Kwenzeka njani bona, ngeemnyaka embalwa kwaphela, amazwe we-Europe athumba yoke i-Afrika phama - begodu ama-Afrika alwa njani ukuzivikela.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokubuza abafundi bona bacabanga bonyana igama elithi 'scramble' (ukugrenjelwa) litjho ini. Hlathulula umqondo omkhulu: hlangana neminyaka yabo-1880 kanye no-1900 amazwe we-Europe aphaliswa ukuthumba umhlaba nemithombo ye-Afrika, begodu ngo-1914 sele alawula phande yoke ikontinenti. Bonisela iintambo ezintathu zesifundo: kubayini i-Europe ifuna i-Afrika, bawahlukanisa njani e-Berlin Conference, nokobana ama-Afrika azivikela njani.
Hlangana neminyaka yabo-1800 i-Afrika beyilikhaya lemiphakathi, imibuso neenkolo eziyimakhulu ezizijameleko.
Ngaphambi kwabo-1880, abantu be-Europe bebarhweba khulu emakhaleni we-Afrika begodu banemakoloni ambalwa ngaphakathi enarheni. I-Afrika beyinamayo imibuso, iindlela zokurhweba, iinlimi neenkolo, kusukela e-Sokoto Caliphate e-Afrika yeTjhingalanga ukuya emBusweni wamaZulu eSewula kanye nombuso omdala we-Ethiopia.
- Iparhi enengi yekontinenti beyibuswa ma-Afrika, ingasi babantu be-Europe.
- Imiphakathi ye-Afrika beyirhweba igolide, izinyo lendlovu, ilaphi, itswayi nezinye izinto ngamabanga amade.
- Abantu be-Europe bebazi amakhaleni kuhle kodwana bazi okuncani ngaphakathi enarheni.
Speaker notes
Lungisa umbono ovamileko ophosileko: i-Afrika beyingakathworking ' ilihlanzekile' namtjhana 'ilindele bona itholakale'. Beyinemiphakathi eqiniweko, ehleliweko enabohulumende bayo neminotho yayo. Lokhu kuqakathekile ngombana kubeka ukuGrenjelwa njengokuhlaselwa kwezizwe ezikhona, ingasi ukuhlaliswa komhlaba olihlanzekile.
UkuGrenjelwa bekunemibangelo yezomnotho, yezepolotiki neyomphakathi ebeyisukumezana.
Iimpahla ezimbi
Iimfemi ze-Europe (ezavela emTjhugulukweni wemiKhiqizo) beziidinga irabha, ikotini, ikoporo, igolide namadayimane.
Iimaraga ezitjha
Amakoloni anikela iimboni ze-Europe iindawo zokuthengisa iimpahla ezikhiqizwe khona.
Umqhudelwano wamazwe
IBrithani, iFrance neJarimani baphalisana ngamandla nedumela - ukuba namakoloni bekutjengisa bona inarha 'imkhulu'.
Imibono nenkolo
Abanye babantu be-Europe bathi banomsebenzi 'wokuphucula' ukurhatjha ubuKrestu - iinkolelo ezakhiwa mimibono yobuhlanga bokuthi abantu be-Europe baphakeme.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa emuva neseTopikhi ye-Term 1 le-Banga 8 emalungana noMtjhugulukwe wemiKhiqizo: imikhiqizo yabangela indlala yeempahla ezimbi neemaraga, okwaqhuba ukuGrenjelwa. Yiba nobufakazi bonyana umsebenzi 'wokuphucula' bewusetjenziswa ukuvikela ukuthumba begodu wakhelwe emibonweni yobuhlanga yokuthi abantu be-Europe baphakeme - ingasi ihlathululo eqinisileko nelungileko nge-Afrika.
Ithekhinoloji netjhugulukwe letjha lokwelapha kwaphosela amandla emabuthweni we-Europe.
Iminyaka eminengi ubulwelo bekugcina abantu be-Europe ngaphandle kwangaphakathi kwe-Afrika. Ngeminyaka yabo-1800 amathulusi amatjha atjhugulula lokho. Umuthi othiwa yi-quinine wavikela emalariya, iinkepe zomlilo zathwala amasotja ukuya phezulu emlanjeni, begodu iinjani ne-telegraph zathwala amasotja nemilayezo msinya.
- Isibhamu se-Maxim sanikela imabutho we-Europe amandla okubulala amabutho we-Afrika.
- I-quinine yavumela amasotja we-Europe bona asinde eendaweni zemalariya.
- Iinkepe zomlilo, iinjani ne-telegraph kwenza kwaba lula ukulawula umhlaba okude.
Speaker notes
Gandelela umahluko wethekhinoloji: amabutho we-Afrika bewamanengi anesibindi, kodwana isibhamu se-Maxim nemibhamu yesimanjemanje kwanikela ithuba elikhulu. Lokhu kusiza abafundi bazwisise bona inani elincani labantu be-Europe lakghona njani ukuthumba iindawo ezikulu kangaka - bekungasi ngombana imiphakathi ye-Afrika beyibuthakathaka namtjhana ingafuni ukulwa.
Amazwe we-Europe ahlangana e-Berlin ukuvumelana ngemithetho yokwahlukanisa i-Afrika hlangana nawo - begodu awakho ama-Afrika amenywako.
Njengombana amazwe we-Europe aphalisana ukuthumba umhlaba we-Afrika, umqhudelwano wawo bewusongela ukubangela ipi hlangana nawo. Umdosiphambili weJarimani u-Otto von Bismarck wabizela umhlangano e-Berlin kusukela ngoNobayeni 1884 ukuya kuNhlolanja 1885. Abameleli bamazwe we-Europe angaba yi-14 (kanye ne-United States) beza.
- Umnqopho bekukwahlukanisa i-Afrika ngokuthula - kubantu be-Europe, ingasi kuma-Afrika.
- Akakho namunye umbusi we-Afrika owamenywako emhlanganweni.
- Umhlangano waphela ngokusayina i-General Act ngaTjhirhweni 26 1885.
Speaker notes
Lo mcimbi oqakathekileko wetopikhi. Yenza amaphuzu amabili aqinileko: (1) umhlangano bewumalungana nokubalekela ipi HLANGANA namazwe we-Europe, ingasi ngabantu be-Afrika; (2) ukukhutjhwa okupheleleko kwama-Afrika kwatjho bona iinqunto ngomhlaba wawo zenziwa ngaphandle kwawo. Kungebangelo abalandi bomlando babona i-Berlin Conference njengomphawu wakho koke ukuGrenjelwa.
I-Berlin Conference yabeka bona inarha ye-Europe ingasthumba njani isiqetjhana se-Afrika.
I-General Act yabeka imihlahlandlela yokuthumba umhlaba. Umqondo oqakatheke khulu bewuyi-'effective occupation' (ukulawula okusebenzako): ukuthumba umhlaba, inarha ye-Europe kufuze itjengise bona iyawulawula ngambala, ngeemphathimandla, amasotja namtjhana iimvumelwano. Lokhu kwakhuthaza ukuphalisela ukuthumba umhlaba omunengi kangangokobana kungenzeka.
- Inarha ethumba ikhaleni bekufuze yazise ezinye ngokuthumba kwayo.
- Idoro lomlanjana we-Congo lamenyezelwa njengendawo yokurhweba ngokutjhaphuluka evulekele boke abarhwebi be-Europe.
- Imikhawulo beyihlala idweba njengemigca eqondileko emaphini, ingananaki imiphakathi ye-Afrika esehlabathini.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula i-'effective occupation' ngamagama alula: bewugcina umhlaba kuphela nawukwazi ukutjengisa bona uyawulawula, ngalokho amazwe aphalisela ukutjhumeka iimflegi nokusayina iimvumelwano nabarholi be-Afrika (namtjhana ukubagandelela). Gqamisa umonakalo wabantu wemikhawulo eqondileko: umphakathi munye bewahlukaniselwa hlangana namakoloni amabili, begodu amaqhema aphikisanako agandelelwa ndawonye - umraro osasithinta imikhawulo ye-Afrika namhlanjesi.
Ngo-1914 phama yoke i-Afrika beyibuswa maqhema ambalwa we-Europe.
Ngeemnyaka embalwa kwaphela imapha ye-Afrika yadwetjhwa kabutjha. I-Brithani neFrance zathumba iingaba ezikulu, kukhona i-Jarimani, iBelgium, iPhutukezi, i-Italy neSpain zathumba ezinye iindawo. Kuphela i-Ethiopia neLiberia zagcina ukuzijamela kwazo.
- IBrithani beyiphupha ngomgca wamakoloni 'kusukela e-Cairo ukuya e-Cape Town'.
- IFrance yalawula iparhi enengi ye-Afrika yeTjhingalanga neyeTlhagwini.
- IKosi u-Leopold II weBelgium wathumba i-Congo njengempahla yakhe ayodwa.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imapha yomlando yangambala eduze nale elula nawunayo. Iphuzu likubukhulu nesivinini: yoke ikontinenti yahlukaniswa hlangana nesizukulwana sinye. Tjho bona ukuzijamela kwe-Ethiopia kuxhumana phambili neBattle of Adwa (islayidi esilandelako), nokobana i-Liberia yasungulwa babantu abakhululiweko be-United States.
I-Congo itjengisa bona ukubuswa mkoloni bekungaba nesihluku njani lokha inzuzo ibekwa phambi kwabantu.
IKosi u-Leopold II weBelgium wabusa i-Congo njengempahla yakhe eyodwa kusukela ngo-1885. Ukuvuna i-rabha nezinyo lendlovu ngenzuzo ekulu, iimphathimandla zakhe zagandelela abantu be-Congo bona basebenze ngaphasi kwehlelo lobudlhula nokujeziswa okunesihluku. Kukholelwa bona iimigidigidi yabantu yafa ngenca yobudlhula, indlala nobulwelo.
- Iimabelo bezigandelelwa ukubutha irabha namtjhana zijeziswe ngesihluku.
- Iindaba zokuhlukunyezwa ekugcineni zabangela ikwaza e-Europe.
- Ngo-1908 uhulumende weBelgium wathatha ilawulo ku-Leopold.
Speaker notes
Phatha islayidi ngokuzwelana nangeqiniso - somunye wemikhombiso emikhulu yobudlhula bamakoloni. Gcina ilimi lifanele umnyaka: hlathulula umsebenzi wokugandelelwa nomonakalo wawo omkhulu ebantwini ngaphandle kwemininingwana enesihluku. Isifundo kukobana umkhuba wenzuzo ngaphasi kokubuswa mkoloni wabangela ubuhlungu obukhulu, nokobana abantu e-Europe nase-Afrika ekugcineni bakhuluma bakhala ngakho. Amanani wabantu abafileko e-Congo asaphikiswana hlangana nabalandi bomlando.
- 1880s Amazwe we-Europe aphalisela ukuthumba umhlaba we-Afrika
- 1884 I-Berlin Conference iyavulwa (ngoNobayeni)
- 1885 I-General Act iyasayinwa; i-Congo iba yeka-Leopold
- 1896 I-Ethiopia ihlula i-Italy eBattle of Adwa
- 1904 Ukuzivikela kwabantu bakwaHerero namaNama eSewula Tjhingalanga Afrika
- 1905 Ihlubuko lakwaMaji Maji eJarimani Tlhagwini Afrika
- 1908 Umbuso weBelgium uthatha i-Congo ku-Leopold
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa islayidi lokuqinisa ukulandelana ngaphambi kokusuka 'ekwahlukanisweni' uye 'ekuzivikeleni'. Buza abafundi bona baqaphele bona ukuzivikela (Adwa, Herero namaNama, Maji Maji) kweza msinya ngemva kokuthunjwa - ama-Afrika akhange akwamukele nje ukubuswa mkoloni. Amaslayidi alandelako aqale ukuzivikela loko.
Kiyo yoke ikontinenti, imiphakathi ye-Afrika yazivikela ekuthunjweni mkoloni ngeendlela ezinengi ezihlukileko.
Ukubuswa mkoloni akhange kwamukelwe ngokuthula. Abanye abarholi be-Afrika balwa iimpi zokuzivikela, abanye basebenzisa ubudlelwano neemvumelwano ukuvikela abantu babo, begodu abanengi babantu abavamileko bazivikela nge-mibhikisho, ukwala ukukhokha imithelo nokugcina amasiko wabo aphila.
- Ukuzivikela ngeenkhali: imibuso nemiphakathi yathatha iinkhali yalwa nemabutho ahlaselako.
- Ukuzivikela ngobudlelwano: abanye abarholi bakhulumisana ukudonsa namtjhana ukukhawulisa ilawulo le-Europe.
- Ukuzivikela kwaqobe langa: abantu bazivikela nge-mibhikiso, ukungabambisani nesiko.
Speaker notes
Vula umbono wabafundi wokuzivikela ngaphandle kweempi ezidumileko. Ukuzivikela bekufaka ingasi ipi kuphela kodwana nobudlelwano, ukubhikisha imithelo, ukufuduka nokusinda kwesiko. Gandelela bona ukuzivikela bekusabalele nanyana iinpi ezinengi zeenkhali ekugcineni zahlulwa mandla we-Europe amakhulu - amaslayidi amabili alandelako anikela iimfundo eziqinileko.
I-Ethiopia yahlula ibutho le-Italy elihlaselako begodu yagcina ukuzijamela kwayo.
Ngo-1896, i-Italy yalinga ukuthumba i-Ethiopia. Umbusi u-Menelik II wahlanganisa amabutho we-Ethiopia begodu, e-Battle of Adwa ngoMhlolanja 1 1896, wahlula ibutho le-Italy ngokupheleleko. I-Ethiopia yahlala ingomunye wemibuso ye-Afrika ezimbalwa eyagcina ukuzijamela kwayo ekuGrenjelweni.
- U-Menelik II gade akhe ibutho elikhulu, elinezikhali ezihle nelihlangeneko.
- Ukuhlula kwagandelela i-Italy bona yamukele ukuzijamela kwe-Ethiopia.
- I-Adwa yaba mkhombiso wesibindi wokuzivikela kwama-Afrika kiyo yoke ikontinenti.
Speaker notes
I-Adwa iqakathekile ekulinganiseni: itjengisa bona ama-Afrika angakghona begodu ahlula amabutho we-Europe. Hlathulula bona kubayini yaphumelela - ubunye ngaphasi kuka-Menelik II, iinkhali zesimanjemanje, nokwazi umhlaba. Yakhuthaza imikhankaso yokulwa nekoloni ngaphandle kwe-Ethiopia. Yisebenzise ukulwisana nombono wokobana ukuhlula kwe-Europe bekungakubalekeleki.
Iihlubuko ezimbili ezikulu ekubusweni yiJarimani zitjengisa isibindi sokuzivikela nomonakalo onesihluku.
E-Jarimani Tlhagwini Afrika (namhlanjesi i-Tanzania), i-hlubuko lakwaMaji Maji (1905-1907) lahlanganisa imiphakathi eminengi yalwa nokulinywa kwekotini ngokugandelela nokubuswa ngesihluku. E-Jarimani Sewula Tjhingalanga Afrika (namhlanjesi i-Namibia), abantu bakwa-Herero namaNama bahlubuka ngo-1904. Amabutho weJarimani afihliza kokubili, begodu indlela abaphatha ngayo abakwaHerero namaNama namhlanjesi iamukelwa njengengomunye wamambulalo wokuthoma (genocide) weminyaka yobo-1900.
- I-Maji Maji yahlanganisa amaqhema ahlukeneko yalwa nesitha esisodwa.
- AbakwaHerero namaNama baqhutjhelwa emrhabeni babulawa ngamanani amakhulu.
- Imicimbi le itjengisa kokubili amandla wokuzivikela nesihluku sokubuswa mkoloni.
Speaker notes
Phatha islayidi ngokutjhejisisa - siphatha ukubulawa kwenengi. Ebangeni 8, biza ambulalo (genocide) ngeqiniso kodwana ubalekele imininingwana enesihluku. Gandelela imibono emibili: isibindi nobunye bokuzivikela (khulukhulu i-Maji Maji ehlanganisa amaqhema amanengi ndawonye), nemiphumela emimbi amakoloni bekazimisele ukuwabeka. Sitopikhi esiqakathekileko nesizwelanako esifuna ikulumiswano ephazimileko nehloniphako eklasini. Amanani wabantu ababulawako ahlukile hlangana nemithombo.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwe-Afrika kwatjhugulula ikontinenti ngeendlela ezisazwakala namhlanjesi.
Ngo-1914 phama yoke i-Afrika beyingaphasi kwelawulo le-Europe. Abantu be-Afrika balahlekelwa kuzijamela nomhlaba wabo, begodu iminotho yamakoloni yakhelwa ukusebenzela i-Europe. Imi-khawulo eyadwetjhwa e-Berlin yadabula imiphakathi begodu yaba yimikhawulo yamazwe amanengi we-Afrika wesimanjemanje.
- Ama-Afrika alahlekelwa kuzijamela kwezepolotiki nelawulo lemithombo yawo.
- Imikhawulo yamakoloni yangananaki imiphakathi ye-Afrika begodu isabangela ukungezwani namhlanjesi.
- Umzabalazo ngokubuswa mkoloni bewuzokhula ube yimikhankaso yokuzijamela yeminyaka yobo-1900.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa okwadlulako nokwanje: iminengi yemikhawulo ye-Afrika yanamhlanjesi, nezinye zeempi zayo, ibuyela emigceni eyadwetjhwa babantu be-Europe abangazange bekele iinyawo eendaweni ezo. Phetha ngokuragela phambili notjhuguluko - ukuzivikela kwabo-1890 nabo-1900 kwabeka isisekelo semikhankaso yokuzijamela abafundi abazoyifunda ngokukhamba kwesikhathi. Emongweni weSewula Afrika, xhumanisa nokobana ilawulo lamakoloni nabahlali lakha indlela eya eUnion ne-apartheid.
UkuGrenjelwa kwe-Afrika bekukuthunjwa okurhabako kwe-Afrika yi-Europe - kwavikelwa ngesibindi, kwaba nemiphumela esaqakathekile namhlanjesi.
Hlangana nesizukulwana sinye, amazwe we-Europe ahlukanisa athumba phama yoke i-Afrika, avumelana ngemithetho hlangana nawo e-Berlin Conference ka-1884-1885 akhupha ama-Afrika ngokupheleleko. Ama-Afrika azivikela ngepi, ngobudlelwano nangokuphikisa kwaqobe langa - aphumelela e-Adwa ahlubuka e-Maji Maji nangokubuswa yiJarimani - kodwana amanengi ahlulwa mandla we-Europe amakhulu, atjhiya imiphumela ejulileko nehlala isikhathi.
Q. Hlathulula amabanga amabili kubayini amazwe we-Europe bewafuna ukuthumba i-Afrika ekupheleni kweminyaka yobo-1800. (4 marks)
Q. Kubayini i-Berlin Conference ka-1884-1885 ibonwa njengendawo yokutjhugulula eqakathekileko? Tjho ukobana ngubani owaya nokobana ngubani owatjhiywa. (6 marks)
Q. Hlathulula umkhombiso munye wokuzivikela kwama-Afrika ekubusweni mkoloni begodu uhlathulule bona usitjengisani. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhalwako namtjhana ikulumiswano yeklasi; ukwabelwa kwamamaki kulingisa iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emthonjeni nokutlola okwandisiweko. Khumbuza abafundi ngokulingana kwetopikhi le: ukuthunjwa yi-Europe bekurhabile begodu bekunesihluku, kodwana ama-Afrika bebayingxenye esebenzako eyazivikela ngeendlela ezinengi. Lokhu kwakha amayunithi alandelako emalungana nokuzijamela kwe-Afrika kweminyaka yobo-1900 nendlela yeSewula Afrika edabula i-Union ne-apartheid.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Scramble for Africa: late 19th century
- Resource type
- Presentation