Kwakhiwa kwe-apartheid njengendlela yekubusa lehleliwe, kanye nemashumi lamabili eminyaka yekumelana nekucindzetela lokwasukela elukhethweni lwa-1948 kwaya eCaleni laseRivonia (Rivonia Trial) la-1963-64.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekubeka umbuto lohlolako walesifundvo: i-apartheid bekungasilo nje lucalucalulo kepha indlela yekubusa lehleliwe leyakhiwa ngamabomu ngemtsetfo emva kwa-1948. Veta imicu lemitsatfu - kwakhiwa kwaleyondlela (imitsetfo), kumelana nayo, kanye nekucindzetela lokwakhula kwahulumende - futsi uchaze kutsi lesifundvo sivalwa ngeCala laseRivonia (Rivonia Trial), sikhatsi lapho hulumende avalela khona baholi benhlangano yenkhululeko wababalekisela ekudingisweni nangaphansi kwemhlaba.
I-apartheid ayivelanga ivela ndzawana - yahlela yacinisa emashumi eminyaka ekwehlukaniswa lokwakuvele kukhona.
Ngeminyaka yema-1940s iNingizimu Afrika beyivele yehlukaniswe kakhulu ngebuhlanga. UMtsetfo Wemhlaba WeMdzabu wa-1913 (Natives Land Act) wabekela eceleni cishe emaphesenti langu-87 emhlaba abantfu labamhlophe labambalwa, imitsetfo yamapasi (pass laws) yalawula kuhamba kwemadvodza lamnyama, kanti umgca webala (colour bar) wavimbela tisebenti letimnyama emisebentini lengenalo likhono. Loko lokwaguquka emva kwa-1948 bekulizinga, kuhleleka kanye nenjongo yekwehlukaniswa.
- Kwehlukaniswa ngaphansi kwabohulumende bakuqala bekubanti kepha bekungalingani futsi bungakapheleli.
- Kuhamba ngekushesha kwetisebenti letimnyama kuya emadolobheni ngesikhatsi semphi kwetfusa tiphatsimandla letimhlophe.
- Buveluluchobo bemaBhunu (Afrikaner nationalism) kanye 'nemibono ngebuhlanga' lengeyona yesayensi kwanika i-apartheid umbono wayo lomkhulu.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela umcondvo we-CAPS wekuchubeka nekuguquka. Bafundzi kufanele bakwati kuphikisana kokubili kutsi i-apartheid yakhelwe kwehlukaniseni lokudzala KANYE nekutsi 1948 laphawula lushintjo lolusezingeni lelehlukile - luhlelo lolugcwele lwekwakha umphakatsi wonkhe ngebuhlanga. Xhumanisa nesihloko seLibanga 11 'Imibono ngebuhlanga ekupheleni kwelikhulunyaka le-19 nele-20' kuchaza kutsi umbono we-apartheid wavelaphi.
I-National Party yawina emandla ngesetsembiso lesicacile se-apartheid.
I-National Party (NP) ngaphansi kwa-D.F. Malan, ibumbene ne-Afrikaner Party, yehlula i-United Party ya-Jan Smuts. Luhlelo lwayo lolukhetho lwa-1948 (iSauer Report) lwabita kwehlukaniswa lokuphelele ngebuhlanga. Lokubaluleke kakhulu, i-NP yawina linyenti letihlalo kantsi yawina emavoti lamancane kune-United Party, ngobe tigodzi tasemakhaya betiniketwe sisindvo lesikhulu.
- Ngukuphela kwabavoti labamhlophe lababengabamba lichaza; linyenti lelimnyama belingenalo livoti.
- 'Apartheid' (ligama lesiBhunu lelisho 'kwehlukana') laba ngumtsetfomgomo wahulumende losemtsetfweni.
- I-NP beyitawube isebenzisa umbono wayo kuwenta iketane yemitsetfo kusukela nga-1949 kuya embili.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisehlakalo lesibaluleke kakhulu salesifundvo. Veta inkinga yekusemtsetfweni kuze kuhlolisiswe: hulumende lowakha indlela lencisha emalungelo enyentini ngokwakhe wangena emandleni ngevoti lelincane lelimhlophe, elukhethweni linyenti lebantfu baseNingizimu Afrika lelalingeke lingene kulo. Lomkhatsi phakatsi kwegunya lelaliphikwa nemvume yangempela welula ngesikhatsi sonkhe se-apartheid.
Bochwepheshe bemlando behlukanisa i-apartheid 'lencane' (petty - kwehlukaniswa kwansuku tonkhe) ku-apartheid 'lenkhulu' (grand - kwehlukaniswa ngendzawo kuya emakhaya labekelwe eceleni, emahomelands).
Hlukanisa (Classify)
Faka wonkhe muntfu ecenjini lebuhlanga lelisemtsetfweni njengesisekelo sayo yonkhe leminye imitsetfo.
Yehlukanisa (Separate)
Yehlukanisa indzawo yekuhlala, umshado, kufundza, tinsita kanye, ekugcineni, nebuve ngebuhlanga.
Lawula (Control)
Thulisa, wale, bophe futsi umangalele nome ngubani lophikisa lendlela yekubusa.
Speaker notes
Nika bafundzi lolu luhlaka lwemagama lamasenti lamatsatfu (hlukanisa - yehlukanisa - lawula) kuze imitsetfo leminyenti lelandzelako icegetjwe njengetincenye zeluhlelo lolulodvwa esikhundleni seluhla lekufanele lugcinwe ngenhlitiyo. Ngenisa umehluko we-apartheid lencane/lenkhulu manje; utawubuyela ku-apartheid lenkhulu esaydini yema-Bantustans. Cela bafundzi kuhlela ngamnye umtsetfo lolandzelako ube munye kuleyomisebenti lemitsatfu.
Emkhatsini wa-1949 na-1950 hulumende wakha ligobolondvo lesemtsetfweni le-apartheid.
- Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, No. 55 of 1949 - wavimbela umshado phakatsi kwebuhlanga lobehlukene.
- Immorality Amendment Act, No. 21 of 1950 - wenta kwaba bugebengu kuya emacansini phakatsi kwebuhlanga lobehlukene.
- Population Registration Act, No. 30 of 1950 - wahlukanisa wonkhe muntfu njengeLomhlophe (White), iLikhaladi (Coloured) nome uMdzabu (Native) (emaNdiya/emaSiya afakwa njengelicembu lelehlukile), sikhiya lesikhulu sawo wonkhe lomunye umtsetfo.
- Group Areas Act, No. 41 of 1950 - wehlukanisa emadolobha aba tindzawo tebuhlanga, kwavumela kukhishwa ngenkani kwebantfu labanyenti njengaseSophiatown naseDistrict Six.
Speaker notes
Ezingeni le-FET, chubeka ngale kwekusho ligama lemitsetfo uchaze kutsi yaxhumana njani. Kuhlukanisa (Act 30) bekufanele kucale kucala ngobe kwakhetsa kutsi ngubani lomunye umtsetfo lowawusebenta kuye. Caphela kufinyelela lokusekhatsi kwahulumende - Acts 55 na-21 yayilawula umshado nekuya emacansini - kanye nekwephucwa kwempahla kwe-Group Areas. [SME] Cinisekisa emanamba emitsetfo neminyaka ngekumelana ne-athikili ye-SAHO ye-apartheid-legislation ngaphambi kwekukhicita; emalanga wa-1949-1950 amiswe kahle kepha kunikela emanamba kubalulekile kutsi kuhlolwe.
Leminye imitsetfo yefinyelela etindzaweni tomphakatsi, ekuhambeni kanye nasemcondvweni webantfwana.
- Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, No. 49 of 1953 - wehlukanisa tinsita tomphakatsi futsi wavumela kutsi tingalingani ngasese ('kwehlukene kepha kungalingani').
- Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, 1952 - naphanti kwelibito lawo, wacinisa waphindze wandzisa indlela yamapasi (i-'reference book').
- Bantu Education Act, No. 47 of 1953 - watsatsa kufundza kwabamnyama emabandleni futsi, ngemavi ka-Verwoerd matfupha, wawuhlose kulungiselela bantfwana labamnyama umsebenti wetandla kuphela.
Ayikho indzawo ye-[Afrika] emphakatsini wemaYurophu ngenhla kwelizinga letinye tinhlobo temsebenti. H.F. Verwoerd, Ndvunankhulu Yetindzaba Temdzabu (Minister of Native Affairs), nge-Bantu Education, 1953
Speaker notes
Lesicaphuno sika-Verwoerd senta injongo icace futsi singumtfombo lonemandla wekuhlolisisa - buta bafundzi kutsi sembula ini nge-njongo yemfundvo ye-apartheid. Dvweba umugca lomudze uye embili: intfukutselo nge-Bantu Education yondla i-Soweto Uprising ya-1976, bafundzi labatawuyihlangabeta esihlokweni lesilandzelako seLibanga 12. [SME] Sicaphuno sika-Verwoerd sicashunwa kabanti kepha kuvame kwentiwa ngamanye emavi; cinisekisa emavi lancamile nesicaphuno ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
Hulumende wazama kuphindze achaze bantfu labamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika njengebakhamuti bemakhaya lehlukene ('homelands') esikhundleni sekuba bakhamuti baseNingizimu Afrika.
I-apartheid lenkhulu (grand apartheid) beyihlose kwehlukanisa lizwe ngokwendzawo. I-Bantu Authorities Act, No. 68 of 1951 yasungula tiphatsimandla tesizwe etindzaweni letabekelwa eceleni (reserves), kanti i-Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, No. 46 of 1959 - leyaqhutjwa nguVerwoerd - yahlanganisa ema-Afrika aba 'tinhlangano tetive' letehlukene ngokwebuhlanga lokwakutawuba emakhaya latibusa wodvwana.
- Umgomo wesikhatsi lesidze bekungwukuncisha ema-Afrika bakhamuti baseNingizimu Afrika lehlangene.
- Emakhaya (homelands) abenengcenye lencane yemhlaba futsi antula kusimama ngekwemnotfo.
- Tikhulu tafakwa ecaleni lahulumende, kwehlukanisa imiphakatsi kwaphindze kwafiphaza kumelana.
Speaker notes
Lesi ngunyendlela lelukhuni kunato tonkhe ngekuhlolisisa - cinisekisa kutsi bafundzi babambe kutsi i-apartheid lenkhulu beyimayelana nebuve, hhayi nje kutsi bantfu bebahlalaphi. Ngekwabela ema-Afrika emakhaya (homelands), hulumende bekahlose kubahlubula noma ngukuphi kubanga emalungelo epolitiki kumaphesenti langu-87 eNingizimu Afrika labekelwe labamhlophe. Loku kuba sisekelo sema-Bantustans 'latimele' ema-1970s. [SME] Emanamba ekwehlukaniswa kwemhlaba wa-87%/13% ajwayelekile kepha cinisekisa indlela latchazwe ngayo.
Ngaphandle kwekwehlukanisa, hulumende wakha imishini yemtsetfo yekucobelela kuphikisa.
I-Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950 yachaza 'i-communism' ngendlela lebanti kangangoba beyingasetjentiswa kumelana naye nome ngubani lophikisako - kuwala bantfu, kuvimbela kuhamba kwabo nekubathulisa ngaphandle kwelicala. Kuze kube sekucaleni kwema-1960s loku kwacinisekiswa yi-Sabotage Act (General Law Amendment Act, 1962) kanye nemitsetfo yekuvalelwa ngaphandle kwelicala (isigaba sekuvalelwa emalanga langu-90 sa-1963).
- 'Kuwala' (banning) 'nekufaka eluhlwini' (listing) kwathulisa baholi ngaphandle kwekulalelwa enkantolo.
- Tinchazelo letingacacile tavumela hulumende kucondzisa emalunga etinyunyana, bantfu benkhululeko (liberals) kanye netikhulu tebandla.
- Kuvalelwa ngaphandle kwelicala kwasusa kuvikeleka lokusisekelo lokusemtsetfweni kwetishoshovu.
Speaker notes
Yakha loku ngekusemtsetfweni: imitsetfo yekuphepha ye-apartheid yajezisa bantfu ngaphandle kwelicala lelilungile futsi yenta tinchazelo letingacacile, letibanti tibe sisekelo sekumangalela. Imitsetfo ya-1962 na-1963 ikhashana emuva kunemitsetfo yekusungula kepha ifanele lapha ngobe ikhombisa hulumende akhulisa tikhali takhe tesemtsetfo njengoba kumelana kwakhula - kulungiselela iRivonia. [SME] Cinisekisa kutsi isigaba 'semalanga langu-90' sinesigaba sa-1963 (General Law Amendment Act) ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
Ema-1950s abona kumelana lokukhulu kunako konkhe, lokuhleliwe, lokuhlanganisa buhlanga lobunyenti, lokungenabudlova lokwake kwabonwa eNingizimu Afrika.
I-Defiance Campaign ya-1952, leyaholwa yi-ANC kanye ne-South African Indian Congress, yahlanganisa tinkhulungwane tetsandzi tekwephula imitsetfo ye-apartheid ngamabomu kanye nekufuna kuboshwa. Nga-1955 i-Congress of the People eKliptown yamukela i-Freedom Charter, lomugca wayo wekucala lowatsi 'iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonkhe labahlala kuyo, labamnyama nalabamhlophe.'
- I-Defiance Campaign yabangela kwenyuka ngamandla kwemalunga e-ANC.
- I-Congress Alliance yahlanganisa i-ANC nemaNdiya, emaKhaladi kanye nemademokhrathi lamhlophe.
- I-Freedom Charter ngemuva yabumba emavelu emTsetfosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika wa-1996.
Speaker notes
Lesi sayidi sicindzetela kumelana lokuchazwa kabanzi kuhlelokufundza leLibanga 9; eLibangeni 11, gcila emasu nekubaluleka esikhundleni sekulandzisa. Gcizelela kukhetfwa 'kwesento sabantfu labanyenti lesingenabudlova' kanye nendlela 'ye-Congress Alliance' yekubambisana kwebuhlanga lobunyenti. Caphela umehluko lowentiwa ngamabomu lokufanele bafundzi bawudvwebe: inhlangano leniketa umbono lohlanganisako umelene nahulumende loniketa kukhishwa ngaphandle ngemtsetfo.
Hulumende waphendvula kumelana ngekumangalela kanye, eSharpeville, ngemandla labulalako.
NgeDisemba 1956 hulumende wabopha tishoshovu letingu-156 wabetfwesa licala lekuvukela umbuso, asebenzisa i-Freedom Charter njengebufakazi belisu lebudlova lelalisolwa; i-Treason Trial yadvondvobala kwaze kwaba ngu-1961, lapho bonkhe labamangalelwe bakhululwa. Ngako nge-21 Matjhi 1960 emaphoyisa avula umlilo ekubhikisheni lokumelene namapasi e-Sharpeville, abulala bantfu labangu-69, labanyenti badvutjulwa emhlane.
- Kubhikisha kwaseSharpeville kwabitwa yi-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) ngaphansi kwa-Robert Sobukwe.
- Hulumende wamemetela iSimo Saphuthuma (State of Emergency) waphindze wawala i-ANC ne-PAC nga-Ephreli 1960.
- ISharpeville yaguqula umbono welive ngekushesha wamelana ne-apartheid.
Speaker notes
Tehlakalo letimbili, indzaba yinye: kuphendukela kwahulumende kusuka ekuhluphekiseni ngemtsetfo kuya ebudloveni lobusobala. Veta indida ye-Treason Trial - iminyaka yekumangalela igcina ngekukhululwa lokugcwele, kwaveta licala lahulumende njengelepolitiki. Bese iSharpeville iphawula ukwehlukana: kwaliwa kwe-ANC ne-PAC kwavala ipolitiki lesemtsetfweni, lengenabudlova kwaphusha tinhlangano ngaphansi kwemhlaba. [SME] Inamba yalabafile eSharpeville yangu-69 yinamba lejwayelekile; cinisekisa ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
Ngesikhatsi kubhikisha ngekuthula sekwaliwe, tinhlangano tenkhululeko tatsatsa tikhali.
Emva kwekwaliwa kwa-1960, i-ANC nebalingani bayo bafinyelela esiphetfweni sekutsi kubhikisha lokungenabudlova kodvwana kwakungeke kusasebenta kumelana nahulumende lobekatimisele kudvubula nekuvalela. Nga-1961 basungula i-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK, 'Umkhonto Wesive'), leyacala umkhankaso wekona (sabotage) nge-16 Disemba 1961, ikhomba takhiwo kube ngesikhatsi izama kubalekela kulahleka kwemphilo. I-PAC yasungula liphiko layo lelihlomile, i-Poqo.
- I-MK ekucaleni yakhetsa kona (sabotage) kunemphi yebugebengu (guerrilla) kuze incishise labalimele.
- Lesincumo saphawula lushintjo lomkhulu emlandvweni emva kwemashumi eminyaka yemzabalazo longenabudlova.
- Lesento saniketa hulumende sizatfu semitsetfo yakhe yekuphepha lelukhuni kunayo yonkhe kuze kube ngulesosikhatsi.
Speaker notes
Lesi liphuzu lelinemtwelela lelidzinga kulingana. Chaza kucabanga kwenhlangano - kuvalwa kwato tonkhe tindlela tesemtsetfo emva kwa-1960 - ngaphandle kwekudvumisa nome kulahla budlova. Caphela umgomo lowashiwo we-MK wekona (sabotage) lowawukhomba impahla esikhundleni sebantfu kulesi sigaba. Lesincumo siholela ngco eRivonia: ngubuholi be-MK bangaphansi kwemhlaba hulumende labubamba ngokulandzelako. [SME] Cinisekisa lusuku lwekucala lwa-16 Disemba 1961.
Kuhlasela kwemaphoyisa ePulazini laseLiliesleaf kwaholela ecaleni lelavalela baholi benhlangano yenkhululeko.
Nge-11 Julayi 1963 emaphoyisa ahlasela i-Liliesleaf Farm eRivonia, edvutane neJohannesburg, likomkhulu leliyimfihlo lebaholi be-MK, atfumba emaphepha aphindze abopha inyenti yebaholi. Ecaleni lelalandzela (Okthoba 1963 - Juni 1964), labamangalelwe bebetfweswe licala lekona (sabotage). Nge-12 Juni 1964 emadvodza lasiphohlongo - kufaka Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu na-Govan Mbeki - agwetjwa kuboshwa impilo yabo yonkhe esikhundleni sekufa.
Ngiwutsandzile umbono wemphakatsi lonedemokhrasi nalokhululekile... Ngumbono lengitimisele kufela wona. Nelson Mandela, sitatimende lasikhipha esikhundleni sabamangalelwa, Rivonia Trial, 20 Ephreli 1964
Speaker notes
Inkhulumo ka-Mandela lasesikhundleni sabamangalelwa ingumtfombo lobalulekile wekuhlolisisa kwe-FET - dzingidza kutsi wayiguqula njani icala lelalihlose kulahla inhlangano labe sigcawu senjongo yayo. Kugwetjwa impilo yonkhe (esikhundleni sekubulawa) kwaveta kokubili kucaphela kwemtsetfo nengcindzetelo yemhlaba wonkhe. Gcizelela umphumela walesifundvo: kufike nga-1964 buholi bangekhatsi babovaleliwe nome badingisiwe, futsi umzabalazo wangena esigabeni sawo lesidze sangaphansi kwemhlaba nasemhlabeni wonkhe. [SME] Cinisekisa luhla lolugcwele lwalabasiphohlongo labagwetjwa uphindze ucinisekise lusuku lwekugwetjwa lwa-12 Juni 1964 nelusuku lwenkhulumo lwa-20 Ephreli 1964 ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
- 1948 I-National Party yawina emandla; i-apartheid iba ngumtsetfomgomo wahulumende
- 1950 I-Population Registration, i-Group Areas kanye ne-Suppression of Communism Acts
- 1952 I-Defiance Campaign
- 1953 I-Bantu Education kanye ne-Separate Amenities Acts
- 1955 I-Freedom Charter yamukelwa eKliptown
- 1956 Kucala kuboshwa kwe-Treason Trial
- 1960 Kubulawa kwabantfu eSharpeville; i-ANC ne-PAC tiyaliwa
- 1961 I-MK icala umzabalazo lohlomile
- 1964 Rivonia Trial: kugwetjwa impilo yonkhe
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa loku kuhlanganisa imicu lemibili lehlangene yalesifundvo ngaphambi kwekuhlola. Cela bafundzi balandzelele kutsi ngamnye umdlandla wekumelana wabangela njani imphendvulo lelukhuni yahulumende, nekutsi kucindzetela kwahulumende kwaphindze kwabumba njani kabusha kumelana - ikakhulukati kwaliwa kwa-1960 kwabangela kuphendukela etikhalini kwa-1961. Le ketane yembangela-nemphumela ngiyo khona iCAPS imibuto yekubhala lokwendlaliwe leyiklomelisako.
Kufike nga-1964 i-apartheid beyisimbe ngokugcwele emtsetfweni futsi labaphikisi bayo labakhulu babovaleliwe nome badingisiwe - kepha imibono ye-Freedom Charter yasindza.
Ngaphansi kwemashumi lamabili eminyaka i-National Party yakha indlela lephelele yekubusa ngebuhlanga ngemtsetfo, yahlangabetana nekumelana lokukhulako ngekucindzetela lokukhulako, futsi kufike ku-Rivonia Trial beseyibalekisele inhlangano yenkhululeko ngaphansi kwemhlaba nangaphandle kwelive. Umzabalazo wavinjelwa, kodvwa awuzange wehlulwe - umbono lowabekwa ngema-1950s bewutawubumba iNingizimu Afrika lenedemokhrasi emva kwemashumi lamane eminyaka.
Q. Chaza kutsi i-Population Registration Act ya-1950 yakha njani sisekelo salo lonkhe lelinye imitsetfo ye-apartheid. (6 marks)
Q. Yehlukanisa emkhatsini we-apartheid 'lencane' (petty) 'nalenkhulu' (grand), usebenzisa umtsetfo munye njengesibonelo sinye ngasinye. (8 marks)
Q. Kufike kuliphi lizinga uyavuma kutsi kwaliwa kwa-1960 kwenta kuphendukela emphini lehlomile kungagwemeki? Sekela imphendvulo yakho ngebufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala umjikelezo phakatsi kwemicu yalesifundvo: imitsetfo, kumelana nekucindzetela kwahlangana eRivonia. Sebenzisa imibuto lemitsatfu njengekuhlola lokubhaliwe - kwabelwa kwemamaki kuyakhula kusuka ekukhumbuleni umtfombo (6) kuya emehlukweni wemcondvo (8) kuya embutweni wekuphikisana wezinga le-FET (10) lolindzele umugca wekuphikisana nebufakazi. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi loku kulungiselela sihloko seLibanga 12 ngekumelana kwesive ngema-1970s-1980s nekufika kwedemokhrasi.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Apartheid South Africa 1940s-1960s
- Resource type
- Presentation