Kwathi kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka nje, amagunya aseYurophu abamba phantse yonke i-Afrika - kwaye abantu base-Afrika bazikhusela njani na.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuba bacinga ukuba lithetha ntoni igama elithi 'ukuxhaphakelana'. Chaza umbono omkhulu: phakathi kwe-1880 ne-1900 amazwe aseYurophu akhuphisana ngokubamba umhlaba nezixhobo zase-Afrika, kwaye kufikelela ku-1914 ayelawula phantse lonke ilizwekazi. Bonisa kwangaphambili imixholo emithathu yale sifundo: kutheni iYurophu ifuna i-Afrika, bayahlula njani eBerlin Conference, kwaye abantu base-Afrika baxhathisa njani.
Kwathi phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1800, i-Afrika yayilikhaya lamakhulu emimandla ekumele yodwa, izikumkani nobukhosi.
Phambi kwe-1880 malunga, abantu baseYurophu babethengiselana ubukhulu becala kunxweme lwase-Afrika kwaye babenamathanga ambalwa ngaphakathi elizweni. I-Afrika yayinazo izikhundla zolawulo zayo, iindlela zorhwebo, iilwimi neenkolo, ukususela kwiSokoto Caliphate eNtshona-Afrika ukuya kuBukhosi bukaZulu emazantsi kunye nobukhosi obudala baseEthiopia.
- Uninzi lwelizwekazi lwalulawulwa ngabantu base-Afrika, hayi abaseYurophu.
- Imimandla yase-Afrika yayithengisa igolide, umnyako, ilaphu, ityuwa nezinye iimpahla kumgama omde.
- Abantu baseYurophu babelwazi kakuhle unxweme kodwa bengalwazi kakhulu ngaphakathi elizweni.
Speaker notes
Lungisa impazamo eqhelekileyo: i-Afrika yayingekho 'ize' okanye 'ilinde ukufunyanwa'. Yayinemimandla enzima, elungelelanisiweyo enorhulumente noqoqosho lwayo. Oku kubalulekile kuba kubonisa uKuxhaphakelana njengohlaselo lwezizwe ezazikho, hayi ukumiswa komhlaba oze.
UKuxhaphakelana lwalunezizathu zoqoqosho, zezopolitiko nezentlalo ezazityhalana.
Izixhobo zokuqala
Iifektri zaseYurophu (ezivela kuGuquko lwezoShishino) zazidinga irabha, umqhaphu, ubhedu, igolide needayimani.
Iimarike ezintsha
Amathanga anika amashishini aseYurophu iindawo zokuthengisa iimpahla azenzayo.
Ukhuphiswano lwezizwe
IBritani, iFransi neJamani zazikhuphisana ngamandla nodumo - ukuba nezinye izizwe zazibonisa ukuba ilizwe 'likhulu'.
Iingcamango nenkolo
Abanye abantu baseYurophu babebanga 'umsebenzi wokuphucula' wokusasaza ubuKristu - iinkolelo ezazakhelwe kwiingcamango zobuhlanga zokuba abaseYurophu babengcono.
Speaker notes
Nxibelelanisa nomxholo weBanga lesi-8 iThemu yoku-1 ngoGuquko lwezoShishino: ushishino lwadala umnqweno wezixhobo zokuqala neemarike, oku kwaqhuba uKuxhaphakelana. Cacisa ukuba 'umsebenzi wokuphucula' wawusetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukoyisa kwaye wawusekelwe kwiingcamango zobuhlanga zokuba abaseYurophu babengcono - hayi inkcazo echanekileyo okanye enobulungisa nge-Afrika.
Itekhnoloji entsha nonyango kwaphembelela ubuncwane bamandla ukuya kwimikhosi yaseYurophu.
Kumakhulu eminyaka izifo zazigcina abantu baseYurophu ngaphandle kwaphakathi le-Afrika. Ngeminyaka yee-1800 izinto ezintsha ezaziliwayo zaguqula oko. Iyeza elithi quinine lakhusela kumalaleveva, iinqanawa zomphunga zathwala amajoni ukuya emlanjeni, kwaye uloliwe nomnxeba wonyazi zahambisa imikhosi nemiyalezo ngokukhawuleza.
- Umpu odubulayo iMaxim wanika imikhosi yaseYurophu amandla okudubula abulalayo ngokuchasene nemikhosi yase-Afrika.
- IQuinine yavumela amajoni aseYurophu ukuba asinde kwiindawo zomalaleveva.
- Iinqanawa zomphunga, uloliwe nomnxeba wonyazi zenza kube lula ukulawula umhlaba okude.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa umsantsa wetekhnoloji: imikhosi yase-Afrika yayidla ngokuba mikhulu yaye inesibindi, kodwa umpu iMaxim nezixhobo zesikhathi sanamhlanje zanika inzuzo enkulu. Oku kunceda abafundi baqonde INDLELA inani elincinci labaseYurophu elakwazi ngayo ukoyisa iindawo ezinkulu kangaka - kwakungengokuba imimandla yase-Afrika yayibuthathaka okanye ingafuni ukulwa.
Amagunya aseYurophu adibana eBerlin ukuze avumelane ngemithetho yokwahlula i-Afrika phakathi kwawo - kwaye akukho bantu base-Afrika bamenywayo.
Njengoko amazwe aseYurophu ayekhuphisana ngokubanga umhlaba wase-Afrika, ukhuphiswano lwawo lwasongela ukubanga imfazwe phakathi kwawo. Inkokeli yaseJamani u-Otto von Bismarck wabiza inkomfa eBerlin ukususela ngoNovemba 1884 ukuya kuFebruwari 1885. Abameli bezizwe zaseYurophu ezimalunga ne-14 (kunye ne-United States) bafika.
- Injongo yayikukwahlula i-Afrika ngoxolo - kwabaseYurophu, hayi kwabantu base-Afrika.
- Akukho namnye umlawuli wase-Afrika owamenywa kule nkomfa.
- Intlanganiso yaphela ngokutyikitywa kwe-General Act ngomhla wama-26 kuFebruwari 1885.
Speaker notes
Esi sisiganeko esiphambili sesi sihloko. Yenza amanqaku amabini ngokuqinileyo: (1) inkomfa yayimalunga nokuphepha imfazwe PHAKATHI kwamagunya aseYurophu, hayi malunga nabantu base-Afrika; (2) ukukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo kwabantu base-Afrika kwathetha ukuba izigqibo ngomhlaba wabo zenziwa ngaphandle kwabo. Yiyo loo nto ababhali-mbali bebona iBerlin Conference njengomfuziselo woKuxhaphakelana konke.
IBerlin Conference yamisela indlela ilizwe laseYurophu elinokubanga ngayo iqhezu le-Afrika.
I-General Act yamisela izikhokelo zokubanga umhlaba. Ingcamango ebaluleke kakhulu yayi 'ngokulawula okusebenzayo': ukuze libange umhlaba, igunya laseYurophu kwakufuneka libonise ukuba liyawulawula ngokwenene, ngabaphathi, amajoni okanye izivumelwano. Oku kwakhuthaza ukuxhamla ngokungxama umhlaba omninzi kangangoko.
- Igunya elibanga unxweme kwakufuneka lazise amanye ngebango lalo.
- Umfula weCongo wachazwa njengendawo yorhwebo olukhululekileyo evulelekileyo kubo bonke abarhwebi baseYurophu.
- Imida yayidla ngokuzotywa njengemigca ethe tye emephini, ingaqwalaseli imimandla yase-Afrika esemhlabeni.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'ukulawula okusebenzayo' ngamagama alula: wawuwugcina kuphela umhlaba ukuba unokubonisa ukuba uyawulawula, ngoko ke amagunya axhamla ukuxhoma iiflegi nokutyikitya izivumelwano nabalawuli base-Afrika (okanye ukubanyanzela). Gxininisa indleko yobuntu yemida ethe tye: imimandla emiye yahlulwa phakathi kwamathanga amabini, kwaye amaqela ayekhuphisana anyanzelwa ukuba abe ndawonye - ingxaki esachaphazela imida yase-Afrika nanamhlanje.
Kufikelela ku-1914 phantse yonke i-Afrika yayilawulwa ngamagunya ambalwa aseYurophu.
Kumashumi ambalwa nje eminyaka imephu ye-Afrika yaphinda yazotywa. IBritani neFransi zathabatha izabelo ezikhulu, ngelixa iJamani, iBelgium, iPortugal, iItali neSpain zabanga ezinye iindawo. YiEthiopia neLiberia kuphela ezagcina inkululeko yazo.
- IBritani yayiphupha umgca wamathanga 'ukusuka eCairo ukuya eKapa'.
- IFransi yayilawula uninzi lwaseNtshona nakuMntla-Afrika.
- UKumkani uLeopold II waseBelgium wathabatha iCongo njengempahla yakhe siqu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imephu yembali yokwenyani kunye nale ilula ukuba unayo. Ingongoma kukukhawuleza nobukhulu: ilizwekazi lonke lahlulwa malunga nesizukulwana esinye. Qaphela ukuba inkululeko yaseEthiopia inxibelelana ngaphambili neDabi laseAdwa (kwislayidi esilandelayo), nokuba iLiberia yayisekwe ngabantu abakhululiweyo abavela e-United States.
ICongo ibonisa indlela ulawulo lobukoloniyali olwalunobundlobongela ngayo xa inzuzo ibisiwa phambi kwabantu.
UKumkani uLeopold II waseBelgium waqhuba iCongo njengempahla yakhe yabucala ukususela ngo-1885. Ukuvuna irabha nomnyako ukuze afumane inzuzo enkulu, abaphathi bakhe banyanzela abantu baseCongo ukuba basebenze phantsi kwenkqubo yobundlobongela nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo. Kukholelwa ukuba izigidi zabantu zafa ngenxa yobundlobongela, indlala nezifo.
- Iilali zazinyanzelwa ukuba ziqokelele irabha okanye zijongane nesohlwayo esibuhlungu.
- Iindaba zoxhwarhulo ekugqibeleni zabangela isikhalo eYurophu.
- Ngo-1908 urhulumente waseBelgium wathabatha ulawulo kuLeopold.
Speaker notes
Phatha esi slayidi ngobunono nangokwenyani - simnye kwimizekelo emibi kakhulu yobundlobongela bobukoloniyali. Gcina ulwimi lulungele ubudala: chaza umsebenzi wokunyanzelwa nendleko yabo embi kubantu ngaphandle keenkcukacha ezicacileyo. Isifundo sesokuba umnqweno wenzuzo phantsi kolawulo lobukoloniyali wabangela ukubandezeleka okukhulu, nokuba abantu eYurophu nase-Afrika ekugqibeleni bathetha ngokuchasene noko. Amanani okufa aseCongo aphikiswa phakathi kwababhali-mbali.
- 1880s Amagunya aseYurophu axhamla ukubanga umhlaba wase-Afrika
- 1884 IBerlin Conference iyavulwa (Novemba)
- 1885 I-General Act iyatyikitywa; iCongo iba yekaLeopold
- 1896 IEthiopia yoyisa iItali kwiDabi laseAdwa
- 1904 Ukuxhathisa kwamaHerero namaNama kuMzantsi-Ntshona Afrika
- 1905 Ukuvukelwa kweMaji Maji kuMpuma-Afrika waseJamani
- 1908 Urhulumente waseBelgium uthabatha iCongo kuLeopold
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi slayidi ukuqinisa ulandelelwano phambi kokusuka 'ekwahlulweni' ukuya 'ekuxhathiseni'. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukuba ukuxhathisa (Adwa, amaHerero namaNama, Maji Maji) kweza ngokukhawuleza emva kokoyiswa - abantu base-Afrika abazange bamane bavuma ulawulo lobukoloniyali. Izislayidi ezilandelayo zijonga oko kuxhathisa.
Kulo lonke ilizwekazi, imimandla yase-Afrika yaxhathisa ukuthinjwa kobukoloniyali ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ulawulo lobukoloniyali lwalungamkelwa ngokuthula. Abanye abalawuli base-Afrika balwa iimfazwe zokuxhathisa, abanye basebenzisa ubudlelane bezopolitiko nezivumelwano ukukhusela abantu babo, kwaye abaninzi abantu abaqhelekileyo baxhathisa ngokudibanisa amandla, ukwala ukuhlawula irhafu nokugcina iinkcubeko zabo ziphila.
- Ukuxhathisa ngokuxhobileyo: izikumkani nemimandla yathabatha izixhobo ngokuchasene nemikhosi ehlaselayo.
- Ukuxhathisa ngobudlelane: abanye abalawuli baxoxa ukwenzela ukucotha okanye ukuthintela ulawulo lwaseYurophu.
- Ukuxhathisa kwemihla ngemihla: abantu baxhathisa ngoqhankqalazo, ukungasebenzisani nangenkcubeko.
Speaker notes
Yandisa umfanekiso wabafundi wokuxhathisa ngaphaya kwamadabi adumileyo. Ukuxhathisa kwakuquka kungekuphela imfazwe kodwa nobudlelane, ukungahlawulwa kwerhafu, ukufuduka nokusinda kwenkcubeko. Gxininisa ukuba ukuxhathisa kwakuxhaphakile nangona uninzi lwemizabalazo exhobileyo ekugqibeleni loyiswa ngamandla amakhulu okudubula aseYurophu - izislayidi ezimbini ezilandelayo zinika izifundo eziqinisekileyo.
IEthiopia yoyisa umkhosi waseItali owawuhlasela yaza yagcina inkululeko yayo.
Ngo-1896, iItali yazama ukoyisa iEthiopia. UMlawuli uMenelik II wamanya imikhosi yaseEthiopia kwaye, kwiDabi laseAdwa ngomhla woku-1 kuMatshi 1896, woyisa ngokugqibeleleyo umkhosi waseItali. IEthiopia yahlala ingomnye wamazwe ambalwa ase-Afrika awagcina inkululeko yawo ngexesha loKuxhaphakelana.
- UMenelik II wayeyakhile imikhosi emikhulu, exhotyisiweyo nemanyeneyo.
- Uloyiso lwanyanzela iItali ukuba iyivume inkululeko yaseEthiopia.
- IAdwa yaba ngumfuziselo obhlaliweyo wokuxhathisa kwabase-Afrika kulo lonke ilizwekazi.
Speaker notes
IAdwa ibalulekile ekulinganiseni: ibonisa ukuba abantu base-Afrika babenako yaye boyisa imikhosi yaseYurophu. Chaza ukuba kutheni yaphumelela - umanyano phantsi kukaMenelik II, izixhobo zesikhathi sanamhlanje, nolwazi lomhlaba. Yaphembelela iintshukumo ezichasene nobukoloniyali kude neEthiopia. Yisebenzise ukuchasa naluphi na uluvo lokuba uloyiso lwaseYurophu lwalungenakuphepheka.
Ukuvukelwa okubini okukhulu ngokuchasene nolawulo lwaseJamani kubonisa isibindi sokuxhathisa nendleko ekhohlakeleyo.
KuMpuma-Afrika waseJamani (namhlanje iTanzania), ukuvukelwa kweMaji Maji (1905-1907) kwamanya imimandla emininzi ngokuchasene nokunyanzelwa ukulima umqhaphu nolawulo olulukhuni. KuMzantsi-Ntshona Afrika waseJamani (namhlanje iNamibia), amaHerero namaNama avuka ngo-1904. Imikhosi yaseJamani yakucinezela kokubini, kwaye indlela abaphatha ngayo amaHerero namaNama namhlanje ibonwa njengenye yentshabalaliso yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-20.
- IMaji Maji yamanya amaqela ahlukeneyo ngokuchasene nentshaba abelane ngayo.
- AmaHerero namaNama aqhutyelwa entlango yaza abulawa ngamanani amakhulu.
- Ezi ziganeko zibonisa amandla okuxhathisa nenkohlakalo yolawulo lobukoloniyali.
Speaker notes
Phatha esi slayidi ngobunono - sijongene nokubulawa okukhulu. Kwibanga lesi-8, chaza intshabalaliso ngokunyanisekileyo kodwa uphephe iinkcukacha ezicacileyo. Gxininisa iingcamango ezimbini: isibindi nomanyano lokuxhathisa (ngakumbi iMaji Maji edibanisa amaqela amaninzi), neziphumo ezimbi amagunya obukoloniyali ayekulungele ukuwanyanzela. Lo ngumxholo ozinzileyo, obuthathaka onceda ingxoxo yaseklasini ezolileyo, enembeko. Amanani abantu ababulewe ayahluka phakathi kwemithombo.
Ukwahlulwa kwe-Afrika kwaphinda kwalungisa ilizwekazi ngeendlela ezisavakala nanamhlanje.
Kufikelela ku-1914 phantse yonke i-Afrika yayiphantsi kolawulo lwaseYurophu. Abantu base-Afrika baphulukana nenkululeko nomhlaba wabo, kwaye uqoqosho lobukoloniyali lwakhelwa ukukhonza iYurophu. Imida eyazotywa eBerlin yasika phakathi kwemimandla yaza yaba yimida yamazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika anamhlanje.
- Abantu base-Afrika baphulukana nenkululeko yezopolitiko nolawulo lwezixhobo zabo.
- Imida yobukoloniyali yayingaqwalaseli imimandla yase-Afrika kwaye isabangela ungquzulwano nanamhlanje.
- Umzabalazo ochasene nolawulo lobukoloniyali wawuya kukhula ube ziintshukumo zenkululeko zenkulungwane yama-20.
Speaker notes
Nxibelelanisa okudlulileyo nokwangoku: uninzi lwemida yale mihla yase-Afrika, nezinye zeengxabano zayo, zilandela imigca eyazotywa ngabantu baseYurophu abangazange banyathele kwezo ndawo. Phela ngokuqhubeka notshintsho - ukuxhathisa kweminyaka yee-1890 nee-1900 kwabeka isiseko seentshukumo zenkululeko abafundi abaya kuzifunda kamva. Kumxholo woMzantsi Afrika, nxibelelanisa nendlela ulawulo lobukoloniyali nolwabahlali olwaluma ngayo indlela eya kuManyano nocalucalulo.
UKuxhaphakelana nge-Afrika lwaluluko lwaseYurophu olukhawulezileyo lokoyisa i-Afrika - oluchaswa ngesibindi, olunemiphumela esabalulekileyo.
Kwisizukulwana esinye malunga, amagunya aseYurophu ahlula aza oyisa phantse yonke i-Afrika, evumelana ngemithetho phakathi kwawo kwiBerlin Conference yee-1884-1885 ngelixa akhupha abantu base-Afrika ngokupheleleyo. Abantu base-Afrika baxhathisa ngemfazwe, ngobudlelane nangokungamameli kwemihla ngemihla - besoyisa eAdwa bevuka kwiMaji Maji nangokuchasene nolawulo lwaseJamani - kodwa uninzi loyiswa ngamandla okudubula amakhulu, kushiya iziphumo ezinzulu nezihlala ixesha elide.
Q. Chaza izizathu ezibini kutheni amazwe aseYurophu ayefuna ukukoloniza i-Afrika ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. (4 marks)
Q. Kutheni iBerlin Conference yee-1884-1885 ibonwa njengendawo yotshintsho ebalulekileyo? Bhekisa kubani owayekhona nokuba ngubani owashiywa ngaphandle. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza umzekelo omnye wokuxhathisa kwabase-Afrika ngokuchasene nolawulo lobukoloniyali uze uchaze ukuba usibonisa ntoni. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi; izabelo zamanqaku zilinganisa iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe kumthombo nezokubhala okwandisiweyo. Khumbuza abafundi ngokulinganisela kulo mxholo: ukoyiswa kwaseYurophu kwakukhawuleza yaye kudla ngokuba nobundlobongela, kodwa abantu base-Afrika babengabathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzayo abaxhathisa ngeendlela ezininzi. Oku kumisela iiyunithi zamva zenkululeko yase-Afrika yenkulungwane yama-20 nendlela yoMzantsi Afrika ngokwawo edlula kuManyano nocalucalulo.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Scramble for Africa: late 19th century
- Resource type
- Presentation