Ixesha LeNyukliya kunye NeMfazwe Ebandayo
Indlela isixhobo esitsha esoyikekayo kunye nokhuphiswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini anamandla amakhulu esayibumba ngayo ihlabathi - lada lafikelela naseMzantsi Afrika.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuba igama elithi 'inyukliya' libakhumbuza ntoni. Chaza iimbono ezimbini ezinkulu zesi sifundo: (1) 'iXesha LeNyukliya' - ihlabathi emva kokuba izixhobo zenyukliya zisetyenziswe okokuqala ngo-1945, kwaye (2) 'iMfazwe Ebandayo' - ukhuphiswano olude phakathi kweUnited States neSoviet Union olungazange lube yimfazwe 'eshushu' ethe ngqo phakathi kwawo kodwa olwayibumba phantse yonke inxalenye yehlabathi, kuquka iAfrika noMzantsi Afrika.
Ihlabathi elitsha emva ko-1945
IMfazwe Yesibini Yehlabathi yaphela ngo-1945 - kwaye kwasala amazwe amabini 'anamandla amakhulu' emile.
Xa iMfazwe Yesibini Yehlabathi yaphela ngo-1945, uninzi lweYurophu lwalusele lungamabhodlo. Amazwe amabini ayesele enamandla amakhulu kunawo onke amanye: i-United States of America (USA) kunye ne-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, okanye iSoviet Union). Siwabiza ngokuba ngamazwe anamandla amakhulu (superpowers).
- Ayeye angamahlakani ekulweni neNazi Germany, kodwa ayengathembani.
- Ayekholelwa kwiindlela ezichaseneyo zokulawula ilizwe noqoqosho.
- Imibutho emitsha efana neZizwe eziManyeneyo (United Nations, 1945) yazama ukugcina uxolo.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa okuphambeneyo: i-USA ne-USSR zaphumelela imfazwe kunye, emva koko zakhawuleza zaba ngamaqabane akhuphisanayo. Chaza igama elithi 'ilizwe elinamandla amakhulu' - ilizwe elinamandla amakhulu kangangokuba ngokwezomkhosi nangokoqoqosho izigqibo zalo zichaphazela ihlabathi liphela. Khankanya iZizwe eziManyeneyo, apho uMzantsi Afrika wawulilungu elisisiseko, njengeqonga elitsha apho olu khuphiswano lwaluza kuxoxwa khona rhoqo.
IHiroshima neNagasaki
Okokuqala nokokugqibela emfazweni, iibhombu zeatom zaphoswa kwizixeko ezibini.
Ngomhla we-6 Agasti 1945 i-USA yaphosa ibhombu yeatom kwisixeko saseJapan iHiroshima. Kwiintsuku ezintathu emva koko, ngomhla we-9 Agasti 1945, ibhombu yesibini yatshabalalisa i-Nagasaki. IJapan yazinikela kungekudala emva koko, iphelisa iMfazwe Yesibini Yehlabathi.
- Ibhombu enye yayinokutshabalalisa isixeko sonke ngemizuzwana embalwa.
- Ekupheleni kwango-1945, kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abamalunga ne-140,000 eHiroshima kunye ne-74,000 eNagasaki babhubha kukudubula, ubushushu kunye nemitha (radiation).
- Ihlabathi lalingene 'kwiXesha LeNyukliya' - kwaye ngoku amanye amazwe akhuphisana ukwakha ezawo iibhombu.
Speaker notes
Phatha esi silayidi ngononophelo novelwano - aba babengabantu bokwenene. Amanani ngawaqikelelwayo achazwa kakhulu; amanani achanekileyo awaqinisekanga ngenxa yobukhulu bentshabalalo neentfa zemitha kamva. Chaza igama elithi 'imitha (radiation)' ngokulula: ityhefu engabonakaliyo ekhutshwa yibhombu eyaqhubeka ibulala nokugulisa abantu iminyaka. Yenza uqhagamshelo oluya phambili: amandla amakhulu ala mazixhobo yiyo into eyenza iMfazwe Ebandayo yaba yingozi enkulu.
Imvelaphi yeMfazwe Ebandayo
Yayiyimfazwe yoloyiko, izisongelo nokhuphiswano - kungekhona ukulwa okuthe ngqo phakathi kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu.
I-Mfazwe Ebandayo (malunga no-1945 ukuya ku-1991) yayilukhuphiswano olunobundlobongela phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR. Yayibizwa ngokuba 'ebandayo' kuba la mazwe amabini anamandla amakhulu awazange alwe ngqo omnye nomnye - imfazwe ethe ngqo yayinokutshabalalisa ihlabathi ngezixhobo zenyukliya. Endaweni yoko akhuphisana ngokusebenzisa ubuntlola, inkcazo-mkhankaso (propaganda), imanyano nokhuphiswano lwezixhobo (arms race).
- IYurophu yahlulwa yaba libhloko laseNtshona (elikhokelwa yi-USA) nebhloko laseMpuma (elikhokelwa yi-USSR).
- Ngo-1946 uWinston Churchill wathi 'iKhethini leNtsimbi (Iron Curtain)' laluwile phakathi kweYurophu.
- Icala ngalinye lalizama ukusasaza iinkolelo zalo kumanye amazwe kwihlabathi liphela.
Speaker notes
Chaza igama elithi 'ibhloko' - iqela lamazwe akwicala elinye. Chaza 'iKhethini leNtsimbi' njengomgca ocingelwayo, kungekhona udonga lokwenyani, owahlula iidemokhrasi zentengiso zaseNtshona Yurophu kumazwe amakomanisi awayelawulwa yiSoviet aseMpuma Yurophu. Gxininisa iparadoksi ephambili: uloyiko lwentshabalalo epheleleyo yenyukliya yiyo kanye into eyathintela imfazwe ukuba ingaze ibe 'shushu' phakathi kwala mazwe amabini anamandla amakhulu.
Ubungxowankulu (Capitalism) ngokuchasene noBukomanisi (Communism)
Embindini weMfazwe Ebandayo kwakukho iimbono ezimbini ezahluke kakhulu malunga nendlela ilizwe elifanele lilawulwe ngayo.
Speaker notes
Gcina oku kulinganile kwaye kusekelwe kubunyani, kungabi sisigwebo sexabiso - ingongoma kukuba icala ngalinye lalikholelwa ukuba inkqubo yalo ingcono kwaye loyika ukuba enye iya kusasazeka. Qaphela ukuba enyanisweni akukho cala elalisoloko liphila ngokwezimiso zalo. Le ngxabano yeembono (i-ideoloji) ichaza ISIZATHU sokuba olu khuphiswano lwaluziva luphelele: yayiyimfazwe malunga nendlela ihlabathi liphela elifanele licwangciswe ngayo.
Iinkampu ezimbini ezixhobileyo
Omabini amazwe anamandla amakhulu akha imanyano yezomkhosi ukukhusela ibhloko lawo.
NATO, 1949
INorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation - i-USA namaqabane ayo aseNtshona athembisa ukukhuselana.
Warsaw Pact, 1955
I-USSR namaqabane ayo aseMpuma Yurophu enza eyawo imanyano yezomkhosi njengempendulo.
Ihlabathi liphela liyabukela
Amazwe kuyo yonke indawo acinezelwa ukuba akhethe icala - okanye azame ukuhlala 'engathathi cala (non-aligned)'.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba imanyano ithetha ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwelinye ilungu kubalwa njengokuhlaselwa kwawo onke. INATO yeza kuqala (1949); iWarsaw Pact yayiyimpendulo yeSoviet (1955). Yazisa igama elithi 'ongathathi cala' - amazwe amaninzi asandula kuzimela geqe, ngakumbi eAfrika naseAsia, azama ukungangeni kwelinye icala. Oku kumisela iizilayidi ezilandelayo malunga neAfrika.
Isixeko esahlulwe: IBerlin
Isixeko saseJamani iBerlin saba yenye yeendawo eziyingozi kakhulu kwiMfazwe Ebandayo.
Emva kwemfazwe, iJamani nomzi-mkhulu wayo iBerlin bahlulwa phakathi kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu. Ngo-1948-1949 i-USSR yavimba iWest Berlin, inqumla ukutya namafutha. INtshona yaphendula nge-Berlin Airlift, indiza iindawo zoncedo imini nobusuku - kwaye abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baseMzantsi Afrika bathatha inxaxheba kule airlift.
- Ngo-1961 iMpuma yakha i-Donga laseBerlin (Berlin Wall) ukumisa abantu abasabela eNtshona.
- Olu donga lwaba luphawu oludumileyo lwehlabathi elahlukileyo.
- Xa olu donga luwa ngo-1989, lwabonisa ukuba iMfazwe Ebandayo yayiphela.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa unxibelelwano lwasekhaya - abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya boMkhosi Womoya waseMzantsi Afrika (South African Air Force) baba nenxaxheba kwiBerlin Airlift - ukubonisa abafundi ukuba nokuba wawukude uMzantsi Afrika, wawubandakanyekile. Landela isakhelo sodonga: lwakhiwa ngo-1961 ukubamba abantu eMpuma, lwadilizwa ngo-1989 njengoko iMfazwe Ebandayo yayiwohloka. Olu donga luluphawu oluhle lwekonkrithi lwembono 'yeKhethini leNtsimbi' kwisilayidi 4.
Ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo nokhuphiswano lwendawo yasemajukujukwini
Omabini amacala akha izixhobo ezinamandla amaninzi nangaphezulu - ezanele ukutshabalalisa ihlabathi izihlandlo ezininzi.
Kukhuphiswano lwezixhobo (arms race) ilizwe ngalinye elinamandla amakhulu lazama ukwakha izixhobo ezininzi nezibulala ngaphezulu kunelinye, kuquka nebhombu yehydrogen enamandla amakhulu ngakumbi (hydrogen bomb). Oku kwadala ulungelelwaniso oloyikisayo ngamanye amaxesha olubizwa ngokuba 'yintshabalalo eqinisekisiweyo yomabini amacala (mutually assured destruction)' - ukuba icala elinye liyahlasela, omabini aya kutshatyalaliswa.
- Ngoo-1960 omabini amacala ayenamawaka eemisayile zenyukliya.
- Ukhuphiswano lwasasazeka nasemajukujukwini: i-USSR yandulula i-Sputnik, isathelayithi yokuqala, ngo-1957.
- Abafundi bezikolo kwamanye amazwe baziqhelanisa nemikhankaso 'yokugoba nokuzifihla (duck and cover)' xa kunokuhlaselwa ngenyukliya.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'intshabalalo eqinisekisiweyo yomabini amacala' (MAD) ngamagama alula: akukho cala elalinobuganga bokuhlasela kuqala kuba nalo laliya kutshatyalaliswa. Olu 'lungelelwaniso loyiko' lwagcina uxolo olungazinzanga. Nxibelelanisa ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo nokhuphiswano lwendawo yasemajukujukwini - iSputnik (1957) yothusa i-USA yayityhalela ekufikeleleni eNyangeni ngo-1969. Inkcukacha 'yokugoba nokuzifihla' inceda abafundi bazive indlela abantu abaqhelekileyo abaphila ngayo noloyiko lwenyukliya.
Ingxaki yeeMisayile yaseCuba
Iintsuku ezilishumi elinesithathu ngo-1962 ihlabathi lasondela kwimfazwe yenyukliya ngaphezu kunanini na ngaphambili.
Ngo-1962 i-USSR yaqala ukubeka iimisayile zenyukliya kwisiqithi saseCuba (Cuba), kufuphi nje nonxweme lwe-USA. UMongameli we-USA u-John F. Kennedy wafuna ukuba zisuswe waza wavimba isiqithi. Iintsuku ezilishumi elinesithathu ezinoxinzelelo ihlabathi labamba umoya.
- Inkokeli yeSoviet u-Nikita Khrushchev ekugqibeleni yavuma ukususa iimisayile.
- Ngokubuyisa, i-USA yavuma ngokufihlakeleyo ukususa iimisayile eTurkey nokungahlaseli iCuba.
- Le ngxaki yabonisa indlela iMfazwe Ebandayo eyayinokuguquka lula ngayo ibe yimfazwe yenyukliya.
Speaker notes
Misela imeko: iCuba liqabane lamakomanisi le-USSR elikanye emnyango we-USA, ngoko ke iimisayile zeSoviet apho zoyikisa i-USA. Khankanya iinkokeli ezimbini - uKennedy (USA) noKhrushchev (USSR). Gxininisa ukuba isivumelwano esasiphelisa yayiluvumelwaniso, kungekhona uloyiso lwecala elinye, nokuba ezinye iinxalenye (ukususa iimisayile ze-USA eTurkey) zazigcinwe ziyimfihlo. Lo ngoyena mzekelo ucacileyo wendlela ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo olwaluyingozi ngayo.
IMfazwe Ebandayo ngokukhawuleza, 1945-1991
- 1945 Iibhombu zeatom ziphoswa eHiroshima naseNagasaki; iMfazwe Yesibini Yehlabathi iyaphela
- 1948 Ukuvimba iBerlin ne-Airlift kuyaqala
- 1949 INATO yasekwa; i-USSR ivavanya ibhombu yayo yokuqala yeatom
- 1957 I-USSR yandulula iSputnik, isathelayithi yokuqala
- 1961 Kwakhiwa iDonga laseBerlin
- 1962 Ingxaki yeeMisayile yaseCuba
- 1989 Iwa iDonga laseBerlin
- 1991 ISoviet Union iyaqhekeka; iMfazwe Ebandayo iyaphela
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi silayidi ukudibanisa ngaphambi kokuba ujike ujonge iAfrika. Cela abafundi babone ipatheni: amaxesha engozi enkulu (1948, 1962) alandelwa kukuzola okungazinzanga, emva koko ukuphela okucothayo ukususela ngo-1989. Bonisa ukuba iMfazwe Ebandayo yathatha malunga neminyaka engama-46 - ixesha elide kunobomi babazali babafundi abaninzi.
Ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi eAfrika
Njengoko amazwe aseAfrika ayezuza inkululeko, omabini amazwe anamandla amakhulu akhuphisana ngobuhlobo bawo.
Ukususela ngasekupheleni kwee-1950 amathanga amaninzi aseAfrika aba ngamazwe azimeleyo. Zombini i-USA ne-USSR zanikela imali, izixhobo nenkxaso ukuze ziwazuzele kwicala lazo la mazwe matsha. Ngamanye amaxesha olu khuphiswano lwanceda ukuvuselela iimfazwe zabameli (proxy wars) - iingxabano apho amazwe anamandla amakhulu axhasa amacala eendawo achasanayo endaweni yokulwa ngokuthe ngqo omnye nomnye.
- Iinkokeli ezininzi zaseAfrika zajoyina Umbutho Wabangathathi Cala (Non-Aligned Movement), zisala ukukhetha icala.
- Iimfazwe zombango kumazwe afana ne-Angola neMozambique zatsala amazwe anamandla eMfazwe Ebandayo.
- Ukhuphiswano lweMfazwe Ebandayo lwabumba uncedo, urhwebo neengxabano kwilizwekazi liphela.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'imfazwe yabameli' ngokucacileyo - amazwe anamandla amakhulu ayelwa omnye nomnye ngokungathanga ngqo ngokuxhobisa nokuxhasa amaqela eendawo. Chaza 'Umbutho Wabangathathi Cala' - iqela lamazwe, amaninzi awo asandula kuzimela geqe, akhetha ukungangeni kuyo nayiphi na ibhloko. IAngola ngumzekelo ophambili ekufuneka uwuqhubele kwisilayidi esilandelayo malunga noMzantsi Afrika. Gxininisa ukuba izigqibo ezazenziwa eWashington naseMoscow zazinempembelelo yokwenyani, ngamanye amaxesha ebulala, kubantu abaqhelekileyo baseAfrika.
Ucalucalulo (Apartheid) neMfazwe Ebandayo
Urhulumente wocalucalulo wasebenzisa uloyiko lweMfazwe Ebandayo ukuzikhusela - waza watsala uMzantsi Afrika kwimfazwe yommandla.
Urhulumente wocalucalulo waseMzantsi Afrika wazenza kwiNtshona njengeqabane elinamandla elichasene nobukomanisi (anti-communist). Wasebenzisa uloyiko lobukomanisi ukuthethelela ukucinezela abachasi - umzekelo ngo-Suppression of Communism Act ka-1950, owawubhalwe ngokubanzi kangangokuba wawunokuthulisa phantse nawuphi na umgxeki wocalucalulo.
- Urhulumente wabiza amajoni enkululeko amaninzi ngokuba 'ngamakomanisi' ukuwahlazisa.
- Imikhosi yaseMzantsi Afrika yalwa eAngola, apho yangqubana khona nemikhosi yaseCuba eyayixhasa elinye icala.
- Njengoko iMfazwe Ebandayo yayiphela malunga no-1989-1990, enye inkxaso yaseNtshona kucalucalulo yaphelelwa, kwanceda ukuvula umnyango wothethathethwano.
Speaker notes
Esi sesona silayidi sibalulekileyo 'sithini ke oko kuthi?'. Iimbono ezimbini ezinkulu: (1) ngaphakathi, iinkokeli zocalucalulo zasebenzisa uloyiko lwehlabathi lobukomanisi njengesizathu sokuvala, sokuvalela entolongweni nokuthulisa abachasi - nxibelelanisa emva no-Suppression of Communism Act. (2) Ngaphandle, uMzantsi Afrika watsalwa kwingxabano yommeli weMfazwe Ebandayo eAngola, kwada kwalwa nemikhosi yaseCuba. Bonisa abafundi ukuba ukubiza abachasi ngokuba 'ngamakomanisi' kwakuhlala kuliqhinga lezopolitiko, kungekhona inkcazo echanekileyo. [SME] Qinisekisa inqanaba leenkcukacha ezilindelekileyo malunga neMfazwe yaseAngola/yoMda kwiBanga 9 kwaye ujonge indlela emiswe ngayo inkxaso yaseNtshona etshintshayo malunga no-1990.
Imibuzo yovavanyo
Sebenzisa oko ukufundileyo ukuphendula le mibuzo yohlobo lweCAPS.
Phendula ngezivakalisi ezipheleleyo. Amamaki asezibiyeleni abonisa ubungakanani beenkcukacha ezilindelekileyo.
Q. Chaza isizathu sokuba ukhuphiswano phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR lwalubizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe 'Ebandayo'. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza indawo ENYE yoxinzelelo yeMfazwe Ebandayo (iBerlin OKANYE iCuba) uze uchaze isizathu sokuba yayiyingozi kangaka. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza iindlela EZIMBINI iMfazwe Ebandayo eyachaphazela ngazo iAfrika okanye uMzantsi Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi. Ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela iindlela zeCAPS ezisekelwe kwimithombo nokubhala imihlathi: iimpendulo zamamaki ama-4 zifuna iingongoma ezimbalwa ezicacileyo; impendulo yamamaki ama-6 ifuna umhlathi omfutshane onembangi nesiphumo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise amagama aphambili esi sifundo: ilizwe elinamandla amakhulu, i-ideoloji, ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo, imfazwe yommeli, ukuchasa ubukomanisi.
Isizathu sokuba iXesha LeNyukliya neMfazwe Ebandayo zisabalulekile
Ukhuphiswano olungazange lube yimfazwe ethe ngqo lwatshintsha ihlabathi liphela - kuquka nelizwe lethu.
Iibhombu zeatom zango-1945 zanika abantu amandla okuzitshabalalisa, kwaye iMfazwe Ebandayo eyalandelayo yahlula ihlabathi phantse iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Yaphela ngoxolo malunga no-1989-1991 xa iDonga laseBerlin lawa neSoviet Union yaqhekeka.
- Izixhobo zenyukliya zisekhona, ngoko ke ukhetho lweXesha LeNyukliya lusekhona nathi namhlanje.
- IMfazwe Ebandayo yabumba inkululeko, iimfazwe nezopolitiko kwilizwekazi laseAfrika liphela.
- EMzantsi Afrika, ukuphela kwayo kwanceda ukudala ithuba lokuya kwidemokhrasi ngeminyaka yee-1990.
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela kwimixholo emibini yesilayidi 1: iXesha LeNyukliya neMfazwe Ebandayo. Gxininisa ingongoma enethemba yokuba iMfazwe Ebandayo yaphela ngaphandle kwentlekele yenyukliya eyayoyikwa, kwaye ngokuninzi ngoxolo. Nxibelelanisa nobomi babafundi: uMzantsi Afrika wentando yesininzi abawaziyo wakhula ngokuyinxenye kwihlabathi elalitshintsha njengoko iMfazwe Ebandayo yayiphela. Oku kunxibelelanisa kuya phambili kwiyunithi yeBanga 9 yeKota 3 malunga namaxesha atshintshileyo kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Nuclear Age and the Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation