q. Uvumelana kangakanani na nokuba ukwalelwa kwe-1960 kwenza ukujika kuye kumzabalazo oxhobileyo kungabinako ukuphetshwa? Xhasa impendulo yakho ngobungqina. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala isangqa phakathi kwemisonto yeli candelo: umthetho, inkcaso nengcinezelo zadibana eRivonia. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengovavanyo olubhaliweyo - ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kunyuka ukusuka ekukhumbuleni umthombo (6) kutsho kumahluko wengqiqo (8) ukuya kumbuzo wengxoxo wenqanaba le-FET (10) olindele umgca wengxoxo nobungqina. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba oku kulungiselela umxholo weBanga le-12 malunga nenkcaso yoluntu ngeminyaka yee-1970-1980 nokufika kwedemokhrasi.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Apartheid South Africa 1940s-1960s
- Resource type
- Presentation