Indlela amagunya amabili amakhulu (superpowers), ngaphandle kokulwa ngokunqophileko omunye nomunye, ahlukanisa ngayo iphasi laba ziinkambu ezingqalene bese abumba ipolitiki yephasi loke isikhathi esiphuma esigabeni sonyaka lokhu.
Speaker notes
Thoma ngokuhlathulula umahluko osebizweni: 'ipi' ebeyibande khulu - ebeyilwiwa ngeembono, ipropaganda, ubuhloli, umncwabo weembhamu (arms race) neempi zabajanyeleli (proxy wars) endaweni yokulwa ngokunqophileko phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR. Beka isikhathi: malungana no-1945 ukuya ku-1991. Buza abafundi bona kubayini abangani ababili ekade balwa ndawonye epini baba ziinaba - lo mbuzo oqakathekileko oqhuba isifundwesi.
Isimo eside soxinano lwezepolitiki nezomkhosi phakathi kwe-United States ne-Soviet Union namahlakanabo.
IPi eBandako beyimpaphathwano yephasi phakathi kwamagunya amabili amakhulu (superpowers) - i-United States (USA) enehlelo lobunjinga (capitalist) kunye ne-Soviet Union (USSR) enehlelo lobukhomanisi (communist) - ukusukela ekupheleni kwePi yePhasi yesiBili ngo-1945 ukuya emonakalweni we-USSR ngo-1991. Beyi 'bandako' ngombana amagunya la akhenge alwe ngokunqophileko omunye nomunye; ipi evulekileko phakathi kwawo beyithintelwa ziimbhamu zenyukliya.
- Ihlelo leempondo ezimbili (bipolar order): inengi leentjhaba lalihlangana neqembu elilodwa emaqembini amabili wamandla.
- Ukungqubuzana bekuqhutjhwa ngeembono, umnotho, ipropaganda, ubuhloli nomncwabo weembhamu.
- Beyilwiwa 'eempini zabajanyeleli' (proxy wars) - iimpi ebezisemazweni amanye ezisekelwa magunya amakhulu.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula amagama asisekelo afunwa bafundi kilo yoke le-yunithi: igunya elikhulu (superpower), iimpondo ezimbili (bipolar), ubunjinga (capitalism), ubukhomanisi (communism), ipi yabajanyeleli (proxy war), umncwabo weembhamu (arms race), nokuqinisela ngokwesabisa (deterrence). Gandelela bona 'bipolar' itjho iimpondo ezimbili namkha iindawo ezimbili zamandla. Hlathulula bona bekukwesaba ukubhujiswa ngenyukliya okwagcina ipi 'ibandako' - umtlolo obuyelwa kiwo emaslayidini womncwabo weembhamu neKuba.
I-USA ne-USSR zahlula iGermany yamaNazi ndawonye, ngemva kwalokho zaphikisana ngendlela yokwakha iphasi ngemva kwepi.
Ngesikhathi sePi yePhasi yesiBili i-USA, iBritain ne-USSR bezingabangani abalwa noHitler. Njengombana ukuhlula kutjhidela, abadosiphambili babo bahlangana e-Yalta (kuFebherbari 1945) nase-Potsdam (kuJulayi-Arhostosi 1945) ukuze bahlele ukuthula - kodwana kwavela ukungavumelani okukhulu ngengomuso leYurophu yeTlhagwini, khulukhulu iPoland neGermany ebeyihluliwe.
- I-USA beyifuna ukhetho olutjhaphulukileko kunye neemarago ezivulekileko kilo yoke iYurophu.
- I-USSR, ekhenge ihlaselwe kabili yiGermany, beyifuna amazwe wesikhuselo (buffer states) ami ngasemingceleni yayo.
- Ukusolana kwakhula: i-USSR beyingayithembi ibhomu yeathomu ye-US; i-USA beyingakuthembi ukwanda kwamandla weSoviet.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona abatloli-mlando bayaphikisana ngokobana ngubani 'onecala' lePi eBandako (iimfundo ezithi orthodox, revisionist ne-post-revisionist). Khuthaza abafundi bona bayibone njengokungqubuzana kwezifiso KUNYE neembono, ingasi umenzi-mbi munye. Gandelela ubudisi bevikeleko (security dilemma): amagadango wokuzivikela weqembu ngalinye bekabonakala aliketheki komunye. [SME] Qinisekisa ubunzulu bomniningwana olindelekileko empikiswaneni yomlando ehlolweni lakho le-CAPS.
Ngaphakathi, iPi eBandako beyimpaphathwano phakathi kwemibono emibili engqalene yezepolitiki nomnotho.
Ubunjinga / Capitalism (USA)
Ubunini bomuntu ngamunye, iimarago ezitjhaphulukileko, idemokrasi yamaqembu amanengi kunye netjhaphuluko yomuntu ngamunye.
Ubukhomanisi / Communism (USSR)
Ubunini burhulumende, umnotho ohleliweko, ukubusa kweqembu elilodwa kunye neenhloso zabantu boke ngaphezu kwekhetho lomuntu ngamunye.
Ngalinye belithi lilo ingomuso
Amaqembu womabili bekabhengeza ihlelo lawo njengelidluleleko begodu bezama ukudonsa amazwe asand' ukuzibusa we-Afrika ne-Asia.
Speaker notes
Gcina ukumadaniswa kulinganisa begodu kuhlaziya: hlathulula ihlelo ngalinye ngendlela yalo ingasi ukwenza isihlekiso somunye. Tjheja bona ngokoqobo amaqembu womabili akhenge afikelele emihloseni yawo - i-USA yasekela abanye orhulumende abangasi bedemokrasi, ne-USSR beyicindezela. Lokhu kuqakathekile esikilweni sesigaba se-FET sokuhlola ukukhethezela nokuthembeka kwemithombo.
I-USA yazibophelela ekumiseni ukurhatjheka kobukhomanisi ngaphandle kwalapho vele bekukhona.
NgoMatjhi 1947 uMongameli Harry Truman wathembisa isekelo le-US 'ebantwini abatjhaphulukileko' abajamelene nobukhomanisi - lokhu bekumthetho wokuvimbela (containment). Ngo-1948 kwalandela i-Marshall Plan, enikela ngeenkulungwana zerandi zeedola ukwakha kabutjha iYurophu yeTjhingalanga eyonakele yipi, ukwenzela ukudambisa ukutlhaga nokwenza ubukhomanisi bungakhangi.
- I-USSR yayibona i-Marshall Plan njenge 'dollar imperialism' ye-US begodu yavimbela amazwe weentjhabeni yeTlhagwini bona ajoyine.
- Amabandla wezomkhosi enza umahluko waqina: i-NATO (yeTjhingalanga, 1949) ne-Warsaw Pact (yeTlhagwini, 1955).
- IYurophu nje beyihlukaniswe yaba ziinkambu ezimbili ezingqalene, ezihlomileko.
Speaker notes
Veza imbangela nomphumela: ukuvimbela ne-Marshall Plan bekuziimpendulo ze-US ekwandeni kweSoviet ekubonakalako, zona-ke zabangela izenzo zokujamelana zeSoviet (iCominform, ngemva kwalokho i-Warsaw Pact). Lo mkhamba wesenzo-nempendulo ngiwo osiza ipi yesiThomo yeBandako. Tjheja iinhloso ezihlangeneko ze-Marshall Plan - usizo lokutlhaga nezizuzo zeqhinga.
IYurophu beyihlukaniswe phakathi kweTlhagwini ebuswa yiSoviet neTjhingalanga ehlangene ne-US.
Ukusuka eStettin eBaltic ukuya eTrieste e-Adriatic, ikarteni yensimbi yehlele phezu kweKontinenti. Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, Matjhi 1946
Amezwi kaChurchill wabamba iqiniso elitjha: i-USSR yamisa borhulumende bobukhomanisi abanganabo kilo yoke iYurophu yeTlhagwini - iPoland, iHungary, iCzechoslovakia, iGermany yeTlhagwini nabanye - yenza iqembu lamazwe amsindisi (satellite states). IGermany yona yahlukaniswa yaba yiTjhingalanga yedemokrasi neTlhagwini yobukhomanisi.
- 'Ikarteni' beyiyeyembono, yepolitiki begodu ekugcineni yaba yeqobo.
- Ukukhamba nelwazi kwalawulwa buqolo phakathi kweengcenye ezimbili zeYurophu.
- IBerlin, ejulele ngaphakathi eGermany yeTlhagwini, yaba yindawo eyingozi khulu yePi eBandako.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona uChurchill bekungubani nokobana ikulumo yakhe imthombo weqophelo owaziwako - osebenzako esifundweni sokuhlaziya imithombo ngokwendlela, umnqopho nabalaleli. Lungiselela islayidi elilandelako ngokugandelela indawo engavamiko yeBerlin: idorobho elihlukaniswe laba ziingcenye zeTjhingalanga neSoviet, kodwana limi ngokupheleleko ngaphakathi eGermany yeTlhagwini yobukhomanisi, elenza indawo yokucinana.
IBerlin ehlukanisiweko yaba mncele lapho uxinano lwePi eBandako beluthi njalonjalo lufuna ukuphuphuma.
NgoJuni 1948 i-USSR yavimbezela iBerlin yeTjhingalanga, iquntela iindlela zeragwa nezeloliwe ukuqinisa amagunya weTjhingalanga bona aphume. ITjhingalanga yaphendula nge-Berlin Airlift, indiza ingenisa ukudla namafutha isikhathi esiphose sube munyaka bekwaba yilapho amaSoviet abuyela emuva ngoMeyi 1949. Ngo-Arhostosi 1961 iGermany yeTlhagwini yakha i-Berlin Wall ukuvimba iimakhamba zayo bona zibalekele eTjhingalanga.
- I-airlift yaba luphawu lokuzimisela kweTjhingalanga; abavimbi-ndiza abavela emazweni ambalwa, kuhlanganise iSewula Afrika, bahlanganyela.
- IBhoda yahlukanisa iimindeni ngokwenyama begodu yaba mfanekiso ohlalako wephasi elihlukanisiweko.
- Ukuwa kwayo ngoNoveniba 1989 ngemva kwesikhathi kwatjengisa ukuphela kwePi eBandako.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa iBerlin ukwenza ipi engabonakaliko ibonakale ngamaqophelo amathathu: ukuvimbezela (1948-49), iBhoda (1961), ukuwa (1989). Tjheja ukubikwa kwe-SAHO ngabavimbi-ndiza beSewula Afrika e-Berlin Airlift njengendawo yokukhomba ekhaya (qala imithombo). Gandelela ubuhlungu babantu obenziwa yiBhoda. Islayidi lokhu ngamabomu lithoma liqede ipi yoke, abafundi abazoyifunda ukuya ekupheleni kwayo eSihlokweni 6.
- 1945 Iimhlangano ye-Yalta ne-Potsdam; ubungani bepi buyaphahlazeka
- 1947 ITruman Doctrine ibhengeza ukuvimbela
- 1948-49 Ukuvimbezelwa neBerlin Airlift
- 1950-53 IPi yeKorea - ipi yokuthoma ekulu yabajanyeleli
- 1961 IBerlin Wall yakhiwa
- 1962 Ubudisi beembhamu zeKuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)
- 1965-73 Umqophi wokuhlanganyela kwe-US eVietnam
- 1989-91 IBerlin Wall iyawa; i-USSR iyawohloka; iPi eBandako iyaphela
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa islayidi lokhu ukudibanisa ukulandelana kwesikhathi ngaphambi kokungena emncwabeni weembhamu zenyukliya nobudisi. Buza abafundi bona bahlonge iphetheni yokukhula nokudamba (uxinano, ubudisi, ukudamba okufitjhani, uxinano olubuyako). Khombisa isikhathi eside - ngaphezu kweemnyaka ephuma emitjhumini emine - ukuze bazwisise bona iPi eBandako yabumba ipilo yoke yesizukulwana sabomkhulubabo.
Igunya ngalinye elikhulu lakha iimbhamu ezaneleko zokubhubhisa elinye izikhathi ezinengi - begodu yilokho okwagcina ukuthula.
I-USA yasebenzisa iimbhamu zeathomu ngo-1945; i-USSR yalinga eyayo ngo-1949. Womabili-ke agijima ukwakha iimbulawa zenyukliya ezinamandla khulu neemtwa zokuzithumela. Lokhu kwaveza umqondo omumbi we-Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): ngombana loyo naloyo ihlangothi lingabhubhisa elinye ngokuphindisela, akakho obekangaba ligwala lokuthoma ukuhlasela.
- Impaphathwano yarhatjheka yaya emkhathini - isatelayithi ye-USSR i-Sputnik (1957) yathusa i-USA.
- Ukuqinisela ngokwesabisa (deterrence) kwatjho bona ukuvikeleka kumi phezu kwesongo lokubhujiswa ngokupheleleko.
- Ingozi yengozi engaqaleleliko namkha yephutha lokubala yenza soke isiga sisabeka.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula umahluko osesenzweni sePi eBandako: iimbhamu ebezilenza libe yingozi khulu godu, ngokuqinisela ngokwesabisa, ngizo ezavimbela ipi 'evuthako' enqophileko phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu. Ethula i-MAD nokuqinisela ngokwesabisa ngokutjheja - le mibono ihlolwako. Tjheja iindleko ezibanzi: ukusetjenziswa kwemali yezomkhosi okukhulu, ukwesaba komphakathi, nokukhula kwamahlangano alwa nenyukliya.
Amalanga alitjhumi nantathu iphasi laba seduze khulu nepi yenyukliya kunanini nangayiphi enye inkhathi.
Nge-USSR yabeka ngasese iimbhamu zenyukliya eKuba, eduze nelunga le-US, uMongameli Kennedy wayala ukuvimbezela ngomkhumbi begodu wafuna zisuswe. Ngemva kokujamelana okuxineneko, umdosiphambili weSoviet u-Khrushchev wavuma ukususa iimbhamu; endaweni yalokho i-USA yathembisa ngasese ukususa iimbhamu zayo eTurkey nokungahlaseli iKuba.
- Bekukusondela okukhulu iPi eBandako yasondela epini yenyukliya enqophileko.
- Ubudisi batjengisa ingozi yokudlala ngomncele wepi (brinkmanship) nokuqakatheka kwezokukhulumisana zangasese.
- Ngemva kwalokho ilij'lokuxhumana (hotline) yahlanganisa iWashington neMoscow ukwehlisa ingozi yepi yengozi.
Speaker notes
Lokhu kusifundo esidumileko sokudlala ngomncele wepi (brinkmanship) yePi eBandako. Khambisa abafundi ngembangela (iimbhamu zeSoviet eKuba, ngokwayo eyimpendulo yeembhamu ze-US eTurkey nokwahluleka kokuhlasela kweBay of Pigs), ubudisi (ukuvimbezela nesibawo), nesisombululo (isivumelwano sangasese). Gandelela bona 'ukuphumelela' kwabantu kwakaKennedy kwafihla ukudedelana - isibonelo esihle sokobana kubayini sihlola indlela esemthethweni yeziga.
Ngokungakghoni ukulwa omunye nomunye ngokunqophileko, amagunya amakhulu asekela amahlangothi angqalene eempini kilo loke iphasi.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula 'ipi yabajanyeleli' ngokukhanyako: amagunya amakhulu anikela ngeembhamu, imali nabeluleki emahlakanini wangekhaya endaweni yokulwa wodwa. Tjheja bona iimpi lezi bezibhubhisa amazwe egacweleyo. IVietnam khulukhulu yalimaza ukuzethemba nesithunzi se-US. Lungiselela islayidi elilandelako ngokutjheja bona iimpi ezinengi zabajanyeleli zenzeka 'ephasini lesiThathu' elisand' ukuzibusa, kuhlanganise iSewula Afrika (i-Angola), abafundi abayifundako eenhlokweni ezilandelako.
Iphasi loke ladonselwa emncabangweni onamahlangothi amabili - kodwana ingasi soke isitjhaba esifuna ukukhetha ihlangothi.
IPi eBandako yenza ihlelo leempondo ezimbili (bipolar order) lapho inengi lamazwe lalihlangana ne-Washington namkha iMoscow. Njengombana imibuso yeYurophu iwohloka ngemva kwa-1945, amagunya amakhulu womabili amaphaphatha ngethonya emazweni asand' ukuzibusa we-Afrika ne-Asia, kanengi ngosizo, ukurhweba nokusekela borhulumende abanganabo.
- I-Non-Aligned Movement (yabunjwa ngo-1961) yavumela amazwe njenge-India, i-Egypt neYugoslavia bona ale ukujoyina namuyiphi inkambu.
- I-Bandung Conference yango-1955 beyisele iveza isifiso lesi sokuzibusa emagunyeni amakhulu.
- ISewula Afrika, kuhlanganise ipi e-Angola, yadonselwa empaphathwaninapha yephasi - ukuxhumana neenhloko zeBanga 12 ezilandelako.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona ukuzibusa (decolonisation) nePi eBandako kwadibana: amazwe asand' ukutjhaphuluka aba yindawo yokulwela ithonya lamagunya amakhulu. I-Non-Aligned Movement iqakathekile ebafundini beSewula Afrika ngombana isimo se-Afrika ezibusako, nangemva kwalokho ubudlelwano bephasi be-ANC, buxhumana nesithombe esikhulu. Gcina ubulungiswa: amahlangano amanengi wenkululeko bekanemitjhinga yokwenyani yangekhaya, ingasi ukusekelwa yiPi eBandako kwaphela.
Umzabalazo weempondo ezimbili, weembono - owalwiwa ngobudisi, iimpi zabajanyeleli nomncwabo weembhamu - owabumba iphasi ngaphandle kwepi enqophileko yamagunya amakhulu.
Ukusuka ekuphahlazekeni kobungani bepi ngo-1945 ukuya emonakalweni we-USSR ngo-1991, iPi eBandako yahlukanisa iphasi phakathi kwamagunya amabili amakhulu neembono ezimbili. 'Yaphunyelelwa' ingasi endaweni yepi kodwana ngokuxinana komnotho, ukutjhentjha kwepolitiki nokuwohloka kobukhomanisi eYurophu ekugcineni - okukhunjulwa khulukhulu ekuweni kwe-Berlin Wall ngo-1989.
Q. Hlathulula bona kubayini ubungani bepi phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR baphahlazeka ngemva kwa-1945. Sekela embonweni nakuzicabangeni zokuvikeleka. (8 marks)
Q. 'Umncwabo weembhamu zenyukliya wenza iPi eBandako yaba yingozi khulu godu yazinza khulu.' Cabangela isitatimende lesi. (10 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa ubudisi beembhamu zeKuba (Cuban Missile Crisis) NAMKHA iPi yeVietnam njengesibonelo, hlathulula bona kutjhiwoni 'ukudlala ngomncele wepi' (brinkmanship) namkha 'ipi yabajanyeleli' (proxy war) yePi eBandako. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubopha iintambo ndawonye: umtjhinga, imibono, ubudisi, iimpi zabajanyeleli nehlelo leempondo ezimbili. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengokutlola okwandisiweko; ukwabelwa kwamamaki kufuzisa iindlela zesihloko ne-source-based ze-CAPS. Khomba phambili eSihlokweni 6 (ukuphela kwePi eBandako, ukusuka ku-1989) nasesigabeni seSewula Afrika (i-Angola, umzabalazo wenkululeko). Khumbuza abafundi bona bahlole ukuthembeka nokukhethezela kwemithombo yePi eBandako, ngombana amahlangothi womabili avelisa ipropaganda.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation