Ukwakhiwa kwe-apartheid njengehlelo, kanye neminyaka engamatjhumi amabili yokuvukela nokugandelela okwasukela ekhethweni lango-1948 kufika eRivonia Trial yango-1963-64.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokubeka umbuzo wokuhlaziya wesahluko: i-apartheid bekungasi ukubandlulula kwaphela kodwa ihlelo elakhiwa ngamabomu ngomthetho ngemva kuka-1948. Beka phambili iindlela ezintathu - ukwakhiwa kwehlelo (imithetho), ukuvukela ngokujamelana nayo, kanye nokugandelela kombuso okuragela phambili - begodu uchaze bona isahluko siphetha nge-Rivonia Trial, isikhathi lapha umbuso wavalela khona abaholi bomkhankaso wenkululeko wabaqhubela ekudingisweni nangaphasi.
I-apartheid ayivelanga ivela endaweni engekho - yahlela yaqinisa iminyaka eminengi yokwehlukaniswa ngebala okwakuvele kukhona.
Ngeenkhathi zawo-1940s iSewula Afrika beyivele yehlukaniswe ngebala ngokutjhinga. Umthetho we-Natives Land Act ka-1913 wabekela idlanzana labamhlophe cabanga ama-87% womhlaba, imithetho yamapasi yalawula ukuhamba kwamadoda amnzima, begodu umgomo webala (colour bar) wakhawulela abasebenzi abamnzima emisebenzini engakafundi. Okwatjhuguluka ngemva kuka-1948 kwaba ubukhulu, ukuhleleka nomnqopho wokwehlukaniswa ngebala.
- Ukwehlukaniswa ngaphasi kwabusi bangaphambili bekubanzi kodwa kunganakekelekaki ngokupheleleko.
- Ukungena kwabasebenzi abamnzima emadorobheni ngokurhaba ngesikhathi sepi kwathusa abaphathi abamhlophe.
- Ubunazareti (nationalism) bama-Afrikaner kanye 'nemibono yebala' engekho nesayensi kwanikela i-apartheid imifundamlando yayo.
Speaker notes
Gandelela umqondo we-CAPS wokuraga nokutjhuguluka. Abafundi kufanele bakghone ukuphikisana bobabili bona i-apartheid yakhelwe ekwehlukanisweni okudala KANYE nokuthi u-1948 watjho ukuhlukana okukhulu - isidingo esiphelele sokwakha umphakathi woke ngebala. Xhumanisa nesihloko sebanga 11 esithi 'Imibono yebala ngekhulu le-19 nele-20' ukuchaza lapho imifundamlando ye-apartheid yavela khona.
I-National Party yathola amandla ngesithembiso esisobala se-apartheid.
I-National Party (NP) ngaphasi kuka-D.F. Malan, ihlangene ne-Afrikaner Party, yahlula i-United Party kaJan Smuts. Isidingo sayo sekhetho lango-1948 (i-Sauer Report) sabiza ukwehlukaniswa ngebala okupheleleko. Okuqakathekileko, i-NP yathola iningi lezihlalo kodwa yathola amavowudu amanceng kune-United Party, ngombana iindawo zeemakhaya bezinesisindo esikhulu.
- Kwaphela abavoti abamhlophe abangathatha ingxenye; iningi labamnzima belingavoti.
- 'I-Apartheid' (isi-Afrikaans esitjho 'ukwehlukana') laba umgomo osemthethweni wombuso.
- I-NP beyizokuthi imifundamlando yayo iyiphendule ibe likhambo lemithetho kusukela ngo-1949.
Speaker notes
Lo mcimbi oyingcenye qangi wesahluko. Khokha phandle umraro womthetho wokuhlaziya: umbuso owakha ihlelo elivimba amalungelo weningi wathola amandla ngamavowudu amanceng wabamhlophe, ekhethweni iningi labeSewula Afrika belingakghoni ukungena kilo. Umsuka phakathi kobuholi obufunyanwako nemvumelwano yamambala uraga kiso soke isikhathi se-apartheid.
Abalandi bomlando bahlukanisa i-apartheid 'encani' (ukwehlukaniswa kwamalanga woke) ne-apartheid 'ekulu' (ukwehlukaniswa ngomhlaba kube ma-homelands).
Hlukanisa ngebala
Beka umuntu ngamunye eqhemeni lebala elisemthethweni njengesisekelo semithetho yoke elandelako.
Yehlukanisa
Yehlukanisa indawo yokuhlala, umtjhado, isikolo, iindawo zomphakathi, nekugcineni ubuzwe, ngebala.
Lawula
Thulisa, valela, bopha begodu umangalele nanyana ngubani ophikisana nehlelo.
Speaker notes
Nikela abafundi ihlelo lamabizo amathathu wesenzo (hlukanisa - yehlukanisa - lawula) ukwenzela bona imithetho eminengi elandelako izwisiseke njengeengcenye zomklamo munye kunokuba lihlokohlo lokufundwa ngehloko. Yethula umehluko we-apartheid encani/ekulu nje; uzokubuyela e-apartheid ekulu esikrinini seenBantustan. Bawa abafundi bahlukanise umthetho ngamunye olandelako ube ngumsebenzi munye kwemithathu.
Phakathi kuka-1949 no-1950 umbuso wakha ithambo lomthetho we-apartheid.
- Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, No. 55 of 1949 - yavimba umtjhado phakathi kwamabala.
- Immorality Amendment Act, No. 21 of 1950 - yenza kube licala ukwabelana ngokomseme phakathi kwamabala.
- Population Registration Act, No. 30 of 1950 - yahlukanisa umuntu ngamunye njengoMhlophe, oNgusibunjalo (Coloured) namkha uMnzima (amaNdiya/ama-Asia afakwa njengeqhema elihlukileko), isikhiya esikhulu somthetho woke omunye.
- Group Areas Act, No. 41 of 1950 - yahlukanisa amadorobho abe ziingcenye zebala, yavumela ukukhitjhwa kwabantu ngamandla njenge-Sophiatown ne-District Six.
Speaker notes
Ezingeni le-FET, khuphula ngaphezu kokubiza imithetho ube uchaza indlela ehlangana ngayo. Ukuhlukaniswa (Act 30) bekufanele kuze qangi ngombana kwakunquma bona umthetho ngamunye omunye usebenza kubani. Qaphela ukufinyelela okuseduze kombuso - iiAct 55 no-21 zalawula umtjhado nokwabelana ngokomseme - kanye nokuthathelwa impahla kwe-Group Areas. [SME] Qinisekisa iinomboro ze-Act neminyaka ngokujamelana ne-athikili ye-apartheid-legislation ye-SAHO ngaphambi kokukhipha; amalanga ka-1949-1950 avele aqinisekile kodwa iinomboro zifuna ukuhlolwa.
Eminye imithetho yafinyelela endaweni yomphakathi, ekuhambeni, nasemikhumbulweni yabantwana.
- Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, No. 49 of 1953 - yahlukanisa iindawo zomphakathi yavumela bona zibe ngezingalingani ngokusobala ('zihlukene kodwa azilingani').
- Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, 1952 - naphezu kwebizo layo, yaqinisa yandisa ihlelo lamapasi (i-'reference book').
- Bantu Education Act, No. 47 of 1953 - yathatha isikolo sabamnzima emabandleni, begodu ngamezwi kaVerwoerd ngokwakhe, yahlose ukulungisa abantwana abamnzima bomsebenzi kwaphela.
Akunandawo yakhe [um-Afrika] emphakathini we-Yuropu ngaphezu kwamazinga athileko womsebenzi. H.F. Verwoerd, uNgqongqotjhe wezaBantu (Native Affairs), nge-Bantu Education, 1953
Speaker notes
Amezwi kaVerwoerd asobelela umnqopho begodu angumthombo omuhle wokuhlaziya - buza abafundi bona atjengisani ngo*mnqopho* wefundo ye-apartheid. Dweba umudwa oya phambili: ilaka nge-Bantu Education laveza uKuvukela kweSoweto kwango-1976, abafundi abazokuhlangabezana nakho esihlokweni sebanga 12 esilandelako. [SME] Amezwi kaVerwoerd asetjenziswa ngokubanzi kodwa kanengi ashutjhwa ngokwehlukileko; qinisekisa amagama alungileko nomthombo ngaphambi kokukhipha.
Umbuso wazama ukuhlathulula abeSewula Afrika abamnzima njengezakhamuzi zama-'homelands' ahlukileko kunokuba zeSewula Afrika.
I-apartheid ekulu yahlose ukuhlukanisa inarha ngomhlaba. I-Bantu Authorities Act, No. 68 of 1951 yamisa iimphathi zesizwe eendaweni ezibekelelweko, begodu i-Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, No. 46 of 1959 - eqhutjhwa nguVerwoerd - yahlanganisa ama-Afrika abe 'ziingcenye zesizwe' ezihlukileko ebezizokuba ma-homelands azibusako.
- Umnqopho wesikhathi eside bekukuvimbela ama-Afrika ubuzwe beSewula Afrika ehlangeneko.
- Ama-homelands aphethe ingcenyana yomhlaba begodu angakghoni ukuziphilisa ngokwezomnotho.
- Iimphathamandla zathengwa, kwahlukaniswa imiphakathi, kwadicilela ukuvukela.
Speaker notes
Lesi sikrini yiso esibudisi khulu ngokuhlaziya - qiniseka bona abafundi bayazwisisa bona i-apartheid ekulu beyimayelana nobuzwe, ingasi kwaphela lapho abantu bahlala khona. Ngokwabela ama-Afrika ema-homelands, umbuso wahlose ukubasusela nanyana ngiliphi ilungelo lezepolotiki kuma-87% weSewula Afrika abekelwe abamhlophe. Lokhu kuba sisisekelo seeBantustan 'ezizimeleko' zawo-1970s. [SME] Iimbalobalo zokuhlukaniswa komhlaba zama-87%/13% zijayelekile kodwa qinisekisa amagama.
Ngaphandle kokwehlukaniswa, umbuso wakha umtjhini womthetho wokugandelela ukuphikisa.
I-Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950 yahlathulula 'ubukhomanisi' ngokubanzi kangangobana bekungasetjenziswa cabe kuwo woke umphikisi - ivimbela abantu, ikhawulela ukuhamba kwabo begodu ibathulise ngaphandle kwecala. Kubo bonke abo-1960s okwathoma lokhu kwaqiniswa yi-Sabotage Act (General Law Amendment Act, 1962) kanye nemithetho yokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwecala (isigatjana somalanga ama-90 sango-1963).
- 'Ukuvinjelwa' (banning) 'nokufakwa erhlwini' (listing) kwathulisa abaholi ngaphandle kokuzwiwa yikhotho.
- Ukuhlathulula okungakacaci kwavumela umbuso ukuhlasela iinyunyana, amaliberali nabaholi bebandla.
- Ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwecala kwasusa isivikelo somthetho esiyingcono kubarhweli.
Speaker notes
Beka lokhu ngokombuso womthetho: imithetho yezokuvikela ye-apartheid yajezisa abantu ngaphandle kwecala elilungileko begodu yenza ukuhlathululo okungakacaci nokubanzi kube sisisekelo sokumangalela. Imithetho yango-1962 no-1963 iza emva kancani kunemithetho yesisekelo kodwa ifanele lapha ngombana itjengisa umbuso ukhuphula amavotjhi wawo womthetho njengombana ukuvukela kwakhula - kubeka isiteji se-Rivonia. [SME] Qinisekisa bona isigatjana 'somalanga ama-90' sisukela ngo-1963 (General Law Amendment Act) ngaphambi kokukhipha.
Awo-1950s abona ukuvukela okuhleliweko, kwamabala amanengi, okunganabudlhelwana, okukhulu kunakho koke okwake kwabonwa eSewula Afrika.
I-Defiance Campaign yango-1952, eholwa yi-ANC ne-South African Indian Congress, yakhweza iinkulungwana zamavolontiya bona ephule imithetho ye-apartheid ngamabomu begodu abanjwe. Ngo-1955 i-Congress of the People eKliptown yamukela i-Freedom Charter, esitjho emgceni wayo wokuthoma bona 'iSewula Afrika ngeyabo boke abahlala kiyo, abamnzima nabamhlophe.'
- I-Defiance Campaign yaqhubela phambili ukukhula okukhulu kobulunga be-ANC.
- I-Congress Alliance yahlanganisa i-ANC namaNdiya, abebala kanye namaliberali amhlophe.
- I-Freedom Charter ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yakha iinqophiso zoMthethosisekelo weSewula Afrika wango-1996.
Speaker notes
Lesi sikrini sifinyeza ukuvukela ikharikhulamu yebanga 9 esiphatha ngokudephileko; ebangeni 11, gandelela isu nomqotjho kunokulandisa. Gandelela ukukhethwa kokuvukela kwesiqhema okunganabudlhelwana kanye nendlela ye-Congress Alliance yokubambisana kwamabala amanengi. Qaphela umehluko ozenzelwa amabomu abafundi okufanele bawudwebe: umkhankaso onikela umbono ohlanganisako ngokujamelana nombuso onikela ukwehlukaniswa ngomthetho.
Umbuso waphendula ukuvukela ngokumangalela begodu, eSharpeville, ngamandla abulalako.
NgoZibandlela wango-1956 umbuso wabopha abavukeli abayi-156 wababeka icala lokuvukela ombuso, usebenzisa i-Freedom Charter njengubufakazi belinga elithithwako lebudlhwabudlhwa; i-Treason Trial yadonseka bekwaba ngu-1961, lapho boke ababekwe icala bakhutjhulwa. Ngemva kwalokho ngo-21 Matjhi 1960 amaphoyisa avula umlilo emtjhikeleleni ojamelene namapasi eSharpeville, abulala abantu abayi-69, abanengi babo badutjulwa emhlana.
- Umtjhikelela weSharpeville wabizwa yi-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) ngaphasi kukaRobert Sobukwe.
- Umbuso wamemezela iSimo Somtlhago (State of Emergency) begodu wavimba i-ANC ne-PAC ngoApreli 1960.
- I-Sharpeville yatjhugulula umbono wephasi loke waphambana ne-apartheid ngokuqinileko.
Speaker notes
Imicimbi emibili, umqondo munye: umbuso utjhugulukela ekuhlukumezeni ngomthetho uye ekubulaleni okusobala. Gandelela ubuqili be-Treason Trial - iminyaka yokumangalela iphetha ngokukhutjhulwa okupheleleko, kuveza icala lombuso njengelezepolotiki. Ngemva kwalokho i-Sharpeville itjengisa ukwephuka: ukuvinjelwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC kwavala ipolotiki yomthetho enganabudlhwabudlhwa begodu kwaqhubela imikhankaso ngaphasi. [SME] Isibalo sabahlongakeleko eSharpeville sabantu abayi-69 sisibalo esijayelekileko; qinisekisa ngaphambi kokukhipha.
Njengoba umtjhikelela onokuthula uvinjelwe, imikhankaso yenkululeko yathatha izikhali.
Ngemva kokuvinjelwa kwango-1960, i-ANC nabalingani bayo baphetha ngokuthi umtjhikelela onganabudlhwabudlhwa wodwa awusakghoni ukusebenza ngokujamelana nombuso ozimisele ukudubula nokuvalela. Ngo-1961 basungula i-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK, 'Isikhali seSizwe'), esithoma umkhankaso wokona amaziko ngo-16 Zimu 1961, ijolise emazikweni ngesikhathi izama ukubalekela ukulahlekelwa yipilo. I-PAC yasungula iphiko layo lezikhali, i-Poqo.
- I-MK ekuthomeni yakhetha ukona kunokulwa ngobuguerrila ukukhawulela ukubulawa.
- Isiqunto satjho ukutjhuguluka komlando ngemva kweminyaka yokuvukela okunganabudlhwabudlhwa.
- Isenzo sanikela umbuso ibanga lemithetho yakhe yezokuvikela ebukhali khulu.
Speaker notes
Lo mncimbi obucayi ofuna ukulingana. Chaza ukucabanga komkhankaso - ukuvalwa kwazo zoke iindlela zomthetho ngemva kuka-1960 - ngaphandle kokuphakamisa nanyana ukubeka icala udlame. Qaphela umgomo we-MK owatjhiwo wokona okujolise empahleni kunabantu esigabeni esi. Isiqunto lesi sikhambisa ngqo e-Rivonia: ngubuholi be-MK obungaphasi obuthunjwa mbuso ngokulandelako. [SME] Qinisekisa ilanga lokusungulwa lika-16 Zimu 1961.
Ukuhlaselwa kwepulazi le-Liliesleaf mamaphoyisa kwaholela ecaleni elavalela abaholi bomkhankaso wenkululeko.
Ngo-11 Julayi 1963 amaphoyisa ahlasela i-Liliesleaf Farm eRivonia, eduze neJohannesburg, ikomkhulu eliyimfihlo lekhomandi ephezulu ye-MK, athumba amaphepha abopha ingcenye ekulu yobuholi. Ecaleni elalandelako (Oktoba 1963 - Juni 1964), ababekwa icala babekwa icala lokona umbuso. Ngo-12 Juni 1964 amadoda abunane - kubandakanya uNelson Mandela, uWalter Sisulu no-Govan Mbeki - agwetjelwa ukubotjhwa umphelo wepilo kunokubulawa.
Ngithandane nomqondo womphakathi okhululekileko nowentando yeengqe... Kumqondo engizimisele ukufela wona. Nelson Mandela, isitatimende esivela kubherweni lecala, Rivonia Trial, 20 Apreli 1964
Speaker notes
Ikulumo kaMandela evela kubherweni lecala imumbo yomthombo obucayi wokuhlaziya kwe-FET - cabangela indlela atjhugulula ngayo icala ebelijolise ukugweba umkhankaso libe yisiteji sebanga lawo. Iimgwebo yomphelo wepilo (kunokubulawa) yatjengisa bobabili ukuqaphela komthetho nokugandelelwa kwephasi loke. Gandelela umphumela wesahluko: ngo-1964 ubuholi bangaphakathi bebubotjhiwe namkha budingisiwe, begodu umzabalazo wangena esigabeni sawo eside sangaphasi nesephasi loke. [SME] Qinisekisa uhlu lwabo bobunane abagwetjiweko begodu qinisekisa ilanga lokugwetjwa lika-12 Juni 1964 nelanga lekulumo lika-20 Apreli 1964 ngaphambi kokukhipha.
- 1948 I-National Party ithola amandla; i-apartheid iba ngumgomo wombuso
- 1950 Population Registration, Group Areas ne-Suppression of Communism Acts
- 1952 I-Defiance Campaign
- 1953 Bantu Education ne-Separate Amenities Acts
- 1955 I-Freedom Charter yamukelwa eKliptown
- 1956 Ukuboptjhwa kwe-Treason Trial kuthoma
- 1960 Isibhicongo seSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC zivinjelwa
- 1961 I-MK ithoma umzabalazo wezikhali
- 1964 I-Rivonia Trial: iimgwebo yomphelo wepilo
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukudibanisa iindlela ezimbili ezihlangeneko zesahluko ngaphambi kokuhlolwa. Bawa abafundi balandele indlela ukuvukela ngakunye okwaqhubela isenzo esibukhali sombuso, nokuthi ukugandelela kombuso kwatjhugulula ukuvukela njani ngokujikelela - khulukhulu ukuvinjelwa kwango-1960 okwaqhubela ukujikela ezikhalweni kwango-1961. Iketani lembangela nomphumela lokhu kunye ngiko okuvuzwa yimibuzo yokutlola ede ye-CAPS.
Ngo-1964 i-apartheid beyisele izinze ngokupheleleko emthethweni begodu abaphikisi bayo abakhulu babotjhiwe namkha badingisiwe - kodwa iinqophiso ze-Freedom Charter zasinda.
Ngaphasi kweminyaka emabili yamatjhumi, i-National Party yakha ihlelo eliphelele lokubusa ngebala ngomthetho, yahlangabezana nokuvukela okukhulako ngokugandelela okukhuphukako, begodu nge-Rivonia Trial beyisele iqhubele umkhankaso wenkululeko ngaphasi nangaphandle kwenarha. Umzabalazo wavinjwa, awukahlulwa - umbono owabekwa ngawo-1950s bewuzokwakha iSewula Afrika yentando yeengqe eminyakeni emine yamatjhumi ngokukhamba kwesikhathi.
Q. Chaza ukuthi i-Population Registration Act yango-1950 yakha njani isisekelo somthetho we-apartheid oseleko. (6 marks)
Q. Hlukanisa i-apartheid 'encani' ne-apartheid 'ekulu', usebenzisa umthetho munye njengesibonelo sengayinye. (8 marks)
Q. Uvumelana kangangani nokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwango-1960 kwenza ukujikela emzabalazweni wezikhali kungabalekeleki? Sekela ipendulo yakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala umjikelezo phakathi kweendlela zesahluko: imithetho, ukuvukela nokugandelela kwadibana e-Rivonia. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengokuhlolwa okutloliweko - ukwabelwa kwemakhi kukhuphuka kusukela ekukhumbuleni umthombo (6) kudlula ukuhlukaniswa komqondo (8) kufika kumbuzo wokuphikisana wezinga le-FET (10) olindele umgca wokuphikisana nobufakazi. Khumbuza abafundi bona lokhu kumisela isihloko sebanga 12 sokuvukela komphakathi kwawo-1970s-1980s nokufika kwentando yeengqe.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Apartheid South Africa 1940s-1960s
- Resource type
- Presentation