Isikhathi SeNyukliya NePi Ebandako
Indlela isikhali esitjha esirhwaqisako nokuphikisana phakathi kwamazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu (superpowers) okwabumba khona iphasi - kwaza kwafika ngitjho neSewula Afrika.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokubuza abafundi bona ibizo elithi 'nyukliya' libakhumbuza ini. Hlathulula imibono emikhulu emibili yesifundwesi: (1) 'Isikhathi SeNyukliya' - iphasi ngemva kokusetjenziswa kwezikhali zenyukliya okokuthoma ngo-1945, kanye (2) 'iPi Ebandako' - ukuphikisana okude phakathi kwe-United States ne-Soviet Union okungakhange kube yipi 'etjhisako' eqondileko phakathi kwazo kodwana kwabumba pheze zoke iingcenye zephasi, kubandakanya i-Afrika neSewula Afrika.
Iphasi elitjha ngemva kwaka-1945
IPi Yephasi Yesibili yaphela ngo-1945 - kwaza kwasala amazwe amabili 'anamandla amakhulu' (superpowers) amile.
Nakuphela iPi Yephasi Yesibili ngo-1945, inengi le-Yurophu belisele lidilikile. Amazwe amabili bekasele anamandla khulu ukudlula woke amanye: i-United States of America (USA) kanye ne-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, namkha iSoviet Union). Sithi ngamazwe anamandla amakhulu (superpowers).
- Bekabambisene ekulweni ne-Nazi Germany, kodwana bebangathembani.
- Bebakholelwa eendleleni eziphikisanako zokubusa izwe nomnotho.
- Iinhlangano ezitjha njenge-United Nations (1945) balinga ukugcina ukuthula.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukuhlekisa: i-USA ne-USSR bawina ipi ngokubambisana, kwaza msinyana baba ziimbangi. Hlathulula 'inamandla amakhulu (superpower)' - izwe elinamandla khulu ngokwezokulwa nangokomnotho kangangobana iinqunto zalo zithinta iphasi loke. Khuluma nge-United Nations, iSewula Afrika ebeyililunga elisunguleko lalo, njengendawo etjha lapho ukuphikisana bekuzokuphikiswa khona.
IHiroshima neNagasaki
Okwesikhathi sokuthoma nesokuphela epini, kwarhijhwa iibhomba zenyukliya emadorobheni amabili.
Ngo-6 Arhostosi 1945 i-USA yarhijha ibhomba yenyukliya edorobheni le-Japan elibizwa ngobana yi-Hiroshima. Ngemva kwamalanga amathathu, ngo-9 Arhostosi 1945, ibhomba yesibili yatjhabalalisa i-Nagasaki. I-Japan yazinikela msinyana ngemva kwalokho, kwaphela iPi Yephasi Yesibili.
- Ibhomba eyodwa beyikghona ukutjhabalalisa idorobho loke ngemizuzwana.
- Ngokuphela kwaka-1945, kuqagelwa bona abantu abamalikhulu alikhulu namatjhumi amane ezinkulungwana (140,000) eHiroshima nabamatjhumi alikhomba nane wezinkulungwana (74,000) eNagasaki bebahlongakele ngebanga lokuqhuma, ukutjhisa nemitjhagalo (radiation).
- Iphasi belingene 'eSikhathini SeNyukliya' - amanye amazwe nawo asuka agijimela ukwakha iibhomba zawo.
Speaker notes
Phatha isilayidi lesi ngokutjhejisisa nangesirhawu - laba bebangibantu bamambala. Iinombolo lezi ziinqagelo ezikhulunywa khulu; iinombolo eziqinisekileko azaziwa ngebanga lobukhulu betjhabalalo kanye nokuhlongakala ngemva kwesikhathi ngebanga lemitjhagalo (radiation). Hlathulula 'imitjhagalo (radiation)' ngendlela elula: ubuthi obungabonwako obukhutjhwa yibhomba obehlala bubulala begodu benza abantu bagula iminyaka eminengi. Yenza umtlhala uye phambili: amandla amakhulu wezikhali lezi ngiwo enza iPi Ebandako yaba yingozi kangaka.
Imisuka yePi Ebandako
Ipi yovalo, iingozibiso nokuphaphalazana - ingasi ukulwa okuqondileko phakathi kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu.
I-Pi Ebandako (malungana no-1945 ukuya ku-1991) beyikuphikisana okunobukhali phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR. Beyibizwa ngobana 'ibandako' ngombana amazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu azange alwe qangi ngokuqondileko - ipi eqondileko beyingatjhabalalisa iphasi ngezikhali zenyukliya. Kunalokho aphalisana ngo-buhloli, iimbaxa-mbaxa (propaganda), iimvumelwano nomncwedwano wokwakha izikhali (arms race).
- I-Yurophu yahlukaniswa yaba yiqembu leTjhingalanga (elirholwa yi-USA) neqembu lePumalanga (elirholwa yi-USSR).
- Ngo-1946 uWinston Churchill wathi kwehle 'iKarayini Yensimbi' (Iron Curtain) e-Yurophu yoke.
- Ihlangothi ngalinye belilinga ukurhatjha iinkolelo zalo emazweni wephasi loke.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula 'iqembu (bloc)' - isiqhema samazwe asehlangothini linye. Hlathulula 'iKarayini Yensimbi (Iron Curtain)' njengomudwa ongabonwako, ingasi udorobho lamambala, ohlukanisa iidemokhrasi ezinomncwedwano wekghwari (free-market) wentjhonalanga ne-Yurophu ne-Yurophu yePumalanga ebeyilawulwa mabukhomanisi we-Soviet. Gcizelela ukuphikisana okumaphakathi: uvalo lwetjhabalalo epheleleko yenyukliya ngilo kanye elenza ipi ingabi 'yitjhisako' phakathi kwamazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu.
Ikapitali (Capitalism) qathane neBukhomanisi (Communism)
Endaweni ephakathi yePi Ebandako bekunemibono emibili ehluke khulu ngendlela izwe okufuze libuswe ngayo.
Speaker notes
Ygcina isilayidi lesi silingana begodu sinamaqiniso, ingasi ukwahlulela - ipheca kukuthi ihlangothi ngalinye belikholelwa bona indlela yalo ngcono begodu lisaba bona elinye lizokurhatjheka. Tjho bona eqinisweni akukho hlangothi ebehlala liphila ngokuvumelana neenkolelo zalo. Ukuphambana kwemibono le (ideology) kuhlathulula BOKUTHI kubayini ukuphikisana bekubonakala kupheleleko: bekungukulwa ngendlela iphasi loke ekufuze lihlelwe ngayo.
Iinkampu ezimbili ezihlomileko
Woke amazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu akha iimvumelwano zamasotja ukuvikela iqembu lawo.
NATO, 1949
I-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation - i-USA nabanqophisani bayo beTjhingalanga bathembisana ukuvikelana.
Warsaw Pact, 1955
I-USSR nabanqophisani bayo bePumalanga ye-Yurophu bakha isivumelwano sabo samasotja njengokuphendula.
Iphasi loke liyabukela
Amazwe yoke indawo bekacindezelwa bona akhethe ihlangothi - namkha alinge ukuhlala 'angakhethi hlangothi (non-aligned)'.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona isivumelwano (alliance) sitjho bona ukuhlaselwa kwelunga linye kubalwa njengokuhlaselwa kwawo woke. I-NATO yeza qangi (1949); i-Warsaw Pact beyisiphendulo se-Soviet (1955). Ethula 'ukungakhethi hlangothi (non-aligned)' - amazwe amanengi asand' ukuzijamela, khulukhulu e-Afrika ne-Asia, alinga ukungajoyini litho hlangothi. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo sezilayidi ezilandelako nge-Afrika.
Idorobho elihlukanisiweko: iBerlin
Idorobho leGermany elibizwa ngobana yiBerlin laba yenye yeendawo eziyingozi khulu ePini Ebandako.
Ngemva kwepi, iGermany nedorobho layo elikhulu iBerlin kwahlukaniswa phakathi kwamazwe anamandla amakhulu. Ngo-1948-1949 i-USSR yavimba iBerlin yeTjhingalanga, yajamisa ukudla nesibaso. ITjhingalanga yaphendula nge-Berlin Airlift, yandiza nokusiza imini nobusuku - kanti nabavulindiza (pilots) beSewula Afrika bathatha ingcenye ki-airlift le.
- Ngo-1961 iPumalanga yakha i-Berlin Wall ukujamisa abantu bona bangabalekeli eTjhingalanga.
- Iboda leli laba luphawu olwaziwa khulu lwephasi elihlukanisiweko.
- Kwathi nalidilika iboda ngo-1989, kwatjengisa bona iPi Ebandako iyaphela.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ukuhlobana kwendawo - abavulindiza beSouth African Air Force bandizela ki-Berlin Airlift - ukutjengisa abafundi bona ngitjho neSewula Afrika ekude yayibandakanyeka. Landela umlando weboda: lakhiwa ngo-1961 ukubopha abantu ePumalanga, ladilizwa ngo-1989 njengombana iPi Ebandako idilika. Iboda liluphawu lekankarete elipheleleko lomqondo we-'Karayini Yensimbi (Iron Curtain)' wesilayidi 4.
Umncwedwano wezikhali nomncwedwano wesibhakabhaka
Woke amahlangothi amabili akha izikhali ezinamandla khulu nakhulu - ezaneleko ukutjhabalalisa iphasi izikhathi ezinengi.
Ku-mncwedwano wezikhali (arms race) izwe ngalinye elinamandla amakhulu belilinga ukwakha izikhali ezinengi nezibulala khulu ukudlula elinye, kubandakanya i-bhomba yehayidrojeni (hydrogen bomb) enamandla khulu. Lokhu kwakha ukulingana okurhwaqisako okwakhe kubizwe ngobana 'ukutjhabalala okuqinisekiswe ngokufanako' (mutually assured destruction) - nakuhlasela ihlangothi linye, woke amabili bewuzokutjhabala.
- Ngeminyaka yabo-1960 woke amahlangothi amabili bekanezinkulungwana zamathoriphedo wenyukliya (nuclear missiles).
- Ukuphalisana kwarhatjheka nesibhakabhakeni: i-USSR yakhupha i-Sputnik, isatheliyithi (satellite) yokuthoma, ngo-1957.
- Abafundi bezikolo kwamanye amazwe bebazijayeza 'ukukhotjhama nokuzifihla' (duck and cover) nengabe kunokuhlaselwa kwenyukliya.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula 'ukutjhabalala okuqinisekiswe ngokufanako' (mutually assured destruction, MAD) ngamezwi alula: akukho hlangothi ebelinesibindi sokuhlasela qangi ngombana nalo belizokutjhatjalaliswa. 'Ukulingana kwovalo' lokhu kwagcina ukuthula okunganatho ithemba. Hlanganisa umncwedwano wezikhali nomncwedwano wesibhakabhaka - i-Sputnik (1957) yarhwaqisa i-USA yayitjhuvela ukufinyelela eNyangeni ngo-1969. Umtlhala we-'duck and cover' usiza abafundi bezwe indlela abantu abavamileko ababphila ngayo novalo lwenyukliya.
IngoziKgulu Yamathoriphedo YeCuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)
Amalanga alitjhumi nantathu ngo-1962 iphasi lasondela epini yenyukliya ukudlula naphakade.
Ngo-1962 i-USSR yathoma ukubeka amathoriphedo wenyukliya esiqhingini se-Cuba, eduze nelunga (coast) le-USA. UMongameli we-USA u-John F. Kennedy wafuna bona akhutjhwe begodu wavimba isiqhingi. Amalanga alitjhumi nantathu anobukhali, iphasi labamba ummoya.
- Umrholi weSoviet u-Nikita Khrushchev ekugcineni wavuma ukususa amathoriphedo.
- Ngokubuyisela, i-USA yavuma ngasese ukususa amathoriphedo eTurkey nokungahlaseli iCuba.
- IngoziKgulu le yatjengisa bona bekulula kangangani bona iPi Ebandako iphenduke ipi yenyukliya.
Speaker notes
Beka isimo: iCuba lilunga lebukhomanisi le-USSR khona kanye emnyango we-USA, yeke amathoriphedo weSoviet lapho arhwaqisa i-USA. Bhala amabizo wabarholi ababili - uKennedy (USA) noKhrushchev (USSR). Gcizelela bona isivumelwano esaqedako beyingokuvumelana, ingasi ukuwina kwehlangothi linye, begodu ezinye iingcenye (ukususa amathoriphedo we-USA eTurkey) bezigcinwe ziyimfihlo. Lo mtlhala ngiwo omuhle khulu wokutjengisa bona umncwedwano wezikhali bewuseyingozi kangangani.
IPi Ebandako ngokurhabako, 1945-1991
- 1945 Iibhomba zenyukliya zarhijhwa eHiroshima neNagasaki; iPi Yephasi Yesibili iyaphela
- 1948 Ukuvinjwa kweBerlin ne-Airlift kuyathoma
- 1949 I-NATO yasungulwa; i-USSR yalinga ibhomba yayo yokuthoma yenyukliya
- 1957 I-USSR yakhupha i-Sputnik, isatheliyithi yokuthoma
- 1961 IBerlin Wall iyakhiwa
- 1962 IngoziKgulu Yamathoriphedo YeCuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)
- 1989 IBerlin Wall iyadiliza
- 1991 ISoviet Union iyahlukana; iPi Ebandako iyaphela
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isilayidi lesi ukuqinisa ngaphambi kokuphendukela e-Afrika. Buza abafundi bona baqale iphetheni: iindawo zengozi ekhulu (1948, 1962) zilandelwa kuthula okunganathemba, bese kuphela buthaka kusukela ngo-1989. Veza bona iPi Ebandako yathatha pheze iminyaka ema-46 - ide ukudlula iinyanga inengi labazali babafundi elabaphila.
Umncintiswano wephasi loke e-Afrika
Njengombana amazwe we-Afrika awina inkululeko, woke amazwe amabili anamandla amakhulu aphalisana ngobungani bawo.
Kusukela emaphelweni weminyaka yabo-1950 amakoloni amanengi we-Afrika aba ziinarha ezizijameleko. I-USA ne-USSR zombili beziphathisa imali, izikhali nesekelo ukuwina amazwe amatjha la ehlangothini lazo. Ngezinye izikhathi umncintiswano lo watjhisela iimpi zamameleli (proxy wars) - iimpi lapho amazwe anamandla amakhulu asekele iinhlangothi zangekhaya eziphikisanako esikhundleni sokulwana ngokuqondileko.
- Abarholi abanengi be-Afrika bajoyina i-Non-Aligned Movement, bala ukukhetha ihlangothi.
- Iimpi zangekhaya emazweni afana ne-Angola neMozambique zawohlela amandla wePi Ebandako.
- Ukuphikisana kwePi Ebandako kwabumba isekelo, ikghwari nokuphikisana ekontinenteni yoke.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula 'ipi yamameleli (proxy war)' ngokukhanyako - amazwe anamandla amakhulu bekalwa ngokungaqondileko ngokuhlomisa nokuphathisa amaqembu wangekhaya. Hlathulula 'Non-Aligned Movement' - isiqhema samazwe, amanengi wawo asand' ukuzijamela, akhetha ukungajoyini litho iqembu. I-Angola siyisibonelo esiqakathekileko esiyisa esilayidini esilandelako nge-Sewula Afrika. Gcizelela bona iinqunto ezenziwa eWashington neMoscow bezinemiphumela yamambala, ngezinye izikhathi ebulalako, ebantwini abavamileko be-Afrika.
Ubandlululo (Apartheid) nePi Ebandako
Urhulumende webandlululo wasebenzisa uvalo lwePi Ebandako ukuzivikela - begodu wadonsela iSewula Afrika epini yesifunda.
Urhulumende webandlululo weSewula Afrika wazibeka eTjhingalanga njengomnqophisani onamandla omelene nebukhomanisi (anti-communist). Wasebenzisa uvalo lwebukhomanisi ukuvikela ukucindezela abaphikisi - isibonelo nge-Suppression of Communism Act of 1950, ebeyibhalwe kabanzi kangangobana beyingathulisa pheze nanyana ngimuphi umgxeki webandlululo.
- Urhulumende wabiza abarwela-kukhululeka abanengi ngobana 'mabukhomanisi' ukubatjhaphaza.
- Amasotja weSewula Afrika alwa e-Angola, lapho angqubuzana khona namasotja weCuba abesekela ihlangothi elinye.
- Njengombana iPi Ebandako iphela malungana no-1989-1990, elinye isekelo leTjhingalanga lebandlululo laphela, kwavula umnyango wokuxoxisana.
Speaker notes
Lesi silayidi esiqakathekileko esithi 'yeke kutjho ini kithi?'. Imibono emikhulu emibili: (1) ngaphakathi, abarholi bebandlululo basebenzisa uvalo lwephasi loke lwebukhomanisi njengesizatho sokuvimbela, ukubopha nokuthulisa abaphikisi - hlobanisa neSuppression of Communism Act. (2) ngaphandle, iSewula Afrika yadonselwa epini yamameleli yePi Ebandako e-Angola, ngitjho ilwa namasotja weCuba. Tjhwenya abafundi bona ukubiza abaphikisi ngobana 'bakhomanisi' bekuvamise ukuba liqhinga lezepolotiki, ingasi ihlathululo eqinisileko. [SME] Qinisekisa izinga lemininingwane elindelekileko nge-Angola/Border War kwiBanga 9 begodu uqinisekise indlela yokubeka isekelo leTjhingalanga elitjhugulukako malungana no-1990.
Imibuzo yokubuyekeza
Sebenzisa okufundileko ukuphendula imibuzo le eyihlobo leCAPS.
Phendula ngemitjho epheleleko. Amamaki asemabrakhethini atjengisa ubunengi bemininingwane elindelekileko.
Q. Hlathulula bona kubayini ukuphikisana phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR bekubizwa ngobana yiPi 'Ebandako'. (4 marks)
Q. Hlathulula indawo YINYE yengozi yePi Ebandako (iBerlin NAMKHA iCuba) begodu uhlathulule bona kubayini beyiyingozi kangaka. (6 marks)
Q. Hlathulula iindlela EZIMBILI iPi Ebandako eyathinta ngazo i-Afrika namkha iSewula Afrika. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lezi njengomsebenzi obhaliweko namkha ingxoxo yekilasi. Ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela iindlela zeCAPS ezisekelwe emithombeni nezokubhala izigaba: iimpendulo zamamaki ama-4 zifuna amaphuzu ambalwa akhanyako; impendulo yamamaki ama-6 ifuna isigaba esifitjhani esinombangela nomphumela. Khuthaza abafundi bona basebenzise amagama aqakathekileko wesifundo: izwe elinamandla amakhulu (superpower), imibono-siko (ideology), umncwedwano wezikhali (arms race), ipi yamameleli (proxy war), ukumelana nebukhomanisi (anti-communism).
Kubayini iSikhathi SeNyukliya nePi Ebandako kusaqakathekile
Ukuphikisana okungakhange kube yipi eqondileko kwasatjhugulula iphasi loke - kubandakanya nezwe lekhethu.
Iibhomba zenyukliya zaka-1945 zanikela abantu amandla wokuzitjhabalalisa, begodu iPi Ebandako eyalandelako yahlukanisa iphasi pheze iminyaka ema-50. Yaphela ngokuthula malungana no-1989-1991 nakudiliza iBerlin Wall neSoviet Union nayihlukana.
- Izikhali zenyukliya zisekhona, yeke iinqunto zeSikhathi SeNyukliya zisenathi namhlanjesi.
- IPi Ebandako yabumba inkululeko, iimpi nezepolotiki e-Afrika yoke.
- ESewula Afrika, ukuphela kwayo kwasiza ukuvula indawo yokuya edemokhrasini ngeminyaka yabo-1990.
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubuyela emitlhaleni emibili yesilayidi 1: iSikhathi SeNyukliya nePi Ebandako. Gcizelela iphuzu elinethemba lokuthi iPi Ebandako yaphela ngaphandle kwetjhabalalo yenyukliya ebeyisatjwa, begodu kunengi kwakuthula. Hlobanisa nokuphila kwabafundi: iSewula Afrika yedemokhrasi abayaziko yakhula ngokwengcenye ephasini ebelitjhuguluka njengombana iPi Ebandako iphela. Lokhu kuhlobanisa phambili nesahlukwana seBanga 9 seThemu 3 sokuphenduka komlando weSewula Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Nuclear Age and the Cold War
- Resource type
- Presentation