Indlela izikhulu ezimbili zamandla (superpowers) ezahlukanisa ngayo umhlaba waba amaqembu aphikisanayo futhi zabumba ezombusazwe zomhlaba cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka, zingalwi ngokuqondile.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokucacisa ukuphambana kwegama: 'impi' eyayivame ukuba yomqando - eyayilwa ngenkolelo-mbono, inkulumo-ze (propaganda), ubunhloli, umqhudelwano wezikhali kanye nezingxabano ezenziwa ngabanye (proxy) esikhundleni sempi eqondile phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR. Beka isikhathi: cishe kusukela ku-1945 kuya ku-1991. Buza abafundi ukuthi kungani abangane bempi bangaphambili baba yizitha - umbuzo oqhuba lesi sifundo.
Isimo eside sokuvuthelana kwezombusazwe nezempi phakathi kwe-United States ne-Soviet Union kanye nabangane bazo.
IMpi Yomqando kwakuwumqhudelwano womhlaba wonke phakathi kwezikhulu ezimbili zamandla (superpowers) - i-United States (USA) yekhaphithalizimu kanye ne-Soviet Union (USSR) yobukhomanisi - kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili ngo-1945 kwaze kwaba yikuwohloka kwe-USSR ngo-1991. Yayi 'yomqando' ngoba lezi zombili azizange zilwe ngokuqondile; impi esobala phakathi kwazo yayivinjelwa yizikhali zenuzi.
- Uhlelo lwezinhlangothi ezimbili (bipolar order): iningi lezizwe lazihlanganisa nelinye lamaqembu amabili amandla.
- Ingxabano yenzeka ngenkolelo-mbono, ezomnotho, inkulumo-ze (propaganda), ubunhloli kanye nomqhudelwano wezikhali.
- Yalwa 'ezimpini ezenziwa ngabanye (proxy wars)' - izingxabano kwamanye amazwe ezazisekelwa yizikhulu zamandla.
Speaker notes
Chaza amagama abalulekile abafundi abawadingayo kuyo yonke le yunithi: isikhulu samandla (superpower), izinhlangothi ezimbili (bipolar), ikhaphithalizimu (capitalism), ubukhomanisi (communism), impi eyenziwa ngabanye (proxy war), umqhudelwano wezikhali (arms race), ukuvimbela ngokwesabisa (deterrence). Gcizelela ukuthi 'bipolar' isho izinhlangothi ezimbili noma izikhungo ezimbili zamandla. Chaza ukuthi ukwesaba ukubhubhisana ngenuzi yikho okwagcina impi 'iyomqando' - indikimba ephindwa kumaslayidi omqhudelwano wezikhali neCuba.
I-USA ne-USSR zahlula iNazi Germany ndawonye, zabe sezixabana ngendlela yokwakha kabusha umhlaba ngemva kwempi.
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili i-USA, iBrithani kanye ne-USSR kwakungabangane abalwa noHitler. Njengoba ukunqoba kwakusondela, abaholi bazo bahlangana e-Yalta (Februwari 1945) nase-Potsdam (Julayi-Agasti 1945) ukuze bahlele ukuthula - kodwa kwavela ukungezwani okukhulu ngekusasa leYurophu YaseMpumalanga, ikakhulukazi iPoland neJalimane elalihluliwe.
- I-USA yayifuna ukhetho olukhululekile nezimakethe ezivulekile kulo lonke iYurophu.
- I-USSR, eyayihlaselwe kabili yiJalimane, yayifuna amazwe angabangane awuvikelo emingceleni yayo.
- Ukusolana kwajula: i-USSR yayingalithembi ibhomu le-athomu lase-US; i-USA yayingakuthembi ukwanda kwe-Soviet.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi izazi-mlando ziyaphikisana ngokuthi ubani 'onecala' ngeMpi Yomqando (izikole ezijwayelekile, ezibuyekezayo nezangemva kokubuyekeza). Khuthaza abafundi ukuba bakubone njengokushayisana kwezidingo KANYE nezinkolelo-mbono, hhayi umenzi wobubi oyedwa. Gqamisa inkinga yokuphepha (security dilemma): izinyathelo zokuzivikela zohlangothi ngalunye zazibukeka zihlasela kolunye. [SME] Qinisekisa ukujula kwemininingwane elindelekile empikiswaneni yezazi-mlando kuhlolo lwakho lwe-CAPS oluqondile.
Enhliziyweni yayo iMpi Yomqando kwakuwumqhudelwano phakathi kwemibono emibili ephikisanayo yezombusazwe nezomnotho.
Ikhaphithalizimu (USA)
Ubunikazi bomuntu siqu, izimakethe ezikhululekile, intando yeningi yamaqembu amaningi kanye nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.
Ubukhomanisi (USSR)
Ubunikazi bukahulumeni, umnotho ohleliwe, ukubusa kweqembu elilodwa kanye nezinjongo zomphakathi ngaphezu kokukhetha komuntu ngamunye.
Ngalinye lazisho liyikusasa
Womabili amaqembu akhuthaza uhlelo lwawo njengoludlulele futhi azama ukuheha izizwe ezisanda kuzuza inkululeko zase-Afrika nase-Asia.
Speaker notes
Gcina ukuqhathanisa kulinganisele futhi kunokuhlaziya: chaza uhlelo ngalunye ngendlela yalo esikhundleni sokwenza ubugxova ngalunye. Qaphela ukuthi empeleni womabili amaqembu ehluleka ukufinyelela izimiso zawo - i-USA yeseka eminye imibuso engenayo intando yeningi, futhi i-USSR yayicindezela. Lo mehluko obucayi ubalulekile ekhonweni lezinga le-FET lokuhlola ukuchema nokwethembeka emithonjeni.
I-USA yazibophezela ekumiseni ukwanda kobukhomanisi ngaphandle kwalapho babuvele bukhona.
NgoMashi 1947 uMongameli Harry Truman wathembisa ukwesekwa kwe-US 'kwabantu abakhululekile' abamelana nobukhomanisi - inqubomgomo yokuvimba ukwanda (containment). Ngo-1948 kwalandela i-Marshall Plan, eyanikela ngezigidigidi zamadola ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha iYurophu YaseNtshonalanga eyayilinyazwe yimpi, ukuze kudedwe usizi futhi ubukhomanisi bungabi buhle kangako.
- I-USSR yayibona i-Marshall Plan 'njengobukoloni bedola' base-US futhi yenqabela amazwe eqembu laseMpumalanga ukuba ajoyine.
- Izivumelwano zezempi zaqinisa ukwehlukana: i-NATO (yaseNtshonalanga, 1949) kanye ne-Warsaw Pact (yaseMpumalanga, 1955).
- IYurophu manje yayihlukaniswe yaba amaqembu amabili aphikisanayo, ahlomile.
Speaker notes
Veza imbangela nomphumela: ukuvimba ukwanda (containment) ne-Marshall Plan kwakuyizimpendulo ze-US ekwandeni okwakubonwa kwe-Soviet, futhi kwakhuthaza izinyathelo zokuphikisa zeSoviet (iCominform, kamuva iWarsaw Pact). Lo mfutho wesenzo-nempendulo uyinjini yeMpi Yomqando yasekuqaleni. Qaphela izisusa ezixubile ze-Marshall Plan - usizo lobuntu kanye nenzuzo yamasu.
IYurophu yayihlukaniswe phakathi kweMpumalanga elawulwa yiSoviet neNtshonalanga eyayihlangene ne-US.
Kusukela eStettin eBaltic kuya eTrieste e-Adriatic, ikhethini lensimbi lehlile lawela kulo lonke iZwekazi. Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, Mashi 1946
Amazwi kaChurchill athwebula isimo esisha: i-USSR yamisa ohulumeni bobukhomanisi abangabangane kulo lonke iYurophu YaseMpumalanga - iPoland, iHungary, iCzechoslovakia, iJalimane laseMpumalanga nabanye - yakha iqembu lamazwe ayizisebenzi (satellite states). IJalimane ngokwalo lalihlukaniswe laba yiNtshonalanga enentando yeningi neMpumalanga yobukhomanisi.
- 'Ikhethini' laliyingxenye yenkolelo-mbono, yezombusazwe futhi ekugcineni laba ngokwenyama.
- Ukuhamba nolwazi kwakulawulwa ngokuqinile phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili zeYurophu.
- IBerlin, eshumekeke ngaphakathi eJalimane laseMpumalanga, yaba yindawo eyingozi kunazo zonke yeMpi Yomqando.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi uChurchill wayengubani nokuthi le nkulumo ingumthombo wokuqala odumile - obalulekile emsebenzini wokuhlaziya umthombo mayelana nethoni, inhloso nezilaleli. Lungiselela islayidi esilandelayo ngokugcizelela isikhundla esingavamile seBerlin: idolobha elihlukaniswe laba yizingxenye zaseNtshonalanga nezeSoviet, kodwa elitholakala liphelele ngaphakathi eJalimane laseMpumalanga lobukhomanisi, okulenza libe yindawo yengcindezi.
IBerlin ehlukanisiwe yaba ngumugqa waphambili lapho ukuvuthelana kweMpi Yomqando kwakusongela njalonjalo ukubila kwephuphume.
NgoJuni 1948 i-USSR yavimbezela iBerlin YaseNtshonalanga, yanquma imigwaqo nemizila kaloliwe ukuze iphoqe amandla aseNtshonalanga ukuba aphume. INtshonalanga yaphendula nge-Berlin Airlift, indiza ingenisa ukudla namafutha cishe unyaka wonke kwaze kwaba yilapho amaSoviet ehla ngoMeyi 1949. Ngo-Agasti 1961 iJalimane laseMpumalanga lakha u-Donga LwaseBerlin (Berlin Wall) ukuvimba izakhamuzi zalo ukuba zibalekele eNtshonalanga.
- I-airlift yaba uphawu lokuzimisela kweNtshonalanga; abashayeli bezindiza abavela emazweni amaningana, kubandakanya iNingizimu Afrika, babamba iqhaza.
- Udonga lwahlukanisa imindeni ngokoqobo futhi lwaba yisithombe esihlala njalo somhlaba ohlukanisiwe.
- Ukuwa kwalo ngoNovemba 1989 kamuva kwabika ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa iBerlin ukwenza ingxabano engabambekiyo ibambeke ngezikhathi ezintathu: ukuvinjezelwa (1948-49), uDonga (1961), ukuwa (1989). Qaphela ukubika kwe-SAHO ngabashayeli bezindiza baseNingizimu Afrika e-Berlin Airlift njengephuzu loxhumano lwendawo (bheka imithombo). Gcizelela izindleko zabantu zoDonga. Lesi slayidi ngamabomu sivala impi yonke yeMpi Yomqando, abafundi abazoyifunda kuze kube sekupheleni kwayo eSihlokweni 6.
- 1945 Izingqungquthela zaseYalta nasePotsdam; ubungane bempi buyaphela
- 1947 ITruman Doctrine imemezela ukuvimba ukwanda (containment)
- 1948-49 Ukuvinjezelwa kweBerlin ne-Airlift
- 1950-53 IMpi YaseKorea - impi enkulu yokuqala eyenziwa ngabanye (proxy)
- 1961 Kwakhiwa uDonga LwaseBerlin
- 1962 Inkinga Yemicibisholo YaseCuba
- 1965-73 Isicongo sokungenela kwe-US eVietnam
- 1989-91 UDonga LwaseBerlin luyawa; i-USSR iyawohloka; iMpi Yomqando iyaphela
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi slayidi ukuqinisa uhlelo lwezikhathi ngaphambi kokuya emqhudelwaneni wezikhali zenuzi nasezinkingeni. Cela abafundi ukuba bahlonze iphethini yokukhula nokudamba (ukuvuthelana, inkinga, ukudamba okwesikhashana, ukuvuthelana okusha). Veza isikhathi eside - amashumi amane eminyaka ngaphezulu - ukuze baqonde ukuthi iMpi Yomqando yabumba yonke impilo yesizukulwane sabokhokho babo.
Isikhulu samandla ngasinye sakha izikhali ezanele ukubhubhisa esinye izikhathi eziningi - futhi yilokho okwagcina ukuthula.
I-USA yasebenzisa amabhomu e-athomu ngo-1945; i-USSR yahlola elayo ngo-1949. Zombili zase ziqhudelana ukwakha izinqolobane zezikhali zenuzi ezinamandla nakakhulu kanye nemicibisholo yokuzihambisa. Lokhu kwazala umqondo obuhlungu wokuBhubhisana Okuqinisekisiwe (Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD): ngoba nhlangothi ngalunye lwalungabhubhisa olunye ngokuziphindiselela, alukho olwaba nesibindi sokushaya kuqala.
- Umqhudelwano wasakazekela emkhathini - isathelayithi ye-USSR i-Sputnik (1957) yayethusa i-USA.
- Ukuvimbela ngokwesabisa (deterrence) kwakusho ukuthi ukuphepha kwakuncike esongelweni lokubhujiswa okuphelele.
- Ingozi yesehlakalo esingahlosiwe noma yephutha lokubala kwenza yonke inkinga yesabeke.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuphambana okusenkabeni yeMpi Yomqando: izikhali ezayenza yaba yingozi kakhulu futhi zaziyizona, ngokuvimbela ngokwesabisa (deterrence), ezavimba impi 'eshisayo' eqondile phakathi kwezikhulu zamandla. Ethula i-MAD nokuvimbela ngokwesabisa ngokucophelela - le miqondo iyahlolwa. Qaphela izindleko ezibanzi: izindleko ezinkulu zezempi, ukwesaba komphakathi, kanye nokukhula kwezinhlangano ezilwa nenuzi.
Izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu umhlaba wasondela empini yenuzi ukwedlula nanini ngaphambili.
Lapho i-USSR ibeka ngasese imicibisholo yenuzi eCuba, eduze nogu lwase-US, uMongameli Kennedy wayala ukuvinjezelwa ngemikhumbi yempi wafuna ukuba isuswe. Ngemva kokubhekana okushubile, umholi weSoviet Khrushchev wavuma ukususa imicibisholo; ngokushintshana i-USA yathembisa ngasese ukususa imicibisholo yayo eTurkey nokungayihlaseli iCuba.
- Kwaba yilapho iMpi Yomqando yasondela khona kakhulu engxabanweni yenuzi eqondile.
- Inkinga yakhombisa kokubili ingozi yokudlalela onqenqemeni lwengozi (brinkmanship) kanye nokubaluleka kobunxusi bangasese.
- Emva kwalokho ucingo 'oluqondile (hotline)' lwaxhuma iWashington neMoscow ukunciphisa ingozi yempi engahlosiwe.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisibonelo esiyisiqubulo seMpi Yomqando sokudlalela onqenqemeni lwengozi (brinkmanship). Hambisa abafundi kuyo imbangela (imicibisholo yeSoviet eCuba, ngokwayo eyimpendulo yemicibisholo yase-US eTurkey nokuhlasela okwehlulekile kweBay of Pigs), inkinga (ukuvinjezelwa nesixwayiso sokugcina), kanye nesixazululo (isivumelwano sasese). Gcizelela ukuthi 'ukunqoba' komphakathi kukaKennedy kwafihla ukuvumelana kokubili - isibonelo esihle sokuthi kungani sihlola inguqulo esemthethweni yezehlakalo.
Zingakwazi ukulwa ngokuqondile, izikhulu zamandla zasekela izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ezimpini emhlabeni wonke.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'impi eyenziwa ngabanye (proxy war)' ngokucacile: izikhulu zamandla zanikeza izikhali, imali kanye nabeluleki kubangane bendawo esikhundleni sokulwa zodwa. Qaphela ukuthi lezi zimpi zazicekela phansi amazwe athintekayo. IVietnam ikakhulukazi yalimaza ukuzethemba nedumela lase-US. Bonisa islayidi esilandelayo ngokuqaphela ukuthi izingxabano eziningi ezenziwa ngabanye zenzeka 'eZweni Lesithathu (Third World)' elalisanda kuzuza inkululeko, kubandakanya iNingizimu ye-Afrika (i-Angola), abafundi abayifundayo ezihlokweni zakamuva.
Umhlaba wonke wadonselwa emzabalazweni onezinhlangothi ezimbili - kodwa akuzona zonke izizwe ezazifuna ukukhetha uhlangothi.
IMpi Yomqando yakha uhlelo lwezinhlangothi ezimbili (bipolar order) lapho iningi lamazwe lalihlangene neWashington noma iMoscow. Njengoba imibuso yaseYurophu yawohloka ngemva kuka-1945, zombili izikhulu zamandla zaqhudelana ngethonya ezizweni ezazisanda kuzuza inkululeko kulo lonke i-Afrika ne-Asia, ngokuvamile ngosizo, ukuhwebelana kanye nokweseka ohulumeni abangabangane.
- I-Non-Aligned Movement (eyasungulwa ngo-1961) yavumela amazwe anjenge-India, i-Egypt neYugoslavia ukuba enqabe ukujoyina noma yiliphi iqembu.
- I-Bandung Conference yango-1955 yayivele isivezile lesi sifiso sokuzimela ezikhulwini zamandla.
- INingizimu ye-Afrika, kubandakanya impi e-Angola, yadonselwa kulo mqhudelwano womhlaba wonke - okuxhumana nezihloko zeBanga 12 zakamuva.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi ukuqedwa kobukoloni neMpi Yomqando kwakugxumana: izizwe ezazisanda kukhululeka zaba yinkundla yempi yethonya lezikhulu zamandla. I-Non-Aligned Movement ibalulekile kubafundi baseNingizimu Afrika ngoba isimo se-Afrika ezimele, kanye kamuva nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ze-ANC, kuxhumana nalesi sithombe esikhulu. Gcina indlela yokwethula inesibopho: izinhlangano eziningi zenkululeko zazinezimpande zangempela zendawo, hhayi nje ukuxhaswa yiMpi Yomqando.
Umzabalazo wezinhlangothi ezimbili, wenkolelo-mbono - owalwa ngezinkinga, izimpi ezenziwa ngabanye kanye nomqhudelwano wezikhali - owabumba umhlaba ngaphandle kwempi eqondile phakathi kwezikhulu zamandla.
Kusukela ekuphuphumeni kobungane bempi ngo-1945 kuya ekuwohlokeni kwe-USSR ngo-1991, iMpi Yomqando yahlukanisa umhlaba phakathi kwezikhulu ezimbili zamandla nezinkolelo-mbono ezimbili. Yayi 'nqotshwa' hhayi enkundleni yempi kodwa ngengcindezi yezomnotho, ushintsho lwezombusazwe kanye nokuwa ekugcineni kobukhomanisi eYurophu - okukhunjulwa kakhulu ekuweni koDonga LwaseBerlin ngo-1989.
Q. Chaza ukuthi kungani ubungane bempi phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR baphela ngemva kuka-1945. Bhekisela kokubili enkolelweni-mbono nasekukhathazekeni ngokuphepha. (8 marks)
Q. 'Umqhudelwano wezikhali zenuzi wenza iMpi Yomqando yaba yingozi kakhulu futhi yazinza kakhulu.' Xoxa ngalesi sitatimende. (10 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa Inkinga Yemicibisholo YaseCuba NOMA IMpi YaseVietnam njengesibonelo, chaza ukuthi kuchazwani ngokudlalela onqenqemeni lwengozi (brinkmanship) kweMpi Yomqando noma 'impi eyenziwa ngabanye (proxy war)'. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokuhlanganisa imicu ndawonye: imvelaphi, inkolelo-mbono, izinkinga, izimpi ezenziwa ngabanye kanye nohlelo lwezinhlangothi ezimbili. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengokuzilolonga kokubhala okwandisiwe; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kufanekisela izitayela ze-CAPS zesindaba nezisekelwe emithonjeni. Khombisa phambili eSihlokweni 6 (ukuphela kweMpi Yomqando, kusukela ngo-1989 kuqhubeke) nasengxenyeni yaseNingizimu ye-Afrika (i-Angola, umzabalazo wenkululeko). Khumbuza abafundi ukuba bahlole ukwethembeka nokuchema kwemithombo yeMpi Yomqando, njengoba zombili izinhlangothi zakhiqiza inkulumo-ze.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation