Indlela umphunga (steam), imizi-mveliso nezixeko ezayiguqula ngayo iBritani - kunye nendlela olo guquko olwafika ngayo kumazantsi e-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Qalisa ngokubuza abafundi ukuba zeziphi izixhobo nezinto zolonwabo abazisebenzisa yonke imihla ezidinga imizi-mveliso, umbane okanye amafutha ukuze zibekho. Chaza iindawo ezimbini zesi sifundo: kuqala uGuquko lwezoShishino olwaqala eBritani, emva koko indlela imfuno yezinto eziluhlaza, iimarike nabasebenzi eyatsala ngayo umazantsi e-Afrika kwelo hlabathi lezoshishino - ngokukodwa ngedayimani negolide. Chaza igama elithi 'uguquko' njengotshintsho olukhawulezayo, olunzulu kwindlela abantu abaphila nabasebenza ngayo.
Ukususela malunga neminyaka yee-1760, iBritani yatshintsha ukusuka ekwenzeni iimpahla ngezandla ukuya ekuzenzeni ngoomatshini kwimizi-mveliso.
UGuquko lwezoShishino (Industrial Revolution) yayilixesha, elaqala eBritani phakathi kweminyaka yee-1700, apho oomatshini abatsha kunye nemithombo emitsha yamandla yavumela abantu ukuba bavelise iimpahla ngokukhawuleza nangobuninzi obungakumbi kunakuqala. Umsebenzi waphuma emakhaya nakwii-workshops ezincinci wangena kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu (factories).
- Ngaphambili: abantu abaninzi babelima umhlaba baze benza iimpahla ngezandla emakhaya.
- Emva koko: abantu abaninzi babesebenza oomatshini kwimizi-mveliso ezidolophini nasezixekweni.
- IBritani yayikhokela kuba yayinamalahle, insimbi, imali yokutyala nezindlela zorhwebo kulo lonke ubukhosi bayo.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ukuqhubeka notshintsho. Abantu babesoloko besenza ilaphu, izixhobo nembiza - kodwa ngezandla nangobuncinci. Uguquko lwaluseluphuhlisweni nasekukhawulezeni. Yazisa umbono wokuba iBritani yaqala phambili kuba yayinobutyebi nezinto eziluhlaza ezazithathwa kumathanga ayo aphesheya kolwandle, into ebaluleka xa sifika kumazantsi e-Afrika.
Injini yomphunga yanika imizi-mveliso umthombo wamandla onamandla nothembekileyo ongaxhomekekanga emilanjeni okanye emoyeni.
Oomatshini bokuqala babeqhutywa ngamavili amanzi, ngoko imizi-mveliso kwakufuneka yakhiwe ecaleni kwemilambo ekhawulezayo. Kwiminyaka yee-1760 nee-1770 injineli yaseSkotlani James Watt wayiphucula kakhulu injini yomphunga (steam engine), eyayitshisa amalahle ukubilisa amanzi neqhube oomatshini. Ngoku umzi-mveliso wawunokwakhiwa naphi na.
- Iinjini zomphunga zazikhupha amanzi kwimigodi enzulu yamalahle neyensimbi.
- Zaziqhuba oomatshini bokusonta nabokuluka kwimizi-mveliso yamalaphu.
- Kamva zaqhuba oololiwe neenqanawa, zihambisa iimpahla nabantu ngokukhawuleza.
Speaker notes
Yigcine ilula inzululwazi: fudumeza amanzi abe ngumphunga, umphunga utyhala ipistoni, ipistoni ijikelezisa ivili eliqhuba oomatshini. Inkululeko ephambili injini kaWatt eyayinika yona yayiyindawo yokuma - imizi-mveliso yayingasadingi kuhlala emlanjeni. Nxulumanisa phambili: amalahle, amafutha awondla injini yomphunga, aba ngamanye amashishini akhula ngokukhawuleza.
Oomatshini, abasebenzi neeyure ezimisiweyo zahlanganiswa phantsi kophahla olunye.
Oomatshini
Oomatshini abakhulu abaqhutywa ngamandla babesenza ngemizuzu oko kwakuthatha iiyure ngesandla kumsebenzi.
Iwotshi
Abasebenzi kwakufuneka bafike ngexesha basebenze amatoho amade amiselweyo aqashelwa yintsimbi yomzi-mveliso.
Imivuzo
Abantu babengasenzi impahla epheleleyo; babehlawulwa umvuzo ukuze benze umsebenzi omnye omncinci imini yonke.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ezi khadi zithathu ukuchaza okwakutsha ngomsebenzi wemizi-mveliso: uqeqesho lwexesha, ukwahlulwa komsebenzi ube yimisebenzi emincinci ephindwaphindwayo, kunye nokuxhomekeka emvuzweni endaweni yomhlaba okanye ubugcisa. Cela abafundi bathelekise oku nendlela umsebenzi owawuququzelelwa ngayo ngaphambili - ekhaya, ngesantya sosapho. Oku kumisela ilahleko yobuntu kwislayidi esilandelayo.
Amashishini amatsha nezothutho ezitsha zazondlana zaza zasasazeka kulo lonke elaseBritani.
Iinjini zomphunga zazidinga amalahle (coal), oomatshini neereyile zazenziwa ngensimbi (iron) kamva isiliti, kwaye oololiwe (railways) bomphunga babethwala konke oku ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngo-1830 kwavulwa uHola-kaloliwe iLiverpool and Manchester Railway, obonisa indlela abantu neempahla ababenokuhamba ngokukhawuleza.
- Ukumba amalahle nokwenza insimbi kwakhula kwaba ngamashishini amakhulu.
- Oololiwe nemijelo (canals) yayidibanisa imigodi, imizi-mveliso, iidolophu namazibuko.
- Iinqanawa zomphunga zazithwala iimpahla zaseBritani - zize neento eziluhlaza - kulo lonke ubukhosi.
Speaker notes
Bonisa iketane lokuchukumisana: umphunga udinga amalahle, oomatshini neereyile zidinga insimbi, oololiwe bathwala zombini baze bavule iimarike ezintsha. Yiyo loo nto ababhali-mbali beluthi 'uguquko' - utshintsho olunye lwabangela olunye. Gqamisa unxulumano nobukhosi (iinqanawa zomphunga norhwebo) kuba ludibanisa ngokuthe ngqo nesizathu sokuba iBritani yandela kwiindawo ezifana nomazantsi e-Afrika.
Imizi-mveliso yatsala abantu abaninzi kakhulu emaphandleni ukuya kwiidolophu ezazikhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ukukhula kwezixeko (urbanisation) kuthetha ukwanda kweedolophu nezixeko njengoko abantu befudukela kuzo. Njengoko imizi-mveliso yayivula, iintsapho zazishiya amafama zifuna umsebenzi, kwaye izixeko ezinjenge-Manchester ne-Birmingham zazikhula ngokukhawuleza. Izindlu, amanzi kunye nococeko kwakusoloko kungakwazi ukuhambelana.
- Abasebenzi babexinene kwizindlu ezitshiphu, ezicutheneyo kufuphi nemizi-mveliso.
- Ukuxinana nococeko olubi kwakusasaza izifo.
- Okokuqala, amazwe amaninzi ayenabantu abaninzi abahlala ezidolophini kunasemhlabeni.
Speaker notes
Chaza ngokucacileyo ukukhula kwezixeko kuba ligama eliphambili le-CAPS kwaye libuya xa sijonga uMzantsi Afrika. Lungelelanisa umfanekiso: izixeko zazinika umsebenzi nemivuzo, kodwa izixeko zokuqala zezoshishino zazixinene kwaye zingaphilanga kakuhle. Buza abafundi ukuba idolophu yabo okanye isixeko esikufuphi sakhula ngenxa yemisebenzi - dibanisa lo mbono nehlabathi labo.
Uguquko lwadala ubutyebi obukhulu kwabathile lwaza lwadala umsebenzi onzima nonobungozi kubaninzi.
Abanini bemizi-mveliso norhwebo baba zizityebi, kwaza kwavela udidi oluphakathi (middle class) olutsha. Kodwa abasebenzi abaninzi - kuquka abasetyhini nabantwana - babesebenza iiyure ezinde kwimizi-mveliso nemigodi enobungozi ngomvuzo ophantsi. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abasebenzi bakha imibutho yabasebenzi (trade unions) baza balwela imithetho yokubakhusela.
- Abantwana babesebenza kwimizi-mveliso nasemigodini, kwaye abaninzi benzakala. [SME] Qinisekisa naliphi na ubudala okanye izibalo ezithile phambi kokuba usebenzise.
- Abahlaziyi baphumelela imithetho enciphisa iiyure zomsebenzi nomsebenzi wabantwana.
- Uluntu lwahlulahlulwa ngokugqithisileyo lwaba ludidi lwabanini abazizityebi nodidi lwabasebenzi.
Speaker notes
Yiphathe ngokunetyala le nto: injongo kukuba uphuhliso lwezoshishino lwazisa inkqubela nobunzima ngexesha elinye. Gxininisa unobangela nesiphumo - iimeko ezimbi zaqhubela abasebenzi ekuhlanganiseni imibutho nasekulweleni imithetho yohlaziyo. Uphawu lwe-[SME] lubonisa inkcukacha yomsebenzi wabantwana: yigcine ijikelele ngaphandle kokuba umphengululi unika ubudala okanye izibalo eziqinisekisiweyo. Lo mbono wodidi lwabanini abazizityebi nodidi lwabasebenzi udlulela ngokuthe ngqo kwimigodi yoMzantsi Afrika.
- 1764 I-spinning jenny yakhawulezisa ukwenziwa komsonto
- 1769 UJames Watt uthatha ilungelo lokuveliswa kwenjini yakhe yomphunga ephuculweyo
- 1785 I-power loom yenza ukuluka kusetyenziswe oomatshini
- 1825 Uloliwe womphunga wokuqala kawonke-wonke (Stockton ukuya Darlington)
- 1830 Kuvulwa uHola-kaloliwe iLiverpool and Manchester Railway
- 1840s IBritani ngamandla aphambili ezoshishino ehlabathini
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le thayimlayini ukuqinisa inxalenye yaseBritani yesi sifundo phambi kokuwelela kumazantsi e-Afrika. Cela abafundi babone ipatheni: oomatshini bamalaphu kuqala, emva koko amandla omphunga, emva koko oololiwe abathwala yonke into. Qaphela ukuba le mihla ziindawo zotshintsho ezimalunga, hayi kuphela nje iziganeko ezibalulekileyo. [SME] Umphengululi kufuneka aqinisekise imihla echanekileyo ngokuchasene nethayimlayini yezinto ezasungulwayo ye-SAHO phambi kokuprinta.
IBritani yezoshishino yayidinga izinto eziluhlaza, iimarike ezintsha nabasebenzi abatshiphu - yaza yajonga kumathanga ayo.
Imizi-mveliso yaseBritani yayidinga izinto eziluhlaza (raw materials) ezifana nomqhaphu, uboya nezinsimbi, kwaye abarhwebi bayo babefuna iimarike ezintsha (new markets) zokuthengisa iimpahla ezigqityiweyo. Oku kwaqhuba iBritani ukuba yandise ubukhosi bayo, kuquka nakumazantsi e-Afrika. Xa kwafunyanwa idayimani emva koko igolide apha, olo tsalo lwaba namandla kakhulu.
- Uqoqosho lwezoshishino lwaludinga izinto amathanga awayenokuzinika.
- Imali noomatshini baseBritani bangena ukuba bemba nokwakha oololiwe.
- Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguGuquko lweMinerali (Mineral Revolution) eMzantsi Afrika.
Speaker notes
Dibanisa ngokucacileyo iinxalenye ezimbini zesi sifundo. Amandla akhethekileyo aphuhlisa iBritani ngezoshishino - ukulambela izinto eziluhlaza, iimarike nenzuzo - aphinda-lungiselela umazantsi e-Afrika. Yazisa igama elithi 'uGuquko lweMinerali' njengegama lasekhaya lotshintsho olukhawulezayo lwezoshishino loMzantsi Afrika, oluqhutywa kukumba kwezimbiwa endaweni yamalaphu. Le yindawo yenguqu yesi sifundo.
Ukufunyanwa kwedayimani kwaguqula ummandla othuleyo waba yidolophu yokumba ekhawulezayo phantse ngobusuku obunye.
Ukususela ku-1867 kwafunyanwa idayimani kufuphi nemilambo iOrange neVaal, kwaza kwaqala umjaho omkhulu kummandla owaba yiKimberley. Amawaka abambi ombayo kwaphuhla umngxuma odumileyo iBig Hole. Ngo-1888 uCecil John Rhodes wahlanganisa imigodi phantsi kwenkampani yakhe, iDe Beers Consolidated Mines, wafumana ulawulo lwesixa esikhulu sedayimani yehlabathi.
- IKimberley yakhula yaba yenye yeedolophu ezinkulu kumazantsi e-Afrika.
- Abambi abancinci batyhalelwa ngaphandle njengoko iinkampani ezizizityebi zithathela phezulu.
- Abasebenzi abamnyama babehlala kwiikhampu ezivaliweyo behlawulwa kancinci kunabasebenzi abamhlophe.
Speaker notes
IKimberley ngumzekelo wokuqala ocacileyo woGuquko lweMinerali. Imibono emibini emikhulu: umjaho wadala idolophu enkulu yezoshishino ngaphakathi elizweni, kwaye ulawulo lwakhawuleza ludlula kubambi abaninzi abancinci ludlulela kwiinkampani ezimbalwa ezinamandla ezikhokelwa nguRhodes. Yazisa inkqubo yeekhampu nomsebenzi wokufuduka ngobunono apha; islayidi esilandelayo siyayiphuhlisa. [SME] Qinisekisa iframu ye-Eureka (1867) ngokuchasene ne-Kimberley 'New Rush' (1871) ukuba kufuneka imihla echanekileyo.
Ukufunyanwa kwegolide ngo-1886 kwadala iJohannesburg kwaza kwenza uMzantsi Afrika ube sembindini woqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Ngo-1886 kwafunyanwa umthanjana omkhulu wegolide kwiWitwatersrand, yaza idolophu yokumba iJohannesburg yaphuhla ngeenyanga ezimbalwa. Igolide yayilele nzulu phantsi komhlaba, ngoko ukuyimba kwakudinga oomatshini abaxabisayo, iinkampani ezinkulu nabasebenzi abaninzi kakhulu.
- IJohannesburg yaba sisixeko esikhula ngokukhawuleza kunazo zonke kumazantsi e-Afrika.
- Ukumba okunzulu kwakudinga imali eninzi, ngoko iindlu zokumba zakhula zaba namandla kakhulu.
- Igolide yenza uMzantsi Afrika ubaluleke eBritani nakuqoqosho lonke lwehlabathi.
Speaker notes
Thelekisa idayimani negolide. Idayimani yayinokucholwa phezu komhlaba ekuqaleni; igolide yaseWitwatersrand yayinzulu kwaye isezantsi ngobunjani, ngoko ukususela ekuqaleni yayidinga oomatshini abanzima, imingxunya enzulu nemali eninzi. Yiyo loo nto iinkampani ezinamandla zokumba nabasebenzi abaninzi kakhulu bavela ngokukhawuleza. IJohannesburg ngumzekelo ocacileyo woMzantsi Afrika wokukhula kwezixeko okuqhutywa lushishino.
Imigodi yaguqula apho nendlela abantu bomazantsi e-Afrika ababehlala nababesebenza ngayo.
Imigodi yayidinga abasebenzi abaninzi kakhulu, abatshiphu. Amadoda amaninzi amnyama ayehamba imigama emide ukusuka emaphandleni esiya kusebenza emigodini iinyanga ngexesha - inkqubo yomsebenzi wokufuduka (migrant labour) - ngoxa iintsapho zawo zisala ngasemva. Abasebenzi babehlala kwiikhampu (compounds) ezixinene, behlawulwa imivuzo ephantsi kwaye kufuneka bephethe iipasi (passes) ezazilawula ukuhamba kwabo.
- Iirhafu nokuphulukana nomhlaba kwatyhalela amadoda amaninzi asemaphandleni ukuba afune umsebenzi emigodini.
- Ukwahlulwa ngobuhlanga kwimivuzo nakwizindlu kwakwakhelwe kwinkqubo yokumba.
- Lo mxube womsebenzi wokufuduka nolawulo ngobuhlanga waguqula uMzantsi Afrika kude kube semva ko-1900.
Speaker notes
Esi sesona slayidi sinovakalelo - siphathe ngokweenyani nangononophelo. Uqoqosho lweminerali aluzange lwadala ubutyebi nezixeko kuphela; lwadala inkqubo yomsebenzi wokufuduka, iikhampu, imivuzo ephantsi ngobuhlanga nolawulo lweepasi olwabangela ubunzima benyani lwaza lwahlula iintsapho. Yenza unxulumano nenxalenye yaseBritani: kanye njengoko abasebenzi baseBritani babejongene neemeko ezinzima noluntu olwahlukileyo, uqoqosho lokumba loMzantsi Afrika lwavelisa ukungalingani okunzulu - apha okwakhelwe ngokobuhlanga. Oku kudibanisa phambili nemixholo yakamva yocalucalulo nengcinezelo.
Amandla afanayo ezoshishino avelisa utshintsho olufanayo kwiindawo ezimbini ezahluke kakhulu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi slayidi secala-ngasecaleni ukukhupha isakhono se-CAPS sokuthelekisa. Ukufana: ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwezoshishino, izixeko ezikhula ngokukhawuleza, ukwahlulwa okunzulu kwentlalo phakathi kwabanini nabasebenzi. Umahluko ophambili: eMzantsi Afrika oko kwahlulahlulwa kwakuququzelelwe ngobuhlanga, kwaye abasebenzi ubukhulu becala babengabafuduki. Yenza abafundi bacebise ukufana okunye nomahluko omnye ngamazwi abo phambi kokuba utyhile iikholamu.
Umphunga nemizi-mveliso zaguqula iBritani; idayimani negolide zatsala umazantsi e-Afrika kwelo hlabathi linye lezoshishino.
UGuquko lwezoShishino lwasusa umsebenzi lwawusa kwimizi-mveliso eqhutywa ngoomatshini, lwazalisa izixeko ngabantu, lwaza lwahlula uluntu lwaba ngabanini nabasebenzi. Imfuno yaseBritani yezinto neemarike, kunye nokufunyanwa kwedayimani (diamonds) kunye negolide (gold), kwazisa olu tshintsho lukhawulezayo lwezoshishino kumazantsi e-Afrika ngendlela yoGuquko lweMinerali (Mineral Revolution).
Q. Chaza indlela injini yomphunga eyaguqula ngayo indlela iimpahla ezaziveliswa ngayo eBritani. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza iindlela ezimbini ukufunyanwa kwedayimani negolide okwaguqula ngazo ubomi kumazantsi e-Afrika. (6 marks)
Q. Nika indlela enye utshintsho lwezoshishino olwalufana ngayo eBritani nakumazantsi e-Afrika, nendlela enye ekwakwahluke ngayo. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela kumbuzo wesihloko: lwafika njani utshintsho lwaseBritani kumazantsi e-Afrika? Phinda-fingqa iketane - umphunga nemizi-mveliso, ukukhula kwezixeko, ukwahlulwa kwentlalo, emva koko loo mandla afanayo efika apha ngokumba. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo; ukwabiwa kweemakisi kulandela iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe kumthombo nezokubhala okwandisiweyo. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba lo mxholo umisela umsebenzi wakamva ngokwandisa amathanga, iMfazwe yoMzantsi Afrika nocalucalulo.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Industrial Revolution in Britain and southern Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation