Indlela tikhulu temandla letimbili letahlukanisa ngayo umhlaba waba tinhlangotsi letimbili letibangisanako, futsi tabumba tepolitiki tembhoja cishe incenye yelikhulu leminyaka, tingazange tilwe tona ngco.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekucacisa lokungahambisani egameni lelokutsi: 'imphi' lebeyi bandzako kakhulu - beyilwelwa ngemcondvo (ideology), inkhulumo-ncenga (propaganda), inhloli, kuncintiswana ngetikhali kanye netimphi letilwelwa ngalabanye (proxy wars) esikhundleni sekulwa ngco emkhatsini we-USA ne-USSR. Beka sikhatsi: cishe kusukela ku-1945 kuya ku-1991. Buta bafundzi kutsi kungani labebangani belimphi bebahlangene babe tita - lombuto losemtsanyeni walesi sifundvo.
Simo lesitakele sekungezwani kwepolitiki nekwesotja emkhatsini we-United States ne-Soviet Union kanye nebangani babo.
Imphi Lebandzako beku kubangisana lokwatsatsa umhlaba wonkhe emkhatsini wetikhulu letimbili temandla - i-United States (USA) yebunjiniyela becapitalism kanye ne-Soviet Union (USSR) yebucommunism - kusukela ekugcineni kweMphi Yembhoja Yesibili nga-1945 kuze kufike ekuwohlokeni kwe-USSR nga-1991. Beyi 'bandzako' ngobe letimbili atizange tilwe ngco; imphi levulekile emkhatsini wato yavinjelwa titikhali tebunjiniyela benyukliya.
- Kuhleleka kwetigodzi letimbili (bipolar order): emave lamanyenti atihlanganisa nelinye lemacembu lamabili emandla.
- Lokungezwani kwalwelwa ngemcondvo, umnotfo, inkhulumo-ncenga, buhloli kanye nekuncintiswana ngetikhali.
- Kwalwelwa 'etimphini letilwelwa ngalabanye (proxy wars)' - timphi letenteka kulamanye emave lasekelwa tikhulu temandla.
Speaker notes
Chaza emagama labalulekile lekufanele bafundzi bawati kuyo yonkhe leyunithi: tikhulu temandla (superpower), bipolar, capitalism, communism, imphi lelwelwa ngalabanye (proxy war), kuncintiswana ngetikhali (arms race), kuvimbela (deterrence). Gcizelela kutsi 'bipolar' kusho tigodzi letimbili nobe tikhungo temandla letimbili. Chaza kutsi kwesaba kubhujiswa kwenyukliya komabili kwaba yikho lokwagcina imphi 'ibandzako' - umongo lophindze uvele etinjindzini letikhuluma ngekuncintiswana ngetikhali nangeCuba.
I-USA ne-USSR tahlula i-Nazi Germany ndzawonye, tase tehlukana ngendlela yekwakha kabusha umhlaba ngemuva kwemphi.
Ngesikhatsi seMphi Yembhoja Yesibili i-USA, iBrithani kanye ne-USSR bebabangani lababelwa naHitler. Njengoba kunchoba kwasondzela, baholi babo bahlangana e-Yalta (Febhuwari 1945) nase-Potsdam (Julayi-Agasti 1945) kute bahlele kuthula - kepha kwavela kungavumelani lokujulile ngelikusasa le-Eastern Europe, ikakhulukati iPoland kanye neGermany leyayehlulwe.
- I-USA yayifuna lukhetfo lolukhululekile netimakethe letivulekile kuyo yonkhe i-Europe.
- I-USSR, leyayihlaselwe kabili yiGermany, yayifuna emave labangani labangemakhaya lavikelako etindzaweni tayo tetive.
- Kungetsembani komabili kwajula: i-USSR yayingayetsembi bhomu ye-athomu yeMelika; i-USA yayingakwetsembi kwandza kwe-Soviet.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi bochwepheshe bemlando bayaphikisana ngekutsi ngubani 'lofanele asolwe' ngeMphi Lebandzako (tikolo te-orthodox, revisionist ne-post-revisionist). Khutsata bafundzi kutsi bayibone njengekushayisana kwetintfo letifiswako KANYE nemicondvo, hhayi sigelekece sinye. Gcizelela inkinga yekuphepha (security dilemma): tento tekutivikela taloyo naloyo tatibonakala tihlasela kulomunye. [SME] Cinisekisa budepe belwati lolulindzelwe ngenkhulumo-mpikiswano yemlando kuhlolwa kwakho lokutsite kwe-CAPS.
Emtsanyeni wayo Imphi Lebandzako beku kuncintiswana emkhatsini wemibono lemibili lephikisanako ngepolitiki nangemnotfo.
I-Capitalism (USA)
Bunikati bemuntfu ngayedvwa, timakethe letikhululekile, intsandvo-yebunyenti (multi-party democracy) kanye netinkhululeko taloyo naloyo.
I-Communism (USSR)
Bunikati bahulumende, umnotfo lohleliwe, kubusa kwelicembu linye kanye netinjongo tebunyenti kunekutikhetsela komuntfu ngamunye.
Ngamunye watsi ungelikusasa
Lomabili lamacembu akhutsata inchubo yawo njengalengcono futsi azama kutfola emave lasandza kutfola inkhululeko e-Afrika nase-Asia.
Speaker notes
Gcina kucatsaniswa kulingene futsi kuhlolisisa: chaza yonkhe inchubo ngendlela yayo esikhundleni sekwenta insini ngayo. Nota kutsi ekwenteni lomabili lamacembu ehluleka kufinyelela emibonweni yawo - i-USA yasekela lamanye ahulumende labangeyona intsandvo-yebunyenti, kantsi i-USSR yayicindzetela. Loku kucaphelisisa kubalulekile kulikhono lelibanga le-FET lekuhlola ludzimba (bias) nekwetsembeka kwemitfombo.
I-USA yatibophelela ekumiseni kwandza kwe-communism ngaphandle kwalapho seyivele ikhona.
NgaMashi 1947 Mengameli Harry Truman wetsembisa lusito lwe-US 'ebantfwini labakhululekile' lababelwa ne-communism - inchubo yekuvimbela lebeyatiwa nge-containment. Nga-1948 kwalandzela Marshall Plan, leyaniketa emabhiliyoni emadola ekwakha kabusha i-Western Europe leyayilinyatelwe yimphi, kuze kudzambise kuhlupheka nekwenta i-communism ingakhangi kakhulu.
- I-USSR yabona iMarshall Plan njenge-US 'dollar imperialism' futsi yenca emave e-Eastern bloc kutsi ahlanganyele.
- Tivumelwane tebusotja tacinisa lokwehlukana: i-NATO (yaseNtshonalanga, 1949) kanye ne-Warsaw Pact (yaseMphumalanga, 1955).
- I-Europe manje seyayehlukene yaba ngemacembu lamabili labambisene labangisanako.
Speaker notes
Veta imbangela nemphumela: kuvimbela neMarshall Plan bekutimphendvulo te-US ekwandzeni lokubonwako kwe-Soviet, tona-ke tavusa tento tekuphindzisela te-Soviet (i-Cominform, ngemuva iWarsaw Pact). Lokungetsa-kuphendvula (action-reaction) yisisusa seMphi Lebandzako yekucala. Nota tinjongo letihlangahlangene teMarshall Plan - lusito lwebuntfu kanye nenzuzo yetifiso.
I-Europe yayehlukene emkhatsini we-East lelalibuswa yi-Soviet ne-West lelalihambisana ne-US.
Kusukela eStettin eBaltic kuya eTrieste e-Adriatic, likhetho lensimbi selehlele umhlaba wonkhe (Continent). Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, Mashi 1946
Emagama kaChurchill abamba simo lesisha: i-USSR yafaka bohulumende bebucommunism labangebangani kuyo yonkhe i-Eastern Europe - iPoland, iHungary, iCzechoslovakia, i-East Germany nalabanye - yakha licembu lemave latfundzetelako (satellite states). IGermany ngekwayo yehlukaniswa yaba yiNtshonalanga lenentsandvo-yebunyenti neMphumalanga yebucommunism.
- 'Likhetho' beliyintfo yemcondvo, yepolitiki futsi ekugcineni laba ngulophatsekako.
- Kuhamba nemniningwane kwakulawulwa ngcono emkhatsini watincenye letimbili te-Europe.
- IBerlin, lesekujuleni kwe-East Germany, yaba yindzawo leyayiyingoti kunato tonkhe teMphi Lebandzako.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi Churchill bekangubani nekutsi lenkhulumo iwumtfombo wekucala lodvumile - lolusito kwesikwenta sekuhlatiya umtfombo ngendlela yekukhuluma (tone), inhloso (purpose) nebalaleli (audience). Lungiselela sitiketi lesilandzelako ngekugcizelela indzawo leyingcaki yeBerlin: lidolobha lelacandzwa laba tincenye teNtshonalanga netaseSoviet, kepha lelalisekhatsi nakhatsi e-East Germany yebucommunism, lokwalenta yaba yindzawo lecindzetelako.
IBerlin leyayehlukene yaba yindzawo yasembili lapho kungezwani kweMphi Lebandzako kwavama kusongela kubila kuphume.
NgaJuni 1948 i-USSR yavimbela i-West Berlin, yajuba tindlela temigwaco netetimoto tesitimela kute icindzetele emandla eNtshonalanga kutsi aphume. INtshonalanga yaphendvula nge-Berlin Airlift, yandiza yingenisa kudla nemafutsa cishe umnyaka wonkhe kwaze kwaba boSoviet bahlehla ngoMeyi 1949. Nga-Agasti 1961 i-East Germany yakha Lubondza LwaseBerlin (Berlin Wall) kute imise takhamiti tayo kubalekela eNtshonalanga.
- I-airlift yaba luphawu lwekutimisela kweNtshonalanga; bashayeli betindiza labavela emaveni lamanyenti, kufaka nase-Ningizimu Afrika, batsatsa incenye.
- Lolubondza lwehlukanisa timindeni ngekhatsi futsi lwaba sitfombe lesitakele semhlaba lowehlukene.
- Kuwa kwalo ngoNovemba 1989 ngemuva kwabonisa kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa iBerlin kwenta lokungezwani lokungabambeki kubambeke ngetigcina letintsatfu: kuvinjelwa (1948-49), Lubondza (1961), kuwa (1989). Nota kubika kwe-SAHO ngebashayeli betindiza baseNingizimu Afrika e-Berlin Airlift njengendzawo yekuchumana kwasekhaya (bona imitfombo). Gcizelela kulahlekelwa kwebantfu ngenca yeLubondza. Lesi sitiketi ngemabomu sivala yonkhe iMphi Lebandzako, bafundzi labatayifundza kuze kufike ekupheleni kwayo eSihlokweni 6.
- 1945 Imihlangano yaseYalta neyasePotsdam; buhlobo belimphi buyabhidlika
- 1947 ITruman Doctrine imemetela kuvimbela (containment)
- 1948-49 Kuvinjelwa neKuletfwa Kwetintfo Ngendiza kweBerlin
- 1950-53 IMphi YaseKorea - imphi yekucala lenkhulu lelwelwa ngalabanye (proxy war)
- 1961 Lubondza LwaseBerlin luyakhiwa
- 1962 Inkinga Yemicibisholo YaseCuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)
- 1965-73 Kuphakama kwekufaka sandla kwe-US eVietnam
- 1989-91 Lubondza LwaseBerlin luyawa; i-USSR iyawohloka; iMphi Lebandzako iyaphela
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesi sitiketi kucinisa kulandzelana kwetehlakalo ngembi kwekungena ekuncintiswaneni ngetikhali tenyukliya nasetinkingeni. Cela bafundzi kutsi bakhombe iphethini yekwenyuka nekwehla kwekungezwani (kucindzeteleka, inkinga, kuphola kancane, kuphindze kucindzeteleke). Khombisa sikhatsi lesidze - lengetulu kwemashumi lamane eminyaka - kuze bacondze kutsi iMphi Lebandzako yabumba tonkhe timphilo tesitukulwane sabomkhulu babo.
Ngasinye sikhulu semandla sakha titikhali letatikwati kubhubhisa lesinye tikhatsi letinyenti - futsi ngiko loku lokwagcina kuthula.
I-USA yasebentisa emabhomu e-athomu nga-1945; i-USSR yahlola lawayo nga-1949. Bese omabili ancintisana ekwakheni titiketi tenyukliya (nuclear arsenals) letinemandla lamakhulu netimicibisholo tekutiletsa. Loku kwaveta umcondvo lomdvutane we-Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): ngobe naloyo naloyo abengabhubhisa lomunye ngekuphindzisela, kute lobekungaba ngete abe wekucala kushaya.
- Lokuncintiswana kwasakatela emkhatsini - i-Sputnik satellite ye-USSR (1957) yayimangalisa i-USA.
- Kuvimbela (Deterrence) kwakusho kutsi kuphepha kwakusekelwe ekusongeleni kwekubhujiswa okuphelele.
- Ingoti yengoti (accident) nobe yekubala kabi (miscalculation) yenta yonkhe inkinga yaba yesabeka.
Speaker notes
Chaza lokungahambisani lokusemtsanyeni weMphi Lebandzako: titikhali letatiyenta yaba yingoti kakhulu futsi ngato, ngekuvimbela, ngiko lokwavimbela imphi 'leshisako' ngco emkhatsini wetikhulu temandla. Ngenisa i-MAD nekuvimbela ngekucophelela - lena yimicondvo lengahlolwa etivivinyweni. Nota tindleko letibanti: kusetjentiswa kwemali lenyenti kwebusotja, kwesaba kwesive, nekukhula kwetinhlangano letiphikisa inyukliya.
Emalanga labo-13 umhlaba wasondzela emphini yenyukliya kunanini ngaphambili.
Ngesikhatsi i-USSR ifaka ngasenshini imicibisholo yenyukliya eCuba, edvutane nelugu lwe-US, Mengameli Kennedy wayala kuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi yasolwandle wafuna kutsi isuswe. Ngemuva kwekumelana lokucindzetelako, umholi we-Soviet Khrushchev wavuma kususa imicibisholo; ngekubuya i-USA yetsembisa ngasenshini kususa imicibisholo yayo eTurkey nekutsi ingahlaseli iCuba.
- Kwaba yikho kudvutane kunato tonkhe iMphi Lebandzako kwakwa kufike emphini yenyukliya ngco.
- Lenkinga yakhombisa yomibili ingoti yebulwane bekumelana ngco (brinkmanship) nelusizo lwebudlelwane bemva (back-channel diplomacy).
- Ngemuva ucingo 'lolusheshako (hotline)' lwahlanganisa iWashington neMoscow kwehlisa ingoti yemphi yengoti.
Speaker notes
Lesi ngesibonelo lesidzala sekumelana ngco (brinkmanship) kweMphi Lebandzako. Hambisa bafundzi ngembangela (imicibisholo yeSoviet eCuba, ngekwayo lokwakuyimphendvulo yemicibisholo ye-US eTurkey nekuhlasela lokwehlulekile kweBay of Pigs), inkinga (kuvinjelwa nesethusi), nekucatululwa (sivumelwane sasenshini). Gcizelela kutsi 'kunchoba' lokuvela esidlangalaleni kwaKennedy kwakufihle kuvumelana komabili - sibonelo lesihle sekutsi kungani sibuta indzaba lesemtsetfweni yetehlakalo.
Ngobe tehluleka kulwa tona ngco, tikhulu temandla tasekela tinhlangotsi letiphikisanako etimphini emhlabeni wonkhe.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'imphi lelwelwa ngalabanye (proxy war)' ngekucaca: tikhulu temandla taniketa titikhali, imali nebeluleki kubangani basekhaya esikhundleni sekutsi tilwe tona ngco. Nota kutsi letimphi tabhubhisa emave labekekhona. IVietnam ikakhulukati yalimata kutetsemba nesitfunti se-US. Lungiselela sitiketi lesilandzelako ngekunota kutsi tinyenti tetimphi letilwelwa ngalabanye tenteka emaveni lasandza kutfola inkhululeko 'e-Third World', kufaka neNingizimu ye-Afrika (i-Angola), bafundzi labatayifundza etihlokweni tangemuva.
Umhlaba wonkhe wadvonselwa ekulweni kwetinhlangotsi letimbili - kepha akusiwo onkhe emave lafuna kukhetsa uhlangotsi.
IMphi Lebandzako yakha kuhleleka kwetigodzi letimbili (bipolar order) lapho emave lamanyenti atihlanganisa nobe neWashington nobe neMoscow. Njengoba emabhoja e-Europe abhidlika ngemuva kwa-1945, tikhulu temandla letimbili tancintisana ngetimo temave lasandza kutfola inkhululeko e-Afrika nase-Asia, kuvame ngekusebentisa lusito, kuhweba nekusekela bohulumende labangebangani.
- I-Non-Aligned Movement (leyacala nga-1961) yavumela emave lanjenge-India, i-Egypt neYugoslavia kutsi ale kuhlanganyela nome nguliphi licembu.
- Ingcikitsi yaseBandung (Bandung Conference) yanga-1955 beyivele iveta lesifiso senkhululeko etikhulwini temandla.
- INingizimu ye-Afrika, kufaka nemphi yase-Angola, yadvonselwa kulokungisana kwembhoja - kuchumana netihloko tangemuva teLibanga 12.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi kukhululeka kwemabhoja (decolonisation) neMphi Lebandzako kwahlangana: emave lasandza kutfola inkhululeko aba yindzawo yekulwela lawetfulukwa yitikhulu temandla. I-Non-Aligned Movement ibalulekile kubafundzi baseNingizimu Afrika ngobe kuma kwe-Afrika lekhululekile, kanye nebudlelwane bemhlaba be-ANC ngemuva, kuchumana nalesitfombe lesikhulu. Gcina indlela lesibophezelekile: tinyenti tetinhlangano tenkhululeko betinemvelaphi yakhona sibili yasekhaya, kungasiko kwetfulwa kweMphi Lebandzako kuphela.
Kulwa kwetigodzi letimbili (bipolar), kwemcondvo - lokwalwelwa ngetinkinga, timphi letilwelwa ngalabanye kanye nekuncintiswana ngetikhali - lokwabumba umhlaba ngaphandle kwemphi yetikhulu temandla ngco.
Kusukela ekubhidlikeni kwebuhlobo belimphi nga-1945 kuya ekuwohlokeni kwe-USSR nga-1991, iMphi Lebandzako yehlukanisa umhlaba emkhatsini wetikhulu letimbili temandla nemicondvo lemibili. 'Yanchotjwa' hhayi endzaweni yemphi kepha ngekucindzeteleka kwemnotfo, lushintjo lwepolitiki nekugcina kuwa kwe-communism e-Europe - lokukhunjulwa kakhulu ekuweni kweLubondza LwaseBerlin nga-1989.
Q. Chaza kutsi kungani buhlobo belimphi emkhatsini we-USA ne-USSR bwabhidlika ngemuva kwa-1945. Bhekisa kokubili emcondvweni netindzaba tekuphepha. (8 marks)
Q. 'Kuncintiswana ngetikhali tenyukliya kwenta iMphi Lebandzako yaba yingoti futsi yaba nekutimela.' Xoxa ngalendzaba. (10 marks)
Q. Usebentisa Inkinga Yemicibisholo YaseCuba NOBE IMphi YaseVietnam njengesibonelo, chaza kutsi kusho kutsini 'brinkmanship' yeMphi Lebandzako nobe 'imphi lelwelwa ngalabanye (proxy war)'. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngekuhlanganisa tintsambo ndzawonye: imvelaphi, umcondvo, tinkinga, timphi letilwelwa ngalabanye kanye nekuhleleka kwetigodzi letimbili. Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengekutilolonga kwekubhala lokwendlulele; kwabiwa kwemamaki kubuketa tindlela te-CAPS te-essay netisekelwe emtfonjeni. Khombisa embili Esihlokweni 6 (kuphela kweMphi Lebandzako, kusukela nga-1989 kuchubeke) nakuncenye yeNingizimu ye-Afrika (i-Angola, umzabalazo wenkhululeko). Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi bahlole kwetsembeka neludzimba (bias) lwemitfombo yeMphi Lebandzako, njengoba tonkhe tinhlangotsi tenta inkhulumo-ncenga (propaganda).
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation