Inkathi Yenuzi Nempi Ebandayo
Ukuthi isikhali esisha esesabekayo nokuncintisana phakathi kwamazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu (superpowers) kwawubumba kanjani umhlaba - kwaze kwafinyelela naseNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi igama elithi 'yenuzi' (nuclear) libakhumbuza ini. Chaza imibono emikhulu emibili yalesi sifundo: (1) 'Inkathi Yenuzi' - umhlaba emva kokuba izikhali zenuzi zisetshenziswe okokuqala ngo-1945, kanye (2) 'Impi Ebandayo' (Cold War) - ukuncintisana okwathatha isikhathi eside phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union okungazange kube yimpi 'eshisayo' eqondile phakathi kwawo kodwa okwabumba cishe zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, kufaka phakathi i-Afrika neNingizimu Afrika.
Umhlaba omusha emva kuka-1945
IMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili yaphela ngo-1945 - kwasala amazwe amabili 'anamandla amakhulu' emile.
Lapho iMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili iphela ngo-1945, ingxenye enkulu yaseYurophu yayisibhidlikile. Amazwe amabili ayesenamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke amanye: i-United States of America (USA) kanye ne-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, noma iSoviet Union). Sithi ngamazwe anamandla amakhulu (superpowers).
- Ayebe ngabalingani ekulweni neNazi Germany, kodwa ayengathembani.
- Ayekholelwa ezindleleni eziphambene zokuphatha izwe nomnotho.
- Izinhlangano ezintsha ezinjenge-United Nations (1945) zazama ukugcina ukuthula.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela lokhu okuxakayo: i-USA ne-USSR zawina impi zindawonye, ngokushesha zaphenduka izitha. Chaza igama elithi 'izwe elinamandla amakhulu' (superpower) - izwe elinamandla amakhulu kangaka ngezempi nangomnotho kangangokuthi izinqumo zalo zithinta umhlaba wonke. Bala i-United Nations, iNingizimu Afrika eyayingelinye lamazwe ayisungula, njengendawo entsha lapho lokhu kuncintisana kwakuvame ukuphikiswa khona.
IHiroshima neNagasaki
Okokuqala nokokugcina empini, amabhomu enuzi (atomic bombs) aphonswa emadolobheni amabili.
Ngo-6 Agasti 1945 i-USA yaphonsa ibhomu lenuzi edolobheni laseJapane elibizwa nge-Hiroshima. Emva kwezinsuku ezintathu, ngo-9 Agasti 1945, ibhomu lesibili labhubhisa i-Nagasaki. IJapane yazinikela ngokushesha emva kwalokho, yaphela iMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili.
- Ibhomu elilodwa lalingabhubhisa idolobha lonke ngemizuzwana embalwa.
- Ekupheleni kuka-1945, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangu-140,000 eHiroshima nabangu-74,000 eNagasaki babhubha ngenxa yokuqhuma, ukushisa nemisebe eyingozi (radiation).
- Umhlaba wawusungene 'eNkathini Yenuzi' - manje amanye amazwe aqala umqhudelwano wokwakha awawo amabhomu.
Speaker notes
Phatha lesi sithombe ngokunakekela nangozwelo - laba kwakungabantu abangempela. Izinombolo yizilinganiso ezicashunwa kabanzi; izibalo eziqondile azaziwa ngenxa yobukhulu bencithakalo nokufa okwalandela okubangelwa yimisebe eyingozi. Chaza 'imisebe eyingozi' (radiation) kalula: ushevu ongabonakali okhishwa ibhomu owaqhubeka nokubulala nokugulisa abantu iminyaka. Xhumanisa nokuzayo: amandla amakhulu alezi zikhali yiwo enza iMpi Ebandayo yayiyingozi kangaka.
Imisuka yeMpi Ebandayo
Impi yokwesaba, izinsongo nokuncintisana - hhayi ukulwa okuqondile phakathi kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu.
I-Mpi Ebandayo (cishe ku-1945 kuya ku-1991) kwakuwukuncintisana okunzima phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR. Yayibizwa ngokuthi 'ebandayo' ngoba lawa mazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu awazange alwe ngokuqondile - impi eqondile yayingase iwubhubhise umhlaba ngezikhali zenuzi. Esikhundleni salokho ayencintisana ngokusebenzisa ubunhloli, inkulumo yokukhohlisa (propaganda), izivumelwano nomqhudelwano wezikhali.
- IYurophu yahlukaniswa yaba yiqembu laseNtshonalanga (eliholwa yi-USA) neqembu laseMpumalanga (eliholwa yi-USSR).
- Ngo-1946 uWinston Churchill wathi kwehle 'iKhethini Lensimbi' (Iron Curtain) linqamula iYurophu.
- Uhlangothi ngalunye lwaluzama ukusabalalisa izinkolelo zalo kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni.
Speaker notes
Chaza igama elithi 'iqembu' (bloc) - iqembu lamazwe ohlangothi olulodwa. Chaza 'iKhethini Lensimbi' (Iron Curtain) njengomugqa ongokomfanekiso, hhayi udonga lwangempela, ohlukanisa amazwe entando yeningi anomnotho okhululekile aseNtshonalanga Yurophu namazwe obukhomanisi ayelawulwa yiSoviet Union aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Gcizelela lokhu okuphambene: ukwesaba ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwenuzi yikho okwavimbela impi ukuba ingaguquki ibe 'eshisayo' phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.
Ubungxiwankulu (Capitalism) noBukhomanisi (Communism)
Enhliziyweni yeMpi Ebandayo kwakukhona imibono emibili ehluke kakhulu ngendlela izwe okufanele liphathwe ngayo.
Speaker notes
Gcina lokhu kulinganisela futhi kunobuqiniso, hhayi ukwahlulela - iphuzu ukuthi uhlangothi ngalunye lwalukholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwalo lungcono futhi lwesaba ukuthi olunye luyosabalala. Qaphela ukuthi empeleni kokubili akuzange kuphile ngezimiso zako ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwemibono (i-ideology) kuchaza UKUTHI KUNGANI ukuncintisana kwakubonakala kuphelele: kwakuwukulwa ngendlela umhlaba wonke okufanele uhlelwe ngayo.
Amakamu amabili ahlomile
Womabili amazwe anamandla amakhulu akha izivumelwano zempi ukuvikela iqembu lawo.
NATO, 1949
I-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation - i-USA nabalingani bayo baseNtshonalanga bathembisana ukuvikelana.
Warsaw Pact, 1955
I-USSR nabalingani bayo baseMpumalanga Yurophu bakha esabo isivumelwano sempi njengempendulo.
Umhlaba wonke uyabuka
Amazwe kuyo yonke indawo abecindezelwa ukuba akhethe uhlangothi - noma azame ukuhlala 'engahlangene nohlangothi' (non-aligned).
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi isivumelwano sisho ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwelilodwa ilungu kubalwa njengokuhlaselwa kwawo wonke. I-NATO yaqala kuqala (1949); iWarsaw Pact yayiyimpendulo yeSoviet (1955). Ethula igama elithi 'engahlangene nohlangothi' (non-aligned) - amazwe amaningi ayesanda kuzimela, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika nase-Asia, azama ukungajoyini nohlangothi. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo sezithombe ezizayo nge-Afrika.
Idolobha elihlukaniswe: IBerlin
Idolobha laseJalimane iBerlin laba enye yezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu eMpini Ebandayo.
Emva kwempi, iJalimane nenhloko-dolobha yalo iBerlin kwahlukaniswa phakathi kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu. Ngo-1948-1949 i-USSR yavimbezela iWest Berlin, yanquma ukudla namafutha. INtshonalanga yaphendula nge-Berlin Airlift, indiza iletha impahla emini nasebusuku - futhi abashayeli bezindiza baseNingizimu Afrika babamba iqhaza kule airlift.
- Ngo-1961 iMpumalanga yakha i-Berlin Wall (Udonga LwaseBerlin) ukumisa abantu ukubalekela eNtshonalanga.
- Lolu Donga lwaba yiluphawu oludumile kunazo zonke lomhlaba ohlukaniswe.
- Lapho uDonga luwa ngo-1989, lwakhombisa ukuthi iMpi Ebandayo isiyaphela.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ukuxhumana kwendawo - abashayeli bezindiza be-South African Air Force bandiza ku-Berlin Airlift - ukukhombisa abafundi ukuthi ngisho iNingizimu Afrika ekude yayibandakanyeka. Landela indlela yoDonga: lwakhiwa ngo-1961 ukuvimba abantu eMpumalanga, lwadilizwa ngo-1989 njengoba iMpi Ebandayo iwohloka. UDonga luyiluphawu olucacile lomqondo we'Khethini Lensimbi' waku-slide 4.
Umqhudelwano wezikhali nomqhudelwano wemkhathi
Zombili izinhlangothi zakha izikhali ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe - ezanele ukubhubhisa umhlaba izikhathi eziningi.
Ku-mqhudelwano wezikhali (arms race) izwe ngalinye elinamandla amakhulu lalizama ukwakha izikhali eziningi neziyingozi kakhulu kunelinye, kufaka phakathi ne-hydrogen bomb enamandla amakhulu nakakhulu. Lokhu kwadala ukulingana okwesabekayo okwakubizwa ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi 'ukubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe kokubili' (mutually assured destruction) - uma uhlangothi olulodwa luhlasela, kokubili kuyobhubha.
- Ngeminyaka yawo-1960 zombili izinhlangothi zase zinezinkulungwane zemicibisholo yenuzi.
- Ukuncintisana kwasabalala emkhathini: i-USSR yethula i-Sputnik, isathelayithi yokuqala, ngo-1957.
- Izingane zesikole kwamanye amazwe zaziqeqesha ukuthi 'goba ubheke phansi uzimboze' (duck and cover) uma kwenzeka kunokuhlasela kwenuzi.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'ukubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe kokubili' (mutually assured destruction, MAD) ngendlela elula: akukho hlangothi olwaluzoqala ukuhlasela ngoba nalo lwaluyobhubha. Lokhu 'kulingana kokwesaba' kwagcina ukuthula okungazinzile. Xhumanisa umqhudelwano wezikhali nomqhudelwano wemkhathi - i-Sputnik (1957) yayethusa i-USA, yayiqhubela ukuba ifinyelele enyangeni ngo-1969. Iphuzu 'lokugoba uzimboze' lisiza abafundi ukuzwa indlela abantu abavamile abaphila ngayo nokwesaba kwenuzi.
Inkinga Yemicibisholo YaseCuba
Izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu ngo-1962 umhlaba wasondela empini yenuzi ngendlela ongakaze usondele ngayo phambilini.
Ngo-1962 i-USSR yaqala ukubeka imicibisholo yenuzi esiqhingini se-Cuba, eduze nje nogu lwe-USA. UMongameli we-US John F. Kennedy wafuna ukuba isuswe wavimbezela lesi siqhingi. Izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu ezishubile umhlaba wawuphefumula kancane.
- Umholi weSoviet Nikita Khrushchev ekugcineni wavuma ukususa imicibisholo.
- Ukubuyisela, i-USA yavuma ngasese ukususa imicibisholo eTurkey nokungahlaseli iCuba.
- Le nkinga yakhombisa ukuthi kwakulula kangakanani ukuthi iMpi Ebandayo iphenduke impi yenuzi.
Speaker notes
Beka isimo: iCuba iyilingani lobukhomanisi le-USSR eduze kakhulu nomnyango we-USA, ngakho imicibisholo yeSoviet lapho yayethusa i-USA. Bala abaholi ababili - uKennedy (USA) noKhrushchev (USSR). Gcizelela ukuthi isivumelwano esaqeda le nkinga sasiyisivumelwano sokulamula, hhayi ukunqoba kohlangothi olulodwa, nokuthi ezinye izingxenye (ukususa imicibisholo ye-US eTurkey) zazigcinwe ziyimfihlo. Lesi yisibonelo esicace kakhulu sokuthi umqhudelwano wezikhali wawusuyingozi kangakanani.
IMpi Ebandayo ngokushesha, 1945-1991
- 1945 Amabhomu enuzi aphonswa eHiroshima naseNagasaki; iMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili iyaphela
- 1948 Ukuvimbezela iBerlin ne-Airlift kuyaqala
- 1949 I-NATO yakhiwa; i-USSR ihlola ibhomu layo lokuqala lenuzi
- 1957 I-USSR yethula iSputnik, isathelayithi yokuqala
- 1961 Kwakhiwa uDonga LwaseBerlin (Berlin Wall)
- 1962 Inkinga Yemicibisholo YaseCuba
- 1989 Udonga LwaseBerlin luyawa
- 1991 ISoviet Union iyahlakazeka; iMpi Ebandayo iyaphela
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi sithombe ukuhlanganisa ngaphambi kokuphendukela e-Afrika. Cela abafundi ukuthi babone iphethini: izikhathi zengozi enkulu (1948, 1962) zilandelwa ukuzola okungazinzile, bese kuba nokuphela kancane kusukela ngo-1989. Gqamisa ukuthi iMpi Ebandayo yathatha cishe iminyaka engu-46 - okude kunempilo yabazali babafundi abaningi.
Umqhudelwano womhlaba wonke e-Afrika
Njengoba amazwe ase-Afrika ethola inkululeko, womabili amazwe anamandla amakhulu ancintisana ngobungani bawo.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 amazwe amaningi ayamakoloni ase-Afrika aba yizizwe ezizimele. I-USA ne-USSR zombili zanikela ngemali, izikhali nokwesekela ukuze zithole la mazwe amasha ohlangothini lwazo. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuncintisana kwafaka isandla ekubaseleni izimpi zabaphathiswa (proxy wars) - izingxabano lapho amazwe anamandla amakhulu ayesekela izinhlangothi zendawo eziphikisanayo esikhundleni sokulwa wodwa ngokuqondile.
- Abaholi abaningi base-Afrika bajoyina i-Non-Aligned Movement, benqaba ukukhetha uhlangothi.
- Izimpi zombango emazweni afana ne-Angola neMozambique zadonsela ngaphakathi amandla eMpi Ebandayo.
- Ukuncintisana kweMpi Ebandayo kwabumba usizo, ukuhwebelana nezingxabano kulo lonke izwekazi.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'impi yabaphathiswa' (proxy war) ngokucacile - amazwe anamandla amakhulu alwa ngokungaqondile ngokuhlomisa nokuxhasa amaqembu endawo. Chaza 'Non-Aligned Movement' - iqembu lamazwe, amaningi awo ayesanda kuzimela, akhetha ukungajoyini nohlangothi. I-Angola yisibonelo esibalulekile esiqhutshelwa ku-slide elandelayo mayelana neNingizimu Afrika. Gcizelela ukuthi izinqumo ezenziwa eWashington naseMoscow zazinemiphumela yangempela, kwesinye isikhathi ebulalayo, kubantu base-Afrika abavamile.
Ubandlululo neMpi Ebandayo
Uhulumeni wobandlululo wasebenzisa ukwesaba kweMpi Ebandayo ukuzivikela - futhi wadonsela iNingizimu Afrika empini yesifunda.
Uhulumeni wobandlululo waseNingizimu Afrika wazibonakalisa eNtshonalanga njengelingani eliqinile elimelene nobukhomanisi (anti-communist). Wasebenzisa ukwesaba ubukhomanisi ukuze uzikhulule ekucindezeleni abaphikisi - isibonelo nge-Suppression of Communism Act ka-1950 (uMthetho Wokucindezela UbuKhomanisi), owawubhalwe ngendlela ebanzi kangangokuthi wawungathulisa cishe noma yimuphi umgxeki wobandlululo.
- Uhulumeni wabiza amaqhawe enkululeko amaningi ngokuthi 'ngamakhomanisi' ukuwadicilela phansi.
- Amabutho aseNingizimu Afrika alwa e-Angola, lapho angqubuzana khona namabutho aseCuba ayesekela uhlangothi olunye.
- Njengoba iMpi Ebandayo iphela cishe ngo-1989-1990, okunye ukusekelwa kweNtshonalanga kobandlululo kwehla, kwasiza ukuvula umnyango wezingxoxo.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisithombe esibalulekile esithi 'pho kusho ini kithi?'. Imibono emibili emikhulu: (1) ngaphakathi, abaholi bobandlululo basebenzisa ukwesaba ubukhomanisi emhlabeni wonke njengesizathu sokuvimbela, ukuvalela ejele nokuthulisa abaphikisi - xhumanisa emuva noMthetho Wokucindezela UbuKhomanisi. (2) ngaphandle, iNingizimu Afrika yadonselwa engxabanweni yabaphathiswa yeMpi Ebandayo e-Angola, yaze yalwa namabutho aseCuba. Tshela abafundi ukuthi ukubiza abaphikisi ngokuthi 'ngamakhomanisi' kwakuvame ukuba yicebo lezepolitiki, hhayi incazelo eyiqiniso. [SME] Qinisekisa izinga lemininingwane elindelekile mayelana ne-Angola/iMpi Yomngcele kwiBanga 9 futhi uhlole indlela okuvezwa ngayo ukushintsha kokusekelwa kweNtshonalanga cishe ngo-1990.
Imibuzo yokubuyekeza
Sebenzisa lokho okufundile ukuze uphendule le mibuzo esesitayeleni se-CAPS.
Phendula ngemisho ephelele. Amamaki asezibayeni akhombisa ukuthi kulindeleke imininingwane engakanani.
Q. Chaza ukuthi kungani ukuncintisana phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR kwakubizwa ngokuthi yiMpi 'Ebandayo'. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza indawo ESHUBILE EYODWA yeMpi Ebandayo (iBerlin NOMA iCuba) uchaze nokuthi kungani yayiyingozi kangaka. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza IZINDLELA EZIMBILI iMpi Ebandayo eyathinta ngazo i-Afrika noma iNingizimu Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yekilasi. Ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela izitayela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nokubhala izigaba: izimpendulo zamamaki ama-4 zidinga amaphuzu ambalwa acacile; impendulo yamaki ayi-6 idinga isigaba esifushane esinembangela nomphumela. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise amagama abalulekile esifundo: izwe elinamandla amakhulu, i-ideology, umqhudelwano wezikhali, impi yabaphathiswa, ukumelana nobukhomanisi.
Kungani Inkathi Yenuzi neMpi Ebandayo kusabalulekile
Ukuncintisana okungazange kube yimpi eqondile kwawushintsha wonke umhlaba - kufaka phakathi nezwe lethu.
Amabhomu enuzi ka-1945 anika abantu amandla okuzibhubhisa, futhi iMpi Ebandayo eyalandela yahlukanisa umhlaba cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Yaphela ngokuthula cishe ngo-1989-1991 lapho uDonga LwaseBerlin luwa neSoviet Union ihlakazeka.
- Izikhali zenuzi zisekhona, ngakho izinqumo zeNkathi Yenuzi zisenathi namuhla.
- IMpi Ebandayo yabumba inkululeko, izimpi nezepolitiki kulo lonke i-Afrika.
- ENingizimu Afrika, ukuphela kwayo kwasiza ukudala ithuba lokuya entandweni yeningi ngeminyaka yawo-1990.
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela emicabangweni emibili yaku-slide 1: iNkathi Yenuzi neMpi Ebandayo. Gcizelela iphuzu elinethemba lokuthi iMpi Ebandayo yaphela ngaphandle kwenhlekelele yenuzi eyayesatshwa, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokuthula. Xhumanisa nezimpilo zabafundi: iNingizimu Afrika esentandweni yeningi abayaziyo yakhula ngokwengxenye emhlabeni owawushintsha njengoba iMpi Ebandayo iphela. Lokhu kuxhumanisa nokuzayo neyunithi yeBanga 9 iThemu 3 mayelana nezikhathi zoshintsho emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Nuclear Age and the Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation