Sikhatsi Senyukliya Nemphi Lebandzako
Indlela sikhali lesisha lesesabekako kanye nemncintiswano emkhatsini wemave lamabili lanemandla lamakhulu (superpowers) lakwabumba ngayo umhlaba - kwaze kwafika nangaseNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekubuta bafundzi kutsi ligama lelitsi 'nyukliya' (nuclear) libenta bacabange ngani. Chaza imibono lemibili lemikhulu yalesi sifundvo: (1) 'iSikhatsi Senyukliya' - umhlaba emuva kwekutsi tikhali tenyukliya tisetjentiswe kwekucala nga-1945, kanye (2) 'iMphi Lebandzako' - umbango lomude emkhatsini we-United States neSoviet Union longakaze ube yimphi leqondile 'leshisako' emkhatsini wawo kodvwa lowabumba cishe yonkhe ingxenye yemhlaba, kuhlanganisa ne-Afrika neNingizimu Afrika.
Umhlaba lomusha emuva kwa-1945
IMphi YeMhlaba Yesibili yaphela nga-1945 - kwasala emave lamabili 'lanemandla lamakhulu' (superpowers) ame.
Ngesikhatsi iMphi YeMhlaba Yesibili iphela nga-1945, incumbi yaseYurophu yayisincitsakalo. Emave lamabili asemile anemandla ladlula onkhe lamanye: i-United States of America (USA) kanye ne-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, nome iSoviet Union). Siwabita ngekutsi ngemave lanemandla lamakhulu (superpowers).
- Bebangebangani ekulweni neNazi Germany, kodvwa bebangetsembani.
- Bebakholelwa etindleleni letehlukene tekuphatsa live nemnotfo.
- Tinhlangano letinsha letinjenge-United Nations (1945) tetama kugcina kuthula.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela lokushibilikako: i-USA ne-USSR bawina imphi ndzawonye, base ngokushesha baba timbangi. Chaza 'live lelinemandla lamakhulu (superpower)' - live lelinemandla kangaka kwezemphi nakwezomnotfo kangangoba tincumo talo titsikameza umhlaba wonkhe. Sho nge-United Nations, iNingizimu Afrika lekungenye yemalunga lawasungula, njengendzawo lensha lapho lemibango beyivame kuphikiswana khona.
Hiroshima neNagasaki
Okwekucala nokwekugcina emphini, emabhomu enyukliya (atomic bombs) aphonswa emadolobheni lamabili.
Nga-6 Agasti 1945 i-USA yaphonsa libhomu lenyukliya edolobheni laseJaphani lase-Hiroshima. Ngemuva kwemalanga lamatsatfu, nga-9 Agasti 1945, libhomu lesibili labhubhisa i-Nagasaki. IJaphani yativumela ngokushesha ngemuva kwaloko, kwaphela iMphi YeMhlaba Yesibili.
- Libhomu linye belingabhubhisa lidolobha lonkhe ngemasekhondi.
- Ekupheleni kwa-1945, kulinganiselwa bantfu labangu-140,000 eHiroshima na-74,000 eNagasaki bafa ngenca yekuqhuma, kushisa nemsebe (radiation).
- Umhlaba wawusungene 'eSikhatsini Senyukliya' - lamanye emave asencintisana kwakha emabhomu awo.
Speaker notes
Phatsa lesilayidi ngekunakekela nangesihawu - laba bekungebantfu bangempela. Emanani labekwako angemacatjangelo lasetjentiswa kabanti; emanani laqondile awaciniseki ngenca yebukhulu bencitsakalo nekufa kwemsebe (radiation) lokwalandzela. Chaza 'umsebe (radiation)' ngalula: shevu longabonakali lokhishwe libhomu lelachubeka lubulala lenta bantfu bagule iminyaka. Yakha luchungechunge nangaphambili: emandla lamakhulu alezikhali yiwo lenta iMphi Lebandzako yaba yingoti kangaka.
Imvelaphi yeMphi Lebandzako
Imphi yekwesaba, kusongela nemncintiswano - hhayi kulwa ngco emkhatsini wemave lanemandla lamakhulu.
IMphi Lebandzako (cishe nga-1945 kuya ku-1991) beyingumbango lonetinsayo emkhatsini we-USA ne-USSR. Yabitwa ngekutsi 'lebandzako' ngoba lamave lamabili lanemandla lamakhulu awakaze alwe ngco - imphi leqondile ibingabhubhisa umhlaba ngetikhali tenyukliya. Esikhundleni saloko ancintisana ngekuhlola (spying), inkhulumo-mgunyatselo (propaganda), tivumelwane nemncintiswano wetikhali (arms race).
- IYurophu yahlukaniswa yaba licembu laseNtshonalanga (leliholwa yi-USA) nelicembu laseMphumalanga (leliholwa yi-USSR).
- Nga-1946 uWinston Churchill watsi 'Likhethina Lensimbi' (Iron Curtain) selehlele lachamuka kulo lonke leYurophu.
- Lelinye nalelinye licembu letama kusakata tinkholelo talo kulamanye emave emhlabeni wonkhe.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'licembu (bloc)' - licembu lemave lasohlangotsini lunye. Chaza 'Likhethina Lensimbi (Iron Curtain)' njengemugca lophindzelwe engcondvweni, hhayi lubondza lwangempela, lohlukanisa emave entsandvo yebantfu lanemakethe lekhululekile aseNtshonalanga Yurophu emaveni ebukhomanisi labuswa yiSoviet aseMphumalanga Yurophu. Gcizelela lokushayisanako lokusenkhaba: kwesaba kubhujiswa lokuphelele kwenyukliya kuyiko lokwamisa imphi ingabi 'yeshisako' emkhatsini wemave lamabili lanemandla lamakhulu.
Bunjinga (Capitalism) bumelene neBukhomanisi (Communism)
Enhlitiyweni yeMphi Lebandzako bekunemibono lemibili lehlukene kakhulu mayelana nendlela live lelifanele kuphatfwa ngayo.
Speaker notes
Gcina loku kulingene futsi kuliciniso, hhayi kwahlulela - iphuzu kutsi lelinye nalelinye licembu lakholelwa kutsi luhlelo lwalo lolungcono futsi lesaba kutsi lolunye lutawusakateka. Bona kutsi eciphakadeni akukho licembu lelalihlala liphila ngokwentandvo yalo. Loku kushayisana kwemibono (ideology) kuchaza KUTSI KUNGANI umbango wawuvakala uphelele kangaka: bekungukulwa ngendlela umhlaba wonkhe lokufanele uhlelwe ngayo.
Emacembu lamabili lahlomile
Womabili lamave lanemandla lamakhulu akha tivumelwane temasotja kuze avikele licembu lawo.
NATO, 1949
I-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation - i-USA nebangani bayo baseNtshonalanga batsembisana kutsi batawuvikelana.
Warsaw Pact, 1955
I-USSR nebangani bayo baseMphumalanga yeYurophu bakha sivumelwano sabo semasotja njengempendvulo.
Umhlaba wonkhe uyabukela
Emave kuyo yonkhe indzawo abecindzezelwa kutsi akhetse licembu - nome etame kuhlala 'angahlangani nalelinye licembu' (non-aligned).
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi sivumelwano sisho kutsi kuhlaselwa kwelilunga linye kubalwa njengekuhlasela onkhe. I-NATO yeta kucala (1949); i-Warsaw Pact beyimpendvulo yeSoviet (1955). Yetfula 'non-aligned' - emave lamanyenti lasandza kutfola inkhululeko, ikakhulukati e-Afrika nase-Asia, etama kungajoyini noma yingakuphi kulamacembu. Loku kulungiselela tislayidi letitawulandzela ngase-Afrika.
Lidolobha lelihlukene: Berlin
Lidolobha laseJalimane iBerlin laba ngenye yetindzawo letiyingoti kakhulu eMphini Lebandzako.
Emuva kwemphi, iJalimane nelikomkhulu layo iBerlin kwahlukaniswa emkhatsini wemave lanemandla lamakhulu. Nga-1948-1949 i-USSR yavimbezela iBerlin yaseNtshonalanga, yajuba kudla naphethroli. INtshonalanga yaphendvula nge-Berlin Airlift, indiza iletsa timphahla emini nasebusuku - futsi bashayeli betindiza baseNingizimu Afrika bebatibandzakanya kulomsebenzi wekuletsa timphahla ngendiza.
- Nga-1961 iMphumalanga yakha Lubondza LwaseBerlin (Berlin Wall) kuze kumise bantfu bangabaleki baye eNtshonalanga.
- Lolubondza lwaba luphawu lolwatiwa kakhulu lwemhlaba lohlukene.
- Ngesikhatsi lolubondza luwa nga-1989, kwakhomba kutsi iMphi Lebandzako beyisiphela.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa luchungechunge lwendzawo - bashayeli betindiza be-South African Air Force bandiza kwi-Berlin Airlift - kukhombisa bafundzi kutsi ngisho neNingizimu Afrika lekhashane beyibandzakanyekile. Landzela indlela yeLubondza: lwakhiwa nga-1961 kuvimbela bantfu eMphumalanga, lwadzilitwa nga-1989 njengoba iMphi Lebandzako iwohloka. Lolubondza luphawu lwesimende lolugcwele lombono 'weKhethina Lensimbi' losesilayidini 4.
Umncintiswano wetikhali nemncintiswano wemkhatsi (space race)
Womabili lamacembu akha tikhali letinemandla lamakhulu - letenele kubhubhisa umhlaba kanyenti.
Emncintiswaneni wetikhali live linye nalelinye lelinemandla lamakhulu beletama kwakha tikhali letinyenti naletibulala kakhulu kunelelinye, kuhlanganisa nelibhomu lelinemandla kakhulu i-hydrogen bomb. Loku kwadala umleco lowesabekako lobutwa ngekutsi 'kubhujiswa lokucinisekisiwe kubo bobabili' (mutually assured destruction) - uma linye licembu lihlasela, omabili abetawubhujiswa.
- Ngeminyaka yabo-1960 womabili lamacembu abenetinkulungwane temacubu enyukliya (nuclear missiles).
- Umbango wandzela emkhatsini: i-USSR yetfula i-Sputnik, isathelayithi yekucala, nga-1957.
- Bantfwana besikolo kulamanye emave babejwayela imisebenti ye-'khotsama uzimboze' (duck and cover) uma kungahle kube nekuhlaselwa kwenyukliya.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'kubhujiswa lokucinisekisiwe kubo bobabili' (MAD) ngendlela lelula: kute licembu lelalilokotsa lihlasele kucala ngoba nalo belitawubhujiswa. Lomleco 'wekwesabisa' wagcina kuthula lokungakhululeki. Hlanganisa umncintiswano wetikhali nemncintiswano wemkhatsi - i-Sputnik (1957) yayimangalisa i-USA yayigcugcuta kutsi ifinyelele eNyangeni nga-1969. Imininingwane 'yekhotsama uzimboze' isita bafundzi kuva kutsi bantfu labavamile babephila kanjani ngekwesaba kwenyukliya.
Inkinga Yemacubu aseCuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)
Kwemalanga lalishumi nakutsatfu nga-1962 umhlaba wasondzela emphini yenyukliya kunanini ngaphambilini.
Nga-1962 i-USSR yacala kubeka emacubu enyukliya esichingini sase-Cuba, eduze nelugu lwe-USA. UMengameli wase-USA John F. Kennedy wafuna kutsi asuswe wase uvimbezela lesichingi. Kwemalanga lalishumi nakutsatfu lanetinsayo umhlaba wabamba umoya.
- Umholi weSoviet Nikita Khrushchev ekugcineni wavuma kususa lamacubu.
- Njengembuyiselo, i-USA yavuma ngasese kususa emacubu eTurkey nekutsi ingayihlaseli iCuba.
- Lenkinga yakhombisa kutsi iMphi Lebandzako beyingaguculeka kalula kanjani ibe yimphi yenyukliya.
Speaker notes
Beka simo: iCuba ibangani lelikhomanisi le-USSR eduze kakhulu nemnyango we-USA, ngako emacubu eSoviet lapho ayesabisa i-USA. Sho baholi lababili - Kennedy (USA) na-Khrushchev (USSR). Gcizelela kutsi sivumelwano lesasiyiphelisa besiyisivumelwano semkhatsi, hhayi kunqoba kwelinye licembu, nekutsi letinye tingxenye (kususwa kwemacubu e-US eTurkey) tagcinwa tiyimfihlo. Lesi sibonelo lesicace kakhulu sekutsi umncintiswano wetikhali wawusuyingoti kangakanani.
IMphi Lebandzako ngekushesha, 1945-1991
- 1945 Emabhomu enyukliya aphonswa eHiroshima naseNagasaki; iMphi YeMhlaba Yesibili iyaphela
- 1948 Kuvinjezelwa kweBerlin nekuletsa timphahla ngendiza kuyacala
- 1949 I-NATO yasungulwa; i-USSR yahlola libhomu layo lekucala lenyukliya
- 1957 I-USSR yetfula i-Sputnik, isathelayithi yekucala
- 1961 Lubondza LwaseBerlin luyakhiwa
- 1962 Inkinga Yemacubu aseCuba
- 1989 Lubondza LwaseBerlin luyawa
- 1991 ISoviet Union iyahlakateka; iMphi Lebandzako iyaphela
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesilayidi kuhlanganisa ngaphambi kokuphendukela e-Afrika. Buta bafundzi kutsi babone iphethini: tikhatsi tengoti lenkhulu (1948, 1962) tilandzelwa kuthula lokungakhululeki, bese kuphela kancane kusukela nga-1989. Veta kutsi iMphi Lebandzako yatsatsa cishe iminyaka lengema-46 - lokude kunebadzala benyenti bebafundzi bebaphila.
Umncintiswano wemhlaba wonkhe e-Afrika
Njengoba emave ase-Afrika atfola inkhululeko, womabili lamave lanemandla lamakhulu ancintisana ngebungani bawo.
Kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1950 emakoloni lamanyenti ase-Afrika aba ngemave lakhululekile. I-USA ne-USSR omabili anikela ngemali, tikhali nekwesekela kuze awine lamave lamasha abe ngakulo licembu lawo. Ngalesinye sikhatsi lomncintiswano wasita ekukhuliseni timphi tekumela (proxy wars) - tingxabano lapho lamave lanemandla lamakhulu abeseka emacembu lendzawo laphikisanako esikhundleni sekulwa ngco.
- Baholi labanyenti base-Afrika bajoyina i-Non-Aligned Movement, benqaba kukhetsa licembu.
- Timphi tembango tetangaphakatsi emaveni lanjenge-Angola neMozambique tadvonsela emandla eMphi Lebandzako.
- Umbango weMphi Lebandzako wabumba lusito, kuhweba nengxabano kuloke lonkhe likhonteninenti.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'imphi yekumela (proxy war)' ngokucacile - lamave lanemandla lamakhulu ayelwa ngendlela lengacondzi ngokuhlomisa nekuxhasa emacembu endzawo. Chaza 'Non-Aligned Movement' - licembu lemave, lamanyenti awo asandza kutfola inkhululeko, lelakhetsa kute licembu. I-Angola sibonelo lesibalulekile lesitawuya esilayidini lesilandzelako ngeNingizimu Afrika. Gcizelela kutsi tincumo letatsetjwa eWashington naseMoscow tabanemtselela wangempela, ngalesinye sikhatsi lobulalako, kuma-Afrika lavamile.
Ubandlululo (Apartheid) neMphi Lebandzako
Hulumende webandlululo wasebentisa kwesaba kweMphi Lebandzako kuze avikele yena - futsi wadvonsela iNingizimu Afrika emphini yesigodzi.
Hulumende webandlululo waseNingizimu Afrika watibonakalisa eNtshonalanga njengebangani lomcinana lomelene nebukhomanisi (anti-communist). Wasebentisa kwesaba bukhomanisi kuze atsetselele kucindzetela baphikisi - njengekusebentisa Suppression of Communism Act ya-1950, leyayibhalwe ibanti kangangoba beyingatsulisa cishe noma ngubani lowagxeka ubandlululo.
- Hulumende wabita balweli benkhululeko labanyenti ngekutsi 'ngemakhomanisi' kuze abangcolise igama.
- Emabutfo aseNingizimu Afrika alwa e-Angola, lapho angqubuzana khona nemasotja aseCuba labeseka lelinye licembu.
- Njengoba iMphi Lebandzako iphela cishe nga-1989-1990, lolunye lusekelo lwaseNtshonalanga lobandlululo lwehla, kwasita ekuvuleni umnyango wetingxoxo.
Speaker notes
Lesi silayidi lesibalulekile 'pho kusho kutsini kitsi?'. Imibono lemibili lemikhulu: (1) ngekhatsi, baholi bebandlululo basebentisa kwesaba bukhomanisi kwemhlaba wonkhe njengesizatfu sekuvimbela, kuvalela ejele nekutsulisa baphikisi - buyela ku-Suppression of Communism Act. (2) Ngaphandle, iNingizimu Afrika yadvonselwa engxabanweni yekumela yeMphi Lebandzako e-Angola, yaze yalwa nemasotja aseCuba. Khombisa bafundzi kutsi kubita baphikisi ngekutsi 'ngemakhomanisi' bekuvame kuba licebo letembangazwe, hhayi inchazelo lecondzile. [SME] Cinisekisa lizinga lemininingwane lelilindzelekile nge-Angola/Border War kuLibanga 9 uphindze uhlole indlela yekwetfulwa kwelusekelo lwaseNtshonalanga loloshintjako cishe nga-1990.
Imibuto yekubukeza
Sebentisa loko lokufundzile kuze uphendvule le mibuto lesimo se-CAPS.
Phendvula ngemisho lephelele. Emamaki lasebakethini akhombisa kutsi kulindzeleke imininingwane lengakanani.
Q. Chaza kutsi kungani umbango emkhatsini we-USA ne-USSR wawubitwa ngekutsi yiMphi 'Lebandzako'. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza indzawo YENGOTI YINYE yeMphi Lebandzako (iBerlin NOME iCuba) uphindze uchaze kutsi kungani beyiyingoti kangaka. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza tindlela LETIMBILI iMphi Lebandzako leyatsikameza ngato i-Afrika nome iNingizimu Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lena njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingxoxo yekilasi. Kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela tindlela te-CAPS letisekelwe emithombeni nekubhala tigaba: timphendvulo tema-4 tidzinga emaphuzu lambalwa lacacile; imphendvulo yema-6 idzinga sigaba lesifushane lesinembangela nemphumela. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi basebentise emagama labalulekile alesifundvo: live lelinemandla lamakhulu, imibono-ngcondvo (ideology), umncintiswano wetikhali, imphi yekumela, kumelana nebukhomanisi.
Kungani iSikhatsi Senyukliya neMphi Lebandzako kusabalulekile
Umbango longazange ube yimphi leqondile wawushintjile umhlaba wonkhe - kuhlanganisa nelive lakitsi.
Emabhomu enyukliya a-1945 anika bantfu emandla ekutibhubhisa, futsi iMphi Lebandzako leyalandzela yehlukanisa umhlaba cishe iminyaka lengema-50. Yaphela ngekuthula cishe nga-1989-1991 ngesikhatsi Lubondza LwaseBerlin luwa neSoviet Union ihlakateka.
- Tikhali tenyukliya tisekhona, ngako tincumo teSikhatsi Senyukliya tisekhona natsi namuhla.
- IMphi Lebandzako yabumba inkhululeko, timphi netembangazwe kuloke lonkhe le-Afrika.
- ENingizimu Afrika, kuphela kwayo kwasita kudala litfuba lekuya entsandvweni yebantfu (democracy) ngeminyaka yabo-1990.
Speaker notes
Vala ngekubuyela etintanjeni letimbili tesilayidi 1: iSikhatsi Senyukliya neMphi Lebandzako. Gcizelela iphuzu lelinetsemba lekutsi iMphi Lebandzako yaphela ngaphandle kwenhlekelele yenyukliya leyayesatjwa, futsi kakhulu ngekuthula. Hlanganisa netimphilo tebafundzi: iNingizimu Afrika yentsandvo yebantfu labayatiko yakhula ngenxenye emhlabeni lobewushintja njengoba iMphi Lebandzako iphela. Loku kuhlanganisa nangaphambili neyunithi yeLibanga 9 iThemu 3 ngetindzawo tekuphenduka emlandvweni waseNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Nuclear Age and the Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation