Ukuthi, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka nje, amazwe anamandla aseYurophu athumba kanjani cishe i-Afrika yonke - nokuthi abantu base-Afrika balwa kanjani bebuyisela.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi igama elithi 'ukubanga' lisho ukuthini. Chaza umqondo omkhulu: phakathi kuka-1880 no-1900 amazwe aseYurophu ancintisana ukuthumba umhlaba nezinsiza zase-Afrika, kwathi ngo-1914 ayeselawula cishe izwekazi lonke. Bonisa kusengaphambili izintambo ezintathu zesifundo: ukuthi kungani iYurophu yayifuna i-Afrika, ukuthi bayihlukanisa kanjani eNgqungqutheleni YaseBerlin, nokuthi abantu base-Afrika bamelana kanjani nalokho.
Maphakathi nawo-1800 i-Afrika yayiyikhaya lemiphakathi ezimele, imibuso nemibuso emikhulu engamakhulu.
Ngaphambi kwango-1880, abantu baseYurophu babevame ukuhweba ngaselwandle lwase-Afrika futhi babenamakoloni ambalwa ngaphakathi ezweni. I-Afrika yayinawayo amazwe, imizila yokuhweba, izilimi nezinkolo ezingezayo, kusukela e-Sokoto Caliphate entshonalanga ye-Afrika kuya eMbusweni wamaZulu eningizimu nasembusweni omkhulu wasendulo wase-Ethiopia.
- Iningi lezwekazi lalibuswa abantu base-Afrika, hhayi abaseYurophu.
- Imiphakathi yase-Afrika yayihweba ngegolide, izinyo lendlovu, indwangu, usawoti nezinye izimpahla ibanga elide.
- AbaseYurophu babewazi kahle ugu lolwandle kodwa bazi kancane ngaphakathi ezweni.
Speaker notes
Lungisa umbono ovamile ongelona iqiniso: i-Afrika yayingekho 'ize' noma 'ilinde ukutholakala'. Yayinemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlelekile enohulumeni wayo nomnotho wayo. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba kubeka uKubanga njengokuhlasela izizwe ezazivele zikhona, hhayi ukwakha emhlabeni ongenamuntu.
UKubanga kwakunezimbangela zezomnotho, zezombusazwe nezenhlalo ezaziqhubezana.
Izimpahla eziyimvelo
Izimboni zaseYurophu (ezavela eNguqukweni Yezimboni) zazidinga irabha, ukotini, ithusi, igolide namadayimane.
Izimakethe ezintsha
Amakoloni anika izimboni zaseYurophu izindawo zokuthengisa izimpahla zawo ezenziwe ezimbonini.
Umbango phakathi kwezizwe
IBrithani, iFrance neJalimane zazincintisana ngamandla nangodumo - ukuba namakoloni kwakubonisa ukuthi izwe 'likhulu'.
Imibono nenkolo
Abanye abaseYurophu bathi 'banomsebenzi wokuletha impucuko' wokusabalalisa ubuKristu - izinkolelo ezazakhiwe imibono yobandlululo yokuthi abaseYurophu bangcono.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa nesihloko seBanga 8 Term 1 seNguquko Yezimboni: izimboni zadala indlala yezimpahla eziyimvelo nezimakethe, okwaqhuba uKubanga. Cacisa ukuthi 'umsebenzi wokuletha impucuko' wawusetshenziselwa ukufakazela ukunqoba futhi wawusekwe imibono yobandlululo yokuthi abaseYurophu bangcono - hhayi incazelo eyiqiniso noma enobulungiswa nge-Afrika.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha nemithi kwenza ibhalansi yamandla yaba ngakuwo amabutho aseYurophu.
Amakhulu eminyaka izifo zaziwavimbele abaseYurophu ukuthi bangene ngaphakathi ezweni lase-Afrika. Ngawo-1800 izinto ezintsha ezaqanjwa zakushintsha lokho. Umuthi othiwa i-quinine wawuvikela ku-malaria, imikhumbi enomusi (steamships) yayithwala amasosha inyusa imifula, kwathi ojantshi besitimela nogesi wemibiko (telegraph) kwahambisa amabutho nemilayezo ngokushesha.
- Isibhamu somshini iMaxim sanika amabutho aseYurophu amandla okudubula abulalayo ngokumelene namabutho ase-Afrika.
- I-quinine yavumela amasosha aseYurophu ukuthi asinde ezindaweni ezinomkhuhlane womalaleveva (malaria).
- Imikhumbi enomusi, ojantshi besitimela nogesi wemibiko kwenza kwaba lula ukulawula umhlaba okude.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela igebe lobuchwepheshe: amabutho ase-Afrika ayevame ukuba makhulu nanesibindi, kodwa isibhamu iMaxim nezibhamu zesimanje kwanika inzuzo enkulu. Lokhu kusiza abafundi baqonde ukuthi INANI elincane labaseYurophu lalinganqoba KANJANI izindawo ezinkulu kangaka - kwakungengenxa yokuthi imiphakathi yase-Afrika yayibuthakathaka noma ingafuni ukulwa.
Amazwe anamandla aseYurophu ahlangana eBerlin ukuze avumelane ngemithetho yokuhlukanisa i-Afrika phakathi kwawo - futhi akukho muntu wase-Afrika owamenywa.
Njengoba amazwe aseYurophu ayencintisana ukuthi athathe umhlaba wase-Afrika, umbango wawo wawusongela ukudala impi phakathi kwawo. Umholi waseJalimane u-Otto von Bismarck wabiza ingqungquthela eBerlin kusukela ngoNovemba 1884 kuya kuFebhuwari 1885. Kwaya khona abamele izizwe zaseYurophu ezingaba yi-14 (kanye ne-United States).
- Inhloso kwakuwukuhlukanisa i-Afrika ngokuthula - kwabaseYurophu, hhayi kwabase-Afrika.
- Akukho ngisho umbusi oyedwa wase-Afrika owamenywa engqungqutheleni.
- Umhlangano waphetha ngokusayinwa kweGeneral Act ngomhla ka-26 Febhuwari 1885.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisehlakalo esibaluleke kakhulu sesihloko. Gxilisa amaphuzu amabili: (1) ingqungquthela yayimayelana nokugwema impi PHAKATHI kwamazwe aseYurophu, hhayi ngabantu base-Afrika; (2) ukukhishwa okuphelele kwabase-Afrika kwakusho ukuthi izinqumo ngomhlaba wabo zazenziwa ngaphandle kwabo. Yingakho izazi-mlando zibona iNgqungquthela YaseBerlin njengophawu lwako konke uKubanga.
INgqungquthela YaseBerlin yabeka ukuthi izwe laseYurophu lingasithatha kanjani isiqephu se-Afrika.
IGeneral Act yabeka imihlahlandlela yokuthatha umhlaba. Umqondo obaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi-'ukulawula ngokweqiniso' (effective occupation): ukuze lithathe umhlaba, izwe laseYurophu kwakumele libonise ukuthi ngempela liyawulawula, ngezikhulu, amasosha noma izivumelwano. Lokhu kwakhuthaza ukugijima ukuze bathathe umhlaba omningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
- Izwe elifuna ukuthatha ugu lolwandle kwakumele futhi lazise amanye ngesimangalo salo.
- Isigodi soMfula iCongo samenyezelwa njengendawo yokuhweba yamahhala evulekele bonke abahwebi baseYurophu.
- Imingcele yayivame ukudwetshwa njengemigqa eqondile emephini, inganaki imiphakathi yase-Afrika ephansi emhlabathini.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'ukulawula ngokweqiniso' ngendlela elula: wawugcina umhlaba kuphela uma ungakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi uyawulawula, ngakho amazwe agijima ukufaka amafulegi nokusayina izivumelwano nabaholi base-Afrika (noma ukubaphoqa izivumelwano). Veza inani labantu lemingcele emigqa eqondile: imiphakathi eyodwa yayihlukaniswa phakathi kwamakoloni amabili, kanti amaqembu ayebangisana ayephoqwa ukuba ndawonye - inkinga esathinta imingcele yase-Afrika nanamuhla.
Ngo-1914 cishe yonke i-Afrika yayibuswa amazwe aseYurophu ambalwa.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka nje imephu ye-Afrika yaphinde yadwetshwa kabusha. IBrithani neFrance zathatha izabelo ezinkulu kakhulu, kanti iJalimane, iBelgium, iPhuthukezi (Portugal), i-Italy neSpain zathatha ezinye izindawo. I-Ethiopia neLiberia kuphela ezagcina ukuzimela kwazo.
- IBrithani yayiphupha ngomugqa wamakoloni 'kusukela eCairo kuya eKapa (Cape Town)'.
- IFrance yayilawula iningi lentshonalanga nenyakatho ye-Afrika.
- INkosi u-Leopold II waseBelgium wathatha iCongo njengempahla yakhe siqu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imephu yangempela yomlando eceleni kwalena elula uma unayo. Iphuzu liwukushesha nobukhulu: izwekazi lonke lahlukaniswa cishe esizukulwaneni esisodwa. Qaphela ukuthi ukuzimela kwe-Ethiopia kuxhumana neMpi yaseAdwa (esithombeni esilandelayo), nokuthi iLiberia yayisungulwe abantu abakhululwe e-United States.
ICongo ibonisa ukuthi ukubusa kwamakoloni kwakungaba nesihluku kangakanani lapho inzuzo ibekwa phambi kwabantu.
INkosi uLeopold II waseBelgium yaphatha iCongo njengempahla yayo eyimfihlo kusukela ngo-1885. Ukuze bavune irabha nezinyo lendlovu ukuze bathole inzuzo enkulu, izikhulu zakhe zaphoqa abantu baseCongo ukuba basebenze ngaphansi kohlelo lodlame nokujeziswa okunonya. Kukholakala ukuthi izigidi zabantu zafa ngenxa yodlame, indlala nezifo.
- Imizi yayiphoqwa ukuqoqa irabha noma ibhekane nesijeziso esinzima.
- Izindaba zokuhlukunyezwa ekugcineni zadala isiyaluyalu eYurophu.
- Ngo-1908 uhulumeni waseBelgium wathatha ukulawula kuLeopold.
Speaker notes
Phatha lesi sithombe ngobunono nangokweqiniso - singesinye sezibonelo ezimbi kakhulu zodlame lwamakoloni. Gcina ulimi lufanele ubudala: chaza umsebenzi wokuphoqwa nenani labantu elibi walo ngaphandle kwemininingwane ehlasimulisayo. Isifundo ukuthi ukufuna inzuzo ngaphansi kokubusa kwamakoloni kwadala ukuhlupheka okukhulu, nokuthi abantu eYurophu nase-Afrika ekugcineni bakhuluma bemelana nakho. Izibalo zabafileyo eCongo ziyaphikiswana phakathi kwezazi-mlando.
- 1880s Amazwe aseYurophu agijima ukuthatha umhlaba wase-Afrika
- 1884 INgqungquthela YaseBerlin iyavulwa (Novemba)
- 1885 IGeneral Act iyasayinwa; iCongo iba ngekaLeopold
- 1896 I-Ethiopia inqoba i-Italy eMpini yaseAdwa
- 1904 Ukumelana kwamaHerero namaNama eNingizimu Ntshonalanga Afrika
- 1905 Ukuvukela kweMaji Maji eMpumalanga Afrika yamaJalimane
- 1908 Umbuso waseBelgium uthatha iCongo kuLeopold
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi sithombe ukuqinisa ukulandelana ngaphambi kokusuka 'ekuhlukanisweni' uye 'ekumeleni'. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukuthi ukumelana (Adwa, amaHerero namaNama, iMaji Maji) kwafika ngokushesha ngemva kokunqotshwa - abantu base-Afrika abazange bakwamukele nje ukubusa kwamakoloni. Izithombe ezilandelayo zibheka lolo kumelana.
Kulo lonke izwekazi, imiphakathi yase-Afrika yamelana nokuthathwa ngamakoloni ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene.
Ukubusa kwamakoloni akwamukelwanga ngokuthula. Abanye abaholi base-Afrika balwa izimpi zokumelana, abanye basebenzisa ubungcweti bezokuxhumana (diplomacy) nezivumelwano ukuvikela abantu babo, futhi abantu abaningi abavamile bamelana ngokusebenzisa iziteleka (strikes), ukwenqaba ukukhokha intela nokugcina amasiko abo ephila.
- Ukumelana ngezikhali: imibuso nemiphakathi yathatha izikhali imelane namabutho ahlaselayo.
- Ukumelana ngokuxhumana: abanye ababusi baxoxisana ukuze bancishise noma banciphise ukulawula kwaseYurophu.
- Ukumelana kwansuku zonke: abantu bamelana ngokubhikisha, ukungabambisani nangamasiko.
Speaker notes
Yandisa umfanekiso wabafundi wokumelana ngaphandle kwezimpi ezidumile. Ukumelana kwakuhlanganisa hhayi impi kuphela kodwa nokuxhumana, ukugwema intela, ukufuduka nokusinda kwamasiko. Gcizelela ukuthi ukumelana kwakusabalele nakuba iningi lemizabalazo yezikhali ekugcineni yanqotshwa amandla okudubula angcono aseYurophu - izithombe ezimbili ezilandelayo zinikeza izibonelo ezicacile.
I-Ethiopia yanqoba ibutho lase-Italy elalihlasela futhi yagcina ukuzimela kwayo.
Ngo-1896, i-Italy yazama ukunqoba i-Ethiopia. UMbusi omkhulu u-Menelik II wahlanganisa amabutho ase-Ethiopia futhi, eMpini yaseAdwa ngomhla ka-1 Mashi 1896, wawanqoba ngokuphelele amabutho ase-Italy. I-Ethiopia yahlala ingelinye lamazwe amancane ase-Afrika agcina ukuzimela kwawo ngesikhathi soKubanga.
- U-Menelik II wayeakhe ibutho elikhulu, elihlome kahle nelihlangene.
- Ukunqoba kwaphoqa i-Italy ukuba ivume ukuzimela kwe-Ethiopia.
- IAdwa yaba uphawu oluqhosha lokumelana kwabase-Afrika kulo lonke izwekazi.
Speaker notes
IAdwa ibalulekile ekulinganiseni: ibonisa ukuthi abantu base-Afrika babengakwazi futhi banqoba amabutho aseYurophu. Chaza ukuthi kungani yaphumelela - ubunye ngaphansi kukaMenelik II, izikhali zesimanje, nolwazi lomhlaba. Yagqugquzela imibutho emelene namakoloni kude nase-Ethiopia. Yisebenzise ukuphikisa noma yimuphi umbono wokuthi ukunqoba kwaseYurophu kwakungenakugwenywa.
Ukuvukela okubili okukhulu okumelene nokubusa kwamaJalimane kubonisa kokubili isibindi sokumelana kanye nenani elinesihluku.
EMpumalanga Afrika yamaJalimane (namuhla iTanzania), ukuvukela kweMaji Maji (1905-1907) kwahlanganisa imiphakathi eminingi ukumelana nokuphoqwa ukulima ukotini nokubusa okunzima. ENingizimu Ntshonalanga Afrika yamaJalimane (namuhla iNamibia), abantu amaHerero namaNama bavukela ngo-1904. Amabutho amaJalimane awacindezela womabili, futhi indlela abawaphatha ngayo amaHerero namaNama namuhla ibonwa njengelinye lokubulawa kwesizwe (genocide) kokuqala kwekhulu lama-20.
- IMaji Maji yahlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ukumelana nesitha esisodwa esabelwana ngaso.
- AmaHerero namaNama axoshelwa ehlane futhi abulawa ngobuningi obukhulu.
- Lezi zehlakalo zibonisa kokubili amandla okumelana nesihluku sokubusa kwamakoloni.
Speaker notes
Phatha lesi sithombe ngokucophelela - sikhuluma ngokubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi. Ezingeni leBanga 8, sho igama lokubulawa kwesizwe (genocide) ngokwethembeka kodwa gwema imininingwane ehlasimulisayo. Gcizelela imibono emibili: isibindi nobunye bokumelana (ikakhulukazi iMaji Maji ehlanganisa amaqembu amaningi ndawonye), nemiphumela emibi amazwe amakoloni ayezimisele ukuyibeka. Lesi yisihloko esibucayi, esithinta imizwa esifanele ingxoxo ezolile enenhlonipho ekilasini. Izibalo eziqondile zabalimele ziyahlukahluka ngokwemithombo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Afrika kwaguqula izwekazi ngezindlela ezisazwakala nanamuhla.
Ngo-1914 cishe yonke i-Afrika yayingaphansi kokulawula kwaseYurophu. Abantu base-Afrika balahlekelwa ukuzimela kwabo nomhlaba wabo, futhi umnotho wamakoloni wakhelwa ukusiza iYurophu. Imingcele eyadwetshwa eBerlin yasika imiphakathi phakathi futhi yaba yimingcele yamazwe amaningi ase-Afrika esimanje.
- Abantu base-Afrika balahlekelwa ukuzimela kwezombusazwe nokulawula izinsiza zabo.
- Imingcele yamakoloni yayinganaki imiphakathi yase-Afrika futhi isadala ukungezwani nanamuhla.
- Umzabalazo owawumelene nokubusa kwamakoloni wawuzokhula ube yimibutho yenkululeko yekhulu lama-20.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa okwedlule nokwamanje: iningi lemingcele yamanje yase-Afrika, kanye nezinye izingxabano zayo, kubuyela emigqeni eyadwetshwa abaseYurophu abangazange bawubeke unyawo kulezo zindawo. Phetha ngokuqhubeka noshintsho - ukumelana kwawo-1890 nawo-1900 kwabeka isisekelo semibutho yenkululeko abafundi abazoyifunda kamuva. Endabeni yaseNingizimu Afrika, xhumanisa nokuthi ukulawula kwamakoloni nabahlali kwawubumba kanjani umgwaqo oya eNyunyaneni (Union) nasebandlululweni (apartheid).
UKubanga i-Afrika kwakuwukunqoba okusheshayo kwaseYurophu kwe-Afrika - okwamelwana ngesibindi, okunemiphumela esabalulekile.
Cishe esizukulwaneni esisodwa, amazwe aseYurophu ahlukanisa futhi anqoba cishe yonke i-Afrika, evumelana ngemithetho phakathi kwawo eNgqungqutheleni YaseBerlin ka-1884-1885 kuyilapho ekhipha abantu base-Afrika ngokuphelele. Abantu base-Afrika bamelana ngempi, ngokuxhumana nangokwedelela kwansuku zonke - benqoba eAdwa futhi bevukela eMaji Maji nokumelene nokubusa kwamaJalimane - kodwa abaningi banqotshwa amandla okudubula angcono, kwashiya imiphumela ejulile nehlala njalo.
Q. Chaza izizathu ezimbili zokuthi kungani amazwe aseYurophu ayefuna ukukoloniza i-Afrika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. (4 marks)
Q. Kungani iNgqungquthela YaseBerlin ka-1884-1885 ibonwa njengephuzu lokuguquka elibalulekile? Bhekisa kubani owaya khona nokuthi ubani owashiywa ngaphandle. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza isibonelo esisodwa sokumelana kwabase-Afrika nokubusa kwamakoloni futhi uchaze ukuthi sisibonisani. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yekilasi; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa izitayela zeCAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokubhala okwandisiwe. Khumbuza abafundi ngebhalansi kulesi sihloko: ukunqoba kwaseYurophu kwakusheshayo futhi kuvame ukuba nesihluku, kodwa abantu base-Afrika babengabenzi abakhuthele abamelana ngezindlela eziningi. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo samayunithi alandelayo enkululeko yase-Afrika yekhulu lama-20 nendlela yaseNingizimu Afrika uqobo edlula eNyunyaneni nasebandlululweni.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Scramble for Africa: late 19th century
- Resource type
- Presentation