Indlela isitimu, izimboni namadolobha aguqula ngayo iBrithani - nendlela lolo hlobo lwenguquko olwafinyelela ngayo eNingizimu ye-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi yimiphi imishini nezinto ezenza impilo ibe lula abazisebenzisa nsuku zonke ezidinga izimboni, ugesi noma uphethiloli ukuze zibe khona. Chaza izingxenye ezimbili zalesi sihloko: kuqala iNguquko Yezimboni eyaqala eBrithani, bese kuba yindlela isidingo sezimpahla eziluhlaza, izimakethe nabasebenzi esadonsa ngayo iNingizimu ye-Afrika ukuba ingene emhlabeni ofanayo wezimboni - ikakhulukazi ngamadayimane negolide. Chaza igama elithi 'inguquko' njengoshintsho olusheshayo, olujulile endleleni abantu abaphila futhi abasebenza ngayo.
Kusukela cishe ngeminyaka yawo-1760, iBrithani yaguquka isuka ekwenzeni izimpahla ngezandla iya ekuzenzeni ngemishini ezimbonini.
I-Nguquko Yezimboni kwakuyisikhathi, esaqala eBrithani maphakathi nawo-1700, lapho imishini emisha nemithombo emisha yamandla yenza abantu bakwazi ukukhiqiza izimpahla ngokushesha okukhulu nangobuningi obukhulu kunangaphambili. Umsebenzi wasuka emakhaya nasezindaweni ezincane zokusebenzela wangena ezimbonini ezinkulu.
- Ngaphambili: iningi labantu lalilima umhlaba futhi lenza izimpahla ngezandla ekhaya.
- Emva kwalokho: abantu abaningi babesebenza imishini ezimbonini emadolobhaneni nasemadolobheni.
- IBrithani yayihamba phambili ngoba yayinamalahle, insimbi, imali yokutshala nezindlela zokuhweba kuwo wonke umbuso wayo.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukuqhubeka nokushintsha. Abantu babelokhu benza indwangu, amathuluzi nobumba - kodwa ngezandla nangobuningi obuncane. Inguquko yayisebukhulwini nasejubaneni. Ethula umqondo wokuthi ukuqala kwaseBrithani phambili kwakuncike ngokwengxenye emcebweni nasezimpahleni eziluhlaza ezazithathwa emakoloni ayo aphesheya kwezilwandle, okuba kubalulekile lapho sifika eNingizimu ye-Afrika.
Injini yesitimu yanika izimboni umthombo wamandla onamandla, othembekile ongancikile emifuleni noma emoyeni.
Imishini yasekuqaleni yayiqhutshwa amasondo amanzi, ngakho izimboni kwakudingeka zakhiwe eduze kwemifula esheshayo. Ngeminyaka yawo-1760 nawo-1770 unjiniyela waseScotland u-James Watt wayithuthukisa kakhulu injini yesitimu, eyayishisa amalahle ukuze ibilise amanzi futhi iqhube imishini. Manje imboni yayingakhiwa cishe noma kuphi.
- Izinjini zesitimu zazimpompa amanzi ziwakhiphe ezimayini ezijulile zamalahle nezinsimbi.
- Zaziqhuba imishini yokuphotha neyokweluka ezimbonini zezindwangu.
- Kamuva zaqhuba izitimela nemikhumbi, zithutha izimpahla nabantu ngokushesha.
Speaker notes
Gcina isayensi ilula: shisisa amanzi abe yisitimu, isitimu siphushe ipistoni, ipistoni liphenduse isondo eliqhuba imishini. Inkululeko ebalulekile eyanikwa yinjini ka-Watt kwakuyindawo - izimboni zazingasadingi ukuba zibe seduze komfula. Xhumanisa naphambili: amalahle, uphethiloli owawondla injini yesitimu, aba omunye wezimboni ezakhula ngokushesha kunazo zonke.
Imishini, abasebenzi namahora amisiwe kwahlanganiswa ndawonye ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa.
Imishini
Imishini emikhulu enamandla yenza ngemizuzu lokho okwakuthatha isisebenzi amahora kwenziwa ngesandla.
Iwashi
Abasebenzi kwakudingeka bafike ngesikhathi futhi basebenze amashifthi amade, amisiwe abekwa insimbi yefektri.
Amaholo
Abantu babengasakwenzi izimpahla eziphelele; babeholelwa ukwenza umsebenzi owodwa omncane usuku lonke.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lawa makhadi amathathu ukuchaza okwakusha ngomsebenzi wasezimbonini: ukuziphatha ngokwewashi, ukuhlukaniswa komsebenzi ube yimisebenzi emincane ephindaphindwayo, kanye nokuncika eholweni kunomhlaba noma ubuciko. Cela abafundi baqhathanise lokhu nendlela umsebenzi owawuhlelwe ngayo ngaphambili - ekhaya, ngesivinini somndeni. Lokhu kubeka izindleko zabantu esilaydini esilandelayo.
Izimboni ezintsha nezokuthutha ezintsha zazondlana futhi zasakazeka kulo lonke elaseBrithani.
Izinjini zesitimu zazidinga amalahle, imishini nojantshi bezitimela benziwe nge-nsimbi kamuva ngensimbi eqinile (isitili), futhi izitimela zesitimu zazikuthutha konke ngokushesha ezweni lonke. Ngo-1830 kwavulwa uJantshi WaseLiverpool NaseManchester (Liverpool and Manchester Railway), okwabonisa ukuthi abantu nezimpahla base bengahamba ngokushesha kangakanani manje.
- Ukumbiwa kwamalahle nokwenziwa kwensimbi kwakhula kwaba yizimboni ezinkulukazi.
- Izitimela nemisele yamanzi kuxhume izimayini, izimboni, amadolobha namachweba.
- Imikhumbi yesitimu yayithutha izimpahla zaseBrithani - futhi ilethe izimpahla eziluhlaza - kuwo wonke umbuso.
Speaker notes
Bonisa uketshezi lokusabela: isitimu sidinga amalahle, imishini nojantshi kudinga insimbi, izitimela zithutha kokubili futhi zivula izimakethe ezintsha. Yingakho izazi-mlando zikubiza ngokuthi 'inguquko' - olunye ushintsho luvusa olunye. Gqamisa ukuxhumana nombuso (imikhumbi yesitimu nokuhweba) ngoba kuxhumana ngqo nesizathu esenza iBrithani yanaba yangena ezindaweni ezifana neNingizimu ye-Afrika.
Izimboni zadonsa izinombolo ezinkulu zabantu zisuka emaphandleni ziya emadolobhaneni akhula ngokushesha.
Ukuthuthela emadolobheni kusho ukukhula kwamadolobhana namadolobha njengoba abantu bethuthela kuwo. Njengoba izimboni zivulwa, imindeni yashiya amapulazi iyofuna umsebenzi, futhi amadolobha afana neManchester neBirmingham akhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Izindlu, amanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle ngokuvamile kwakungakwazi ukugcina.
- Abasebenzi baminyana ezindlini ezishibhile, eziminyene eduze kwezimboni.
- Ukuminyana nokungabikho kwenhlanzeko okwanele kwasakaza izifo.
- Okokuqala ngqa, amazwe amaningi ayenabantu abaningi abahlala emadolobheni kunabahlala emhlabeni.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthuthela emadolobheni ngokucacile ngoba kuyigama elibalulekile le-CAPS futhi liyabuya lapho sibheka iNingizimu Afrika. Linganisa isithombe: amadolobha ayenikeza umsebenzi namaholo, kodwa amadolobha okuqala ezimboni ayeminyene futhi engenampilo. Buza abafundi ukuthi idolobha labo noma idolobha eliseduze lakhula yini ngenxa yemisebenzi - xhumanisa umqondo nomhlaba wabo.
Inguquko yadala umcebo omkhulu kwabanye kanye nomsebenzi onzima, oyingozi kwabaningi.
Abanikazi bezimboni nabahwebi baba nothile, kwavela isigaba esimaphakathi esisha. Kodwa abasebenzi abaningi - kufaka phakathi abesifazane nezingane - basebenza amahora amade ezimbonini eziyingozi nasezimayini ngeholo eliphansi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abasebenzi bakha izinyunyana zabasebenzi futhi bakhankasela imithetho ezobavikela.
- Izingane zazisebenza ezimbonini nasezimayini, futhi eziningi zalimala. [SME] Qinisekisa noma yimaphi aminyaka ethile noma izibalo ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa.
- Abaguquli banqoba imithetho ekhawulela amahora okusebenza nokusetshenziswa kwezingane.
- Umphakathi wahlukana ngokusobala kakhulu waba yisigaba esinothile esinempahla nesigaba sabasebenzi.
Speaker notes
Phatha lokhu ngokunesibopho: iphuzu ukuthi ukwakheka kwezimboni kwaletha inqubekela phambili nobunzima ngesikhathi esisodwa. Gcizelela imbangela nomphumela - izimo ezimbi zaholela abasebenzi ukuba bakhe izinyunyana futhi baphokophele imithetho yezinguquko. Ifulege le-[SME] limaka imininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwezingane: kugcine kujwayelekile ngaphandle uma umbuyekezi enikeza aminyaka noma izibalo eziqinisekisiwe. Lo mqondo wesigaba esinothile esinempahla nesigaba sabasebenzi udlulela ngqo ezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika.
- 1764 I-spinning jenny isheshisa ukwenziwa kwentambo
- 1769 U-James Watt uthola ilungelo lobunikazi lwenjini yakhe yesitimu ethuthukisiwe
- 1785 I-power loom yenza ukweluka kusebenze ngemishini
- 1825 Ujantshi wesitimu wokuqala womphakathi (Stockton kuya eDarlington)
- 1830 Kuvulwa uJantshi WaseLiverpool NaseManchester
- 1840s IBrithani ingamandla ahamba phambili ezimbonini emhlabeni
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lolu shwibeka lwesikhathi ukuhlanganisa ingxenye yaseBrithani yalesi sihloko ngaphambi kokuwelela eNingizimu ye-Afrika. Cela abafundi baqaphele iphethini: imishini yezindwangu kuqala, bese kuba amandla esitimu, bese kuba izitimela ezithutha yonke into. Qaphela ukuthi lezi zinsuku ziyizikhathi zoshintsho ezilinganiselwe, hhayi kuphela izehlakalo ezibalulekile. [SME] Umbuyekezi kufanele aqinisekise izinsuku ezingqo ngokweshwibeka lwezinto ezasungulwa lwe-SAHO ngaphambi kokuphrinta.
IBrithani yezimboni yayidinga izimpahla eziluhlaza, izimakethe ezintsha nabasebenzi abashibhile - futhi yabheka emakoloni ayo.
Izimboni zaseBrithani zazidinga izimpahla eziluhlaza ezifana nekotoni, uboya nezinsimbi, futhi abahwebi bayo babefuna izimakethe ezintsha zokudayisa izimpahla eseziqedwe. Lokhu kwaqhuba iBrithani ukuba yandise umbuso wayo, kufaka phakathi eNingizimu ye-Afrika. Lapho kutholakala amadayimane bese kuba yigolide lapha, lokho kudonsa kwaba namandla kakhulu.
- Umnotho wezimboni wawudinga izimpahla amakoloni ayengazihlinzeka.
- Imali nemishini yaseBrithani kwangena ukuze kumbiwe futhi kwakhiwe izitimela.
- Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi iNguquko Yezimbiwa eNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa ngokusobala izingxenye ezimbili zalesi sihloko. Amandla afanayo aletha izimboni eBrithani - ukulambela izimpahla eziluhlaza, izimakethe nenzuzo - aphinda ayakha kabusha iNingizimu ye-Afrika. Ethula 'iNguquko Yezimbiwa' njengegama lasekhaya loshintsho olusheshayo lwezimboni eNingizimu Afrika, oluqhutshwa ukumbiwa kunezindwangu. Leli iphuzu eliphambili lesifundo.
Ukutholakala kwamadayimane kwaguqula isifunda esithule saba yidolobha lezimayini elichumayo cishe ngobusuku obubodwa.
Kusukela ngo-1867 amadayimane atholakala eduze kwemifula i-Orange ne-Vaal, futhi kwaqala ukugijima okukhulu eduze kwalokho okwaba yiKimberley. Izinkulungwane zababembi zamba umgodi odumile iBig Hole (uMgodi Omkhulu). Ngo-1888 u-Cecil John Rhodes wahlanganisa izimayini ngaphansi kwenkampani yakhe, i-De Beers Consolidated Mines, wathola ukulawula iningi lokuhlinzekwa kwamadayimane emhlabeni.
- IKimberley yakhula yaba elinye lamadolobha amakhulu eNingizimu ye-Afrika.
- Ababembi abancane baxoshwa njengoba izinkampani ezinothile zithatha izintambo.
- Abasebenzi abamnyama babehlaliswa emakhempu avaliwe futhi beholelwa okuncane kakhulu kunabasebenzi abamhlophe.
Speaker notes
IKimberley iyisibonelo sokuqala esicacile seNguquko Yezimbiwa. Imibono emikhulu emibili: ukugijima kwadala idolobha elikhulu lezimboni ngaphakathi ezweni, futhi ukulawula kwadlulela ngokushesha kusuka kubabembi abancane abaningi kuya ezinkampanini ezimbalwa ezinamandla eziholwa u-Rhodes. Ethula uhlelo lwamakhempu nolwabasebenzi abafudukayo ngokunensa lapha; islaydi esilandelayo siyaluthuthukisa. [SME] Qinisekisa uhlaka lwe-Eureka (1867) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Kimberley 'New Rush' (1871) uma izinsuku eziqondile zidingeka.
Ukutholakala kwegolide ngo-1886 kwadala iJohannesburg (iGoli) futhi kwenza iNingizimu Afrika ibe semqoka emnothweni womhlaba.
Ngo-1886 umthapho omkhulu wegolide watholakala e-Witwatersrand, futhi idolobha lezimayini i-Johannesburg lavela phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa. Igolide lalilele phansi kakhulu ngaphansi komhlaba, ngakho ukulimba kwakudinga imishini ebizayo, izinkampani ezinkulu nezinombolo ezinkulu zabasebenzi.
- IJohannesburg yaba yidolobha elikhula ngokushesha kunawo wonke eNingizimu ye-Afrika.
- Ukumbiwa okujulile kwakudinga imali eningi, ngakho izindlu zezimayini zakhula zaba namandla kakhulu.
- Igolide lenza iNingizimu Afrika ibe balulekile eBrithani nasemnothweni wonke womhlaba.
Speaker notes
Qhathanisa amadayimane negolide. Amadayimane ekuqaleni ayengacoshwa emhlabeni; igolide leWitwatersrand lalijulile futhi lisezingeni eliphansi, ngakho kusukela ekuqaleni lalidinga imishini esindayo, imigodi ejulile nemali eningi. Yingakho izinkampani zezimayini ezinamandla nabasebenzi abaningi kakhulu bavela ngokushesha kangaka. IJohannesburg iyisibonelo esicacile kakhulu saseNingizimu Afrika sokuthuthela emadolobheni okuqhutshwa yizimboni.
Izimayini zakha kabusha ukuthi abantu baseNingizimu ye-Afrika babephila futhi besebenza kuphi nangayiphi indlela.
Izimayini zazidinga inqwaba yabasebenzi abashibhile. Amadoda amaningi amnyama ayehamba amabanga amade esuka emaphandleni eyosebenza ezimayini izinyanga ngesikhathi esisodwa - uhlelo lwa-basebenzi abafudukayo - kuyilapho imindeni yawo isele emuva. Abasebenzi babehlala emakhempu aminyene, beholelwa amaholo aphansi futhi bephoqeleka ukuphatha amapasi ayelawula ukuhamba kwabo.
- Intela nokulahlekelwa umhlaba kwaphoqa amadoda amaningi asemaphandleni ukufuna umsebenzi wasemayini.
- Ukwahlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga emiholweni nasezindlini kwakhiwa kwangena ohlelweni lwezimayini.
- Le nhlanganisela yabasebenzi abafudukayo nokulawulwa ngokobuhlanga yakha iNingizimu Afrika isikhathi eside emva kuka-1900.
Speaker notes
Lesi yislaydi esibucayi kakhulu - sethule ngamaqiniso nangokunakekela. Umnotho wezimbiwa awuzange nje udale umcebo namadolobha; wadala uhlelo lwabasebenzi abafudukayo, amakhempu, amaholo aphansi ngokobuhlanga nokulawulwa ngamapasi okwabangela ubunzima obungempela nokuhlukanisa imindeni. Yenza ukuxhumana nengxenye yaseBrithani: njengoba nje abasebenzi baseBrithani babhekana nezimo ezinzima nomphakathi ohlukene, umnotho wezimayini waseNingizimu Afrika wakhiqiza ukungalingani okujulile - lapha okwahlelwa ngokwemigqa yobuhlanga. Lokhu kuxhumana naphambili nezihloko zakamuva zokwehlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga (segregation) nobandlululo (apartheid).
Amandla afanayo ezimboni akhiqiza izinguquko ezifanayo ezindaweni ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi slaydi esiseceleni ngeceleni ukukhipha ikhono le-CAPS lokuqhathanisa. Okufanayo: ukukhula okusheshayo kwezimboni, amadolobha akhula ngokushesha, ukwahlukana kwenhlalo okucacile phakathi kwabanikazi nabasebenzi. Umehluko obalulekile: eNingizimu Afrika lokho kwahlukana kwakuhlelwe ngokobuhlanga, futhi abasebenzi babefuduka kakhulu. Yenza abafundi baphakamise okufanayo okukodwa nomehluko owodwa ngamazwi abo ngaphambi kokuba wembule amakholomu.
Isitimu nezimboni kwaguqula iBrithani; amadayimane negolide kwadonsa iNingizimu ye-Afrika kwangena emhlabeni ofanayo wezimboni.
INguquko Yezimboni yasusela umsebenzi ezimbonini eziqhutshwa yimishini, yagcwalisa amadolobha ngabantu, futhi yahlukanisa umphakathi waba ngabanikazi nabasebenzi. Isidingo saseBrithani sezimpahla nezimakethe, kanye nokutholakala kwa-madayimane ne-golide, kwaletha lolu shintsho olusheshayo lwezimboni eNingizimu ye-Afrika ngendlela ye-Nguquko Yezimbiwa.
Q. Chaza ukuthi injini yesitimu yayiguqula kanjani indlela izimpahla ezazenziwa ngayo eBrithani. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza izindlela ezimbili ukutholakala kwamadayimane negolide okwaguqula ngazo impilo eNingizimu ye-Afrika. (6 marks)
Q. Nikeza indlela eyodwa ushintsho lwezimboni olwalufana ngayo eBrithani naseNingizimu ye-Afrika, nendlela eyodwa olwaluhluke ngayo. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubuyela embuzweni wesihloko: ushintsho eBrithani lwafinyelela kanjani eNingizimu ye-Afrika? Buyekeza uketshezi - isitimu nezimboni, ukuthuthela emadolobheni, ukwahlukana kwenhlalo, bese kuba amandla afanayo afika lapha ngokumbiwa. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela izitayela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokubhala okwandisiwe. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lesi sihloko sibeka isisekelo somsebenzi wakamuva wokunwetshwa kwamakoloni, iMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika nokwehlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga (segregation).
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Industrial Revolution in Britain and southern Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation