Indlela amagunya amabini amakhulu (superpowers), ngaphandle kokulwa ngokungqalileyo omnye nomnye, awahlula ngayo ihlabathi laba ziinkampu ezichasene emva koko alubumba ezopolitiko zehlabathi phantse iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokucacisa umahluko okwigama elithi 'Cold War': 'imfazwe' eyayibande kakhulu - eyayiliwa ngeengcamango, inkcazo-mkhankaso (propaganda), ubuntlola, ugqatso lwezixhobo neemfazwe zabathunywa (proxy wars) endaweni yokulwa ngokungqalileyo phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR. Beka ixesha: malunga no-1945 ukuya ku-1991. Buza abafundi ukuba kutheni amahlakani amabini awayelwa kunye emfazweni aphenduka aba ziintshaba - lo ngumbuzo ohambisa esi sifundo.
Imeko ende yoxinzelelo lwezopolitiko nolwezomkhosi phakathi kwe-United States ne-Soviet Union namahlakani awo.
IMfazwe Ebandayo yayikhuphiswano lehlabathi phakathi kwamagunya amabini amakhulu (superpowers) - i-United States (USA) enenkqubo yobungxowankulu (capitalist) kunye ne-Soviet Union (USSR) enenkqubo yobukomanisi (communist) - ukusukela ekupheleni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini ngo-1945 ukuya kwintshabalalo ye-USSR ngo-1991. Yayi 'bandayo' ngenxa yokuba ezi zibini azizange zilwe ngokungqalileyo omnye nomnye; imfazwe evulekileyo phakathi kwazo yayithintelwa zizixhobo zenyukiliya.
- Ucwangco lweempondo ezimbili (bipolar order): uninzi lweentlanga zazivumelana neqela elinye kwamaqela amabini amandla.
- Ungquzulwano lwaqhutywa ngeengcamango, uqoqosho, inkcazo-mkhankaso, ubuntlola nogqatso lwezixhobo.
- Yayiliwa 'kwiimfazwe zabathunywa' (proxy wars) - iimfazwe ezazikula manye amazwe ezixhaswa ngamagunya amakhulu.
Speaker notes
Chaza isigama esisisiseko esifunwa ngabafundi kuyo yonke le yunithi: igunya elikhulu (superpower), impondo ezimbili (bipolar), ubungxowankulu (capitalism), ubukomanisi (communism), imfazwe yabathunywa (proxy war), ugqatso lwezixhobo (arms race), noloyiko lokuvala (deterrence). Gxininisa ukuba 'bipolar' ithetha iimpondo ezimbili okanye iziko ezimbini zamandla. Chaza ukuba yiloyiko lokutshabalalisana ngenyukiliya elagcina imfazwe 'ibandayo' - umxholo ekubuyelwa kuwo kumaslayidi ogqatso lwezixhobo neCuba.
I-USA ne-USSR zoyisa iJamani yobuNazi kunye, emva koko zaxabana malunga nendlela yokwakha ihlabathi emva kwemfazwe.
Ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini i-USA, iBritani ne-USSR zazingamahlakani achasene noHitler. Njengoko uloyiso lwalusondela, iinkokeli zazo zadibana e-Yalta (kuFebruwari 1945) nase-Potsdam (kuJulayi-Agasti 1945) ukuze zicwangcise uxolo - kodwa kwavela ukungavumelani okunzulu ngekamva leYurophu eseMpuma, ngokukodwa iPoland neJamani eyayoyisiwe.
- I-USA yayifuna unyulo olukhululekileyo kunye neemarike ezivulekileyo kuyo yonke iYurophu.
- I-USSR, eyayihlaselwe kabini yiJamani, yayifuna amazwe angqongileyo abungqongo ababhinqileyo (buffer states) emideni yayo.
- Ukurhanelana kwanda: i-USSR yayingayithembi ibhombu yeatom yase-US; i-USA yayingaluthembi ukwanda kwamandla eSoviet.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba ababhali-mbali bayaphikisana ngokuba ngubani 'onetyala' leMfazwe Ebandayo (izikolo ezithi orthodox, revisionist ne-post-revisionist). Khuthaza abafundi ukuba bayibone njengongquzulwano lwezilangazelelo KUNYE neengcamango, hayi umenzi-bubi omnye. Gxininisa ingxaki yokhuseleko (security dilemma): amanyathelo okuzikhusela eqela ngalinye ayebonakala engawobundlobongela komnye. [SME] Qinisekisa ubunzulu benkcazelo elindelekileyo kwimpikiswano yembali kuvavanyo lwakho oluthile lwe-CAPS.
Ngaphakathi, iMfazwe Ebandayo yayilukhuphiswano phakathi kweembono ezimbini ezichasene zezopolitiko noqoqosho.
Ubungxowankulu / Capitalism (USA)
Ubunini babucala, iimarike ezikhululekileyo, idemokhrasi yamaqela amaninzi kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.
Ubukomanisi / Communism (USSR)
Ubunini burhulumente, uqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo, ulawulo lweqela elinye kunye neenjongo zabantu bebonke ngaphezu kokhetho lomntu ngamnye.
Elinye nelinye lalibanga ukuba lilo ikamva
Omabini amaqela ayebhengeza inkqubo yawo njengegqwesileyo aze azame ukutsala amazwe asandul' ukuzimela geqe ase-Afrika nase-Asia.
Speaker notes
Gcina uthelekiso ulinganisile kwaye uhlalutya: chaza inkqubo nganye ngokwayo endaweni yokuyihlekisa. Qaphela ukuba ngokwenene omabini amaqela awazange afikelele kwiinjongo zawo - i-USA yayixhasa oorhulumente abathile abangenademokhrasi, kwaye i-USSR yayicinezela. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kwisakhono se-FET sokuvavanya ukukhethabuso (bias) nokuthenjwa kwemithombo.
I-USA yazibophelela ekunqandeni ukwanda kobukomanisi ngaphaya kwapho babukhona.
NgoMatshi 1947 uMongameli Harry Truman wathembisa inkxaso ye-US 'kubantu abakhululekileyo' abaxhathisa ubukomanisi - lo ngumgaqo-nkqubo we-containment (ukuvaleleka). Ngo-1948 kwalandela i-Marshall Plan, ecebisa izigidigidi zeedola zokwakha ngokutsha iYurophu eseNtshona eyayonakele yimfazwe, ngenjongo yokunciphisa iintlungu kwakunye nokwenza ubukomanisi bungabinamtsalane.
- I-USSR yayibona iMarshall Plan njenge 'dollar imperialism' yase-US yaza yathintela amazwe eqela laseMpuma ukuba angangeneli.
- Imanyano zezomkhosi zaqinisa ukwahlulahlula: i-NATO (yaseNtshona, 1949) kunye ne-Warsaw Pact (yaseMpuma, 1955).
- IYurophu ngoku yayahlulwe yaba ziinkampu ezimbini ezichasene, ezixhobileyo.
Speaker notes
Veza unobangela nesiphumo: i-containment neMarshall Plan zaziziimpendulo ze-US kukwanda kwe-Soviet ekwakubonwa, kwaye zona zaphehlelela iimpendulo zeSoviet (iCominform, kamva iWarsaw Pact). Le nkqubo yesenzo-nempendulo yinjini yeMfazwe Ebandayo yokuqala. Qaphela iinjongo ezixubeneyo zeMarshall Plan - uncedo lobuntu kunye nenzuzo yezopolitiko.
IYurophu yayahlulwe phakathi kweMpuma elawulwa yiSoviet neNtshona evumelana ne-US.
Ukusuka eStettin eBaltic ukuya eTrieste e-Adriatic, ikhethini lentsimbi lehle laseleka kulo lonke eli Lizwekazi. Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, Matshi 1946
La mazwi kaChurchill abamba inyaniso entsha: i-USSR yamisela oorhulumente bobukomanisi abaphucukileyo kuyo yonke iYurophu eseMpuma - iPoland, iHungary, iCzechoslovakia, iMpuma yeJamani nabanye - yenza iqela lamazwe ayeza-satellite states. IJamani ngokwayo yahlulwa yaba yiNtshona enedemokhrasi neMpuma yobukomanisi.
- 'Ikhethini' lalingeengcamango, ngezopolitiko kwaye ekugqibeleni ngokoqobo.
- Ukuhamba nolwazi kwakulawulwa ngokungqongqo phakathi kwezahlulo ezibini zeYurophu.
- IBerlin, engaphakathi kakhulu eMpuma yeJamani, yaba yindawo eyeyona iyingozi yovuthondaba kwiMfazwe Ebandayo.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba ngubani uChurchill nokuba le ntetho ngumthombo wokuqala odumileyo (primary source) - uluncedo kuvavanyo lomthombo ngokwethoni, injongo neentlaba-mvula. Yakha islayidi esilandelayo ngokugxininisa imeko engaqhelekanga yeBerlin: isixeko esahlulwe saba ziicandelo zaseNtshona neSoviet, kodwa esikwiMpuma yeJamani yonke, esiyenza indawo yoxinzelelo.
IBerlin eyahlukanisiweyo yaba ngumgca wangaphambili apho uxinzelelo lweMfazwe Ebandayo lwasoloko lusongela ukuqhambuka.
NgoJuni 1948 i-USSR yavingca iBerlin eseNtshona, inqumla amaqhina eendlela nezitimela ukuze ityhalele amagunya aseNtshona ngaphandle. INtshona yaphendula nge-Berlin Airlift, ithuthela ngenqwelo-moya ukutya namafutha phantse unyaka wonke, de amaSoviet arhoxa ngoMeyi 1949. Ngo-Agasti 1961 iMpuma yeJamani yakha uDonga lwaseBerlin (Berlin Wall) ukuze inqande abemi bayo ekubalekeleni eNtshona.
- Ukuthutha ngenqwelo-moya kwaba luphawu lokuzimisela kweNtshona; abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abavela kumazwe aliqela, kuquka noMzantsi Afrika, bathabatha inxaxheba.
- Udonga lwahlula iintsapho ngokoqobo lwaze lwaba ngowona mfanekiso uhlala esengqondweni wehlabathi elahlukanisiweyo.
- Ukuwa kwalo ngoNovemba 1989 kwaba luphawu lokuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa iBerlin ukwenza ungquzulwano olungabonakaliyo lube nesiqu kwimizuzu emithathu: uvingco (1948-49), uDonga (1961), ukuwa (1989). Qaphela ingxelo ye-SAHO ngabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baseMzantsi Afrika kwiBerlin Airlift njengendawo yonxibelelwano lwasekhaya (jonga imithombo). Gxininisa iindleko zobomi babantu ngenxa yoDonga. Esi slayidi sivala yonke iMfazwe Ebandayo, abafundi abaza kuyifunda ukuya ekupheleni kwayo kwiSihloko sesi-6 (Topic 6).
- 1945 Iinkomfa zaseYalta nasePotsdam; umanyano lwexesha lemfazwe luyaphela
- 1947 ITruman Doctrine ibhengeza i-containment
- 1948-49 Uvingco lwaseBerlin kunye nokuthutha ngenqwelo-moya
- 1950-53 IMfazwe yaseKorea - eyona mfazwe yokuqala enkulu yabathunywa
- 1961 Kwakhiwa uDonga lwaseBerlin
- 1962 Ungxamiseko lweMissile yaseCuba
- 1965-73 Uvuthondaba lwenxaxheba ye-US eVietnam
- 1989-91 Kuwa uDonga lwaseBerlin; iyawa i-USSR; iphela iMfazwe Ebandayo
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi slayidi ukudibanisa ulandelelwano lwexesha ngaphambi kokungena kugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukiliya nakwiimeko zongxamiseko. Cela abafundi bakhangele ipatheni yokwanda nokudamba (uxinzelelo, ungxamiseko, ukudamba okufutshane, uxinzelelo oluvusiweyo). Bonisa ubude bexesha - ngaphezu kwamashumi amane eminyaka - ukuze babambe ukuba iMfazwe Ebandayo yabumba ubomi bonke besizukulwana soomakhulu babo.
Igunya elikhulu ngalinye lakha izixhobo ezaneleyo zokutshabalalisa elinye izihlandlo ezininzi - kwaye yiloo nto eyagcina uxolo.
I-USA yasebenzisa iibhombu zeatom ngo-1945; i-USSR yavavanya eyayo ngo-1949. Emva koko zombini zakhuphisana ekwakheni ii-nuclear arsenals ezinamandla ngokungakumbi kunye neemissiles zokuzihambisa. Oku kwavelisa ingqiqo emandundu ye-Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) - ukutshabalalisana okuqinisekileyo: ngenxa yokuba icala ngalinye lalinokutshabalalisa elinye ngempindezelo, akukho cala lalinesibindi sokugala ukuhlasela.
- Ukhuphiswano lwasasazeka ukuya emajukujukwini (space) - isathelayithi ye-Sputnik ye-USSR (1957) yayothusa i-USA.
- Deterrence (uloyiko lokuvala) yayithetha ukuba ukhuseleko lwaluxhomekeke kusongelo lokutshabalalisa kuphele.
- Ubungozi bengozi okanye bempazamo bekubala kwenza wonke ungxamiseko woyikeke.
Speaker notes
Chaza umahluko ophakathi kweMfazwe Ebandayo: izixhobo ezaziyenza ibe yeyona iyingozi kwakhona, ngokusebenzisa i-deterrence, zezona zathintela imfazwe 'eshushu' engqalileyo phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu. Yazisa i-MAD ne-deterrence ngononophelo - ezi zezinye zeengcamango ezivavanyekayo. Qaphela iindleko ezibanzi: inkcitho enkulu yezomkhosi, uloyiko loluntu, nokukhula kweentshukumo ezichasene nenyukiliya.
Iintsuku ezilishumi elinantathu ihlabathi lasondela emfazweni yenyukiliya ngaphezu kunexesha elithile.
Xa i-USSR yabeka ngasese ii-missiles zenyukiliya eCuba, ecaleni kunxweme lwe-US, uMongameli Kennedy wayalela uvingco lwasemanzini waza wafuna ukususwa kwazo. Emva kokuma ngokuzolileyo okuxineneyo, inkokeli yeSoviet Khrushchev yavuma ukurhoxisa ii-missiles; ngokubuyisela i-USA yathembisa ngasese ukususa ii-missiles zayo eTurkey nokuba ingayihlaseli iCuba.
- Yayikweyona ndawo iMfazwe Ebandayo yasondela kuyo kungquzulwano lwenyukiliya olungqalileyo.
- Ungxamiseko lwabonisa ubungozi be-brinkmanship (ukudlala ngasemphethweni) kwakunye nexabiso loz obumbano lwangasese (back-channel diplomacy).
- Emva koko umnxeba 'hotline' waqhagamshelanisa iWashington neMoscow ukunciphisa ubungozi bemfazwe engacwangciswanga.
Speaker notes
Le yeyona ngxelo iqhelekileyo ye-brinkmanship yeMfazwe Ebandayo. Hambisa abafundi kunobangela (ii-missiles zeSoviet eCuba, ngokwayo impendulo kwii-missiles ze-US eTurkey nakuhlaselo olusilelayo lwaseBay of Pigs), ungxamiseko (uvingco nesibongozelo), nesisombululo (isivumelwano sasese). Gxininisa ukuba 'uloyiso' oluvela esidlangalaleni lukaKennedy lwalufihla ukuvuma kwamacala omabini - umzekelo omhle wokuba kutheni sivavanya inguqu esemthethweni yeziganeko.
Ngenxa yokungakwazi ukulwa ngokungqalileyo, amagunya amakhulu axhasa amacala achasene kwiimfazwe kwihlabathi liphela.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'imfazwe yabathunywa' (proxy war) ngokucacileyo: amagunya amakhulu ayenika izixhobo, imali nabacebisi kubahlobo bendawo endaweni yokulwa omnye nomnye. Qaphela ukuba ezi mfazwe zazitshabalalisa amazwe achaphazelekayo. IVietnam ngokukodwa yonakalisa ukuzithemba nesidima se-US. Yakha islayidi esilandelayo ngokuqaphela ukuba iimfazwe ezininzi zabathunywa zenzeka kwii 'zwe zesiThathu' ezisandul' ukuzimela geqe, kuquka uMzantsi Afrika (i-Angola), abafundi abaziza kuzifunda kwizihloko zamva.
Ihlabathi liphela latsalelwa emzabalazweni owahlulwe kabini - kodwa asililo lonke ilizwe elalifuna ukukhetha icala.
IMfazwe Ebandayo yadala ucwangco lweempondo ezimbini (bipolar order) apho uninzi lwamazwe lwaluvumelana neWashington okanye iMoscow. Njengoko ubukhosi baseYurophu babuwa emva ko-1945, omabini amagunya amakhulu akhuphisana ngempembelelo kumazwe asandul' ukuzimela geqe kulo lonke elase-Afrika nase-Asia, ngokufuthi ngoncedo, urhwebo nenkxaso koorhulumente ababhinqileyo.
- I-Non-Aligned Movement (eyasekwa ngo-1961) yavumela amazwe afana ne-India, iGiphuta neYugoslavia ukuba ale ukujoyina naliphi na iqela.
- I-Bandung Conference ka-1955 yayisele iyivakalisile le minqweno yokuzimela kumagunya amakhulu.
- UMzantsi Afrika, kuquka imfazwe e-Angola, watsalelwa kolu khuphiswano lwehlabathi - unxibelelwano nezihloko zamva zeBanga 12.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba ukukhululeka kwamazwe (decolonisation) neMfazwe Ebandayo zazidibene: amazwe asandul' ukukhululeka aba yindawo yokulwela impembelelo yamagunya amakhulu. I-Non-Aligned Movement ibalulekile kubafundi baseMzantsi Afrika kuba isimo se-Afrika ekhululekileyo, nakamva imanyano zamazwe ngamazwe ze-ANC, zinxulumene nalo mfanekiso ubanzi. Gcina isakhelo sinoxanduva: iintshukumo ezininzi zenkululeko zazineengcambu zokwenene zendawo, hayi nje inkxaso yeMfazwe Ebandayo.
Umzabalazo weempondo ezimbini, wengcamango - owaliwa ngeemeko zongxamiseko, iimfazwe zabathunywa nogqatso lwezixhobo - owabumba ihlabathi ngaphandle kwemfazwe engqalileyo yamagunya amakhulu.
Ukusuka ekwaphukeni komanyano lwexesha lemfazwe ngo-1945 ukuya kwintshabalalo ye-USSR ngo-1991, iMfazwe Ebandayo yahlula ihlabathi phakathi kwamagunya amabini amakhulu neengcamango ezimbini. 'Yaphunyezwa' kungekhona ebaleni lemfazwe kodwa ngoxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho, utshintsho lwezopolitiko nokuwa kobukomanisi eYurophu ekugqibeleni - okukhunjulwa kakhulu ekuweni koDonga lwaseBerlin ngo-1989.
Q. Chaza ukuba kutheni umanyano lwexesha lemfazwe phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR lwaphuka emva ko-1945. Bhekisela kokubini kwiingcamango nakwiinkxalabo zokhuseleko. (8 marks)
Q. 'Ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukiliya lwenza iMfazwe Ebandayo ibe yingozi ngakumbi kwaye izinzile ngakumbi.' Xoxa ngesi sitatimende. (10 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa uNgxamiseko lweMissile yaseCuba OKANYE iMfazwe yaseVietnam njengomzekelo, chaza ukuba kuthethwa ntoni nge 'brinkmanship' yeMfazwe Ebandayo okanye 'imfazwe yabathunywa'. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokudibanisa imisonto: imvelaphi, iingcamango, iimeko zongxamiseko, iimfazwe zabathunywa nocwangco lweempondo ezimbini. Sebenzisa le mibuzo mithathu njengoqheliselo lokubhala okwandisiweyo; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kufuzisela iindlela ze-CAPS zesincoko nezisekelwe kwimithombo. Bonisa phambili kwiSihloko sesi-6 (ukuphela kweMfazwe Ebandayo, ukususela ngo-1989) nakwinxalenye yaseMzantsi Afrika (i-Angola, umzabalazo wenkululeko). Khumbuza abafundi ukuba bavavanye ukuthenjwa nokukhethabuso kwemithombo yeMfazwe Ebandayo, kuba omabini amacala avelisa inkcazo-mkhankaso (propaganda).
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation